Lo3 Other Elements of Research

Other Elements of the Research Problem

Level of Measurement Indicators Theoretical Conceptual Framework

Level of Measurements of Variables

Level of Measurements

1. Nominal - Simply naming like sex, color, rank but not cardinal

2. Ordinal - Categorized & rank (birth order: 1st, 2nd, etc)

3. Interval - Categorized/ rank by distinguishing the distance of 1 point to another Ex. IQ 85%, 86%

4. Ratio -categorized, rank, know the distance i.e true value of zero-(experimental research)

Research Question Data Source Response Type Data Type Analysis Plan

1.Extent of the cooperative’s collective action in terms of steering capability, consensus building, resource mobilization, utilization and cooperation

Officers/staff responses

Likert ScaleInterval

Frequency, percentage, average weighted mean

2.level of governance being practiced by cooperatives along: transparency, accountability, predictability and participation



Frequency, percentage, average weighted mean

3.performance management indicators: norms, resource management, organizational capability, capability building and institutional mechanism



The following is the assumed formula for the measurement of the management performance of the Cooperative:Pc

=

N (R+O+C+I)+GWhereas:Pc=

Performance of the CooperativeN=

Norms R=

ResourcesO=

Organizational Capability

C=Capability buildingI=

Institutional MechanismG=

Good GovernanceNote:

N is multiplied to R-O-C-I because important norms must be present in all Cooperative’s aspects. Norm formation is a critical aspect before the start of membership in Cooperatives. Upon their membership, members must already understand the norms (cognitive and behavioral) of the Cooperatives in order to adapt to the challenges and culture of the organization.

Summary on the Research Questions, Data Source, Response Type,Data Type and Analysis Plan

Research Question Data Source Response Type Data Type Analysis Plan

1.Extent of the cooperative’s collective action in terms of steering capability, consensus building, resource mobilization, utilization and cooperation


Likert Scale Interval Frequency, percentage, average weighted mean

2.level of governance being practiced by cooperatives along: transparency, accountability, predictability and participation


Likert Scale Interval Frequency, percentage, average weighted mean

Developing Indicators

- Descending the ladder of abstraction- process of moving from abstract concepts to the point where we can develop questionnaire items to tap the concept.

-moving from the broad to the specific, from the abstract to the concrete.

Problems to deal in developing indicators

- how many indicators to use

- how to develop the indicators

- how to form items into a questionnaire

1.When there is no agreed way of measuring a concept, it may be helpful to develop indicators for a range of definitions and see what difference this makes to the results and interpretations.

2. If the concept is multidimensional, consider whether you are really interested in all dimensions.

How many indicators to use?

How to Develop Indicators

1. Use measures developed in previous research.

2. Use less structured approach to data collection

3. Use informants from the group to be surveyed.

3. Ensure that the key concepts are thoroughly measured.

4. Typically attitudes and opinions are complex and are best measured with a number of questions to capture the scope of the concept.

5. Pilot testing indicators is a way of eliminating unnecessary questions.

Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research

Quantitative research is used to answer questions about relationships among measured variables with the purpose of explaining, predicting and controlling phenomenon.

Qualitative research answers questions about the complex nature of phenomena, with the purpose of describing and understanding the phenomena from the participants’ point of view (emic)... also referred to as the interpretive, constructivist, or post-positivist approach



Quantitative research seeks explanations and predictions for purposes of generalization to other persons or places

Qualitative research seeks a better understanding of complex situations, often exploratory in nature, and may use their observations to build from the ground up



Parts equal the whole Whole is greater than the parts

Tests Theory Develops theory

Instruments Communication and observation

Basic Element of analysis (number) Basic Element of analysis (word)

Report statistical analyses Report rich narrative, individual interpretation

Generalization Uniqueness

Researcher separate Researcher part of research process

Subjects Participants

Context free Context dependent

- Should not be viewed as mutually exclusive- Quantitative research has intrinsic qualitative aspects- Qualitative assessments may be needed to explain or make full use of quantitative work

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Literary, narrative writingattention to detail

Technical scientific writing

8. Your writing skills are strong in the area of:

Inductive reasoningDeductive reasoning7. You have skills in areas of:

LowHigh6. Your desire for structure is:

High work with peopleMedium or low5. Your ability and desire to work with people is:

Involves in-depthCovers a lot of breadth4. Your research focus:

Relatively longRelatively short3. The available literature is:

Exploratory interpretiveConfirmatory/predictive2. Your research question is:

There are multiple Possible realities constructed by different individuals

There is an objective reality that can be measured.

1. If you believe that:

QualitativeQuantitativeUse this approach if:

Reference: Paul D. Leddy and Jenne Ellis Ormond. 2001. Linking Data and Research Methodology, in Practical Research Planning and Design.

Indicators

variables are complex and cannot be adequately measured by just one operational definition, indicators are formulated Indicators are attributed or properties that characterize a complex variable

Indicators

– measure/variables /concepts that represent a particular item/category of a variable- Operationalization of a concept to come up with an indicator

Ex: Elements of Governance Transparency (financial & social)

Theoretical FrameworkTheories are used to support/contradict findings of study w/c later may use to improve the theory

Conceptual Framework

- A written or visual presentation that explains either graphically, or in narrative form, the main things to be studied – the key factors, concepts or variables and the presumed relationships among them (UP IMRI, 2011)

What are the general forms of a conceptual framework?

Set out the stages through which an action moves from initiation to conclusion. These relate to the ‘how?’ question

Framework

Content frameworks Set out the variables, and

relationship (with relative strengths) between them, that together answer the ‘what and why?’ questions.

What are the general forms of a conceptual framework?

The ability to move beyond descriptions of ‘what’ to explanations of ‘why’ and ‘how’.

A means of explaining the data.

A filtering tool for selecting appropriate research questions and related data collection methods.

A reference structure for the discussion of results.

The boundaries of the work.

Why are conceptual frameworks useful?

2. LAURIE S. RAMIRO, Ph.D. Doing Research Department of Behavioural Sciences College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines Manila

References

1. Dr. Ruby Cruz - Lecture on Research & Statistics 2011 PSU, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Lo3 Other Elements of Research

Business

Transcript of Lo3 Other Elements of Research