Lo2 Elements of the Research Problem

The Research Problem Variables Hypothesis Operational Definition

Identifying Researchable Problem

-be truly sensitive to what is happening in the environment

-must identify and choose research problem that is not only worthy of time, money and effort but is academically significant as well

Getting Started

Where do research topics come from?

practical problems in the field literature in your specific field Office/classroom discussion Technological and scientific advancement Offshoots of other researches

• Subject – what problem situation or issue do I like to study?

• Topic – what aspect of this problem/situation interest me most

Where do research topics come from?

Factors that Influence the Selection of a Problem

Personal – interest and training

cost and time

External - Availability of related information

Recency/importance of the issue

Facilities and equipment

Research is finding answers to a question through the use of scientific methods.

Overview of the Research Process

From Nachmias and Nachmias and Babbie, 2000

Theory

Deductive phase

Problem Hypothesis

Research Design

Measurement

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Generalization

Inductive phase

Inductive – theory construction

Deductive – theory testing

The Research Problem

DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF MUNICIPAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN PANGASINANDEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF MUNICIPAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN PANGASINANDEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF MUNICIPAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN PANGASINANDEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF MUNICIPAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN PANGASINANDEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION AND GOVERNANCE OF MUNICIPAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN PANGASINAN

Development Orientation and Governance of Municipal and City Government in the

Province of Pangasinan

The Research Problem

Essential Actions for Local Government Units Revenue Mobilization

The Research Problem

Strengthening The Local Government Units: Public Private Partnership

Must be definitive

Clear & Specific

Not to exceed 15 words

written in inverted pyramid

The Research Problem

introduces the work to a reader give impression that the contents are desirable and deserve a deeper look helps the reader to know whether the contents are within his range of interest

The Research Problem

Variables (Anything that varies)

Independent Variable

(presumed cause)

Dependent Variable

(presumed effect

VARIABLES

Variables

Independent Variable

(presumed cause)

Dependent Variable

(presumed effectIntervening

Variable(Anything that may enhance

or limit the effect of IV&

DV)

Educational Attainment

Income

Position

IV DV

InV

Variables

Hypothesis (intelligent Guess)

Research (Ha)

Null (Ho)

Difference and Relationship exist

No difference No relationship that existHa1 There is a relationship between educational

attainment and income

(Ha)

Ha1 There is a relationship between educational attainment and income

Ho 1 There is no relationship between educational attainment and income

Operational Definition

This section includes important or key terms used in this study. These are conceptually and operationally defined in order to facilitate understanding of the study and to avoid ambiguous meaning of terms which otherwise will be interpreted in different ways.

Development Orientation. This constitutes the frame of reference of municipal and city government officials in assessing their behavior on variables such as change orientation, action propensity, commitment to economic development, concern for conflict avoidance and selflessness toward their governance in Pangsinan.

Change Orientation. This features the municipal and city government officials’ willingness to develop and implement new and untried ways of acting and doing things. It is characterize by the introduction of innovation and reform in the existing political, economic and social modalities have to be introduced.

Title: Development Orientation and Governance of Municipal and City Government in the Province of

Pangasinan

Title: Development Orientation and Governance of Municipal and City Government in the Province of

Pangasinan

Statement of Problem

This study seeks to assess the development orientation and governance of the municipal and city government officials in Pangasinan.

More specifically, the study will seek to answer the following problems:

1. What is the personal profile of the municipal and city government officials in terms of the following variables:

a. age;b. gender;c. civil status;d. highest educational attainment; e. position, and

f. length of service in the present position

Statement of Problem

2. What is the development orientation of the municipal and city government officials along the following dimensions:a. change orientation;b. action propensity;c. commitment to economic development;d. concern for conflict avoidance; ande. selflessness?

3. What are the manifestations of governance among municipal and city government officials along the following aspects:a. accountability;b. participatory;c. predictability, and d. transparency?

HypothesesThe following research hypotheses will be

stated in the null form and will be tested at the .05 level of significance.

1.There is a significant relationship between the development orientation and governance of the government officials.

2. There is a significant difference in the development orientation and governance of the government officials across their personal profile variables.

Significance of the StudyPursuing this study is considered significant, for it will provide some

insights and information to the following:The Local Government Authorities. The results of this study will

provide empirical data on the development orientation and governance of municipal and city government officials which will be the basis for planning programs for constructive assistance like human resource development strategies in the form of trainings, seminars, workshops to upgrade individual competences of government officials and for the councils on the whole to make them more equipped and responsive legislative bodies

The Citizens. In the light of Local Government Code of 1991, local legislation is said to be effective only to the extent that it addresses the needs, problems and aspirations of the people through ordinances and aspirations of local application.

The Respondents. This endeavor will stimulate municipal and city government officials to reflect on their capability and at the same time encourage them to keep abreast with development issues that may help them become more sensitive to needs and interest of the people they represent.

.

National/Local Policies and budget for Social Services (Health, Education,

Social Welfare and Protection & Housing)

Social facilities, Typhoon resistant , School building, hospitals, communication facilities

Scholarship programs

Training programs/ capacity building

Livelihood/ financial assistance

Legal instruments/ policies

Infrastructure Support Facilities

Health and Nutrition and Population programs /services

NGA-LGU Collaboration

LGU Support

Advocacy/IEC

Public – Private Partnership

Job/Employment Opportunities

Skilled/Competent Manpower

Adaptive/Resilient Communities

Road Network/Rural Service Centers

Social Protection Schemes

INPUT

PROCESS OUTPUT

Reference:1.Dr Ruby Cruz - Lecture on Research & Statistics 2011 PSU, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

2.Local Government in the Philippines A Book of readings Volume 1 UP NCPAG, Diliman, Quezon City 2001

3. W. Lawrence Newman Social Research Methods 6th Ed University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 2006

4.UP IMRI Manila Lecture on Doing Research PUNP, 2011

5.NEDA RO1`6.Regional Development Plan 2011-2016

The participants will be divided according to their group in the morning session. They will choose a topic from their list, formulate a statement of problem, hypothesis, significance of the study and identify the variables involved.4:00-5:00 Presentation of workshop output

Workshop