LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied...

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LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Transcript of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied...

Page 1: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)

Chapter 18

Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Page 2: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Plant Block Schematic

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Adapted from Figure 7.1, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed.Kidnay, Parrish, & McCartney

Page 3: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Topics

Introduction

Liquefaction processes

LNG storage

Regasification

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Page 4: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected])

Introduction

Page 5: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Rationale for LNGLiquefying natural gas greatly reduces volume

▪ Liquid density @ 1 atm – 26.37 lb/ft³

▪ Saturated vapor volume @ 1 atm– 8.8188 ft³/lb – 230X volume

▪ Standard ideal gas vapor volume – 24 ft³/lb – 625X volume

▪ Ideal gas volume @ 1000 psia & 60oF – 0.35 ft³/lb – 9X volume

Liquefaction makes it easier to…▪ Store gas (peak shaving plants)

▪ Move gas to remote customers (base load plants)

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Page 6: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Comparison of plants

Peak shaving plants

Relatively small (~0.1x106 tpy)

70+ in US (mainly in New England region)

Facility includes:▪ Liquefaction plant

▪ Storage facilities

▪ Regasification facilities

Baseload plants

Large capacity – 3 to 10x106

tpy)

Requires large reserves to make plant economically feasible (> 1 Tscf)

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Page 7: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Schematic of peak-shaving facility

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Page 8: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Energy Transmission Efficiency Over Long Distances

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Page 9: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Schematic of a baseload plant

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Page 10: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

LNG Trade

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IGU 2018 World LNG ReportDownloaded December 24, 2018https://www.igu.org/sites/default/files/node-document-field_file/IGU_LNG_2018_0.pdf

Page 11: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

LNG Trade

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IGU 2018 World LNG ReportDownloaded December 24, 2018https://www.igu.org/sites/default/files/node-document-field_file/IGU_LNG_2018_0.pdf

Page 12: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

LNG Facilities & Capacities

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IGU 2018 World LNG ReportDownloaded December 24, 2018https://www.igu.org/sites/default/files/node-document-field_file/IGU_LNG_2018_0.pdf

Page 13: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

LNG Liquefaction Facilities

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IGU 2018 World LNG ReportDownloaded December 24, 2018https://www.igu.org/sites/default/files/node-document-field_file/IGU_LNG_2018_0.pdf

Page 14: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

LNG Regassification Facilities

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IGU 2018 World LNG ReportDownloaded December 24, 2018https://www.igu.org/sites/default/files/node-document-field_file/IGU_LNG_2018_0.pdf

Page 15: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

LNG Facility Costs

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IGU 2018 World LNG ReportDownloaded December 24, 2018https://www.igu.org/sites/default/files/node-document-field_file/IGU_LNG_2018_0.pdf

Page 16: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected])

Liquefaction Processes

Page 17: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Typical compositions pipeline gas vs. LNG feed

Impurity Pipeline Gas LNG Feed

Water 150 ppmv (7.0 lb/MMsc) < 0.1 ppmv

Hydrogen sulfide 0.25 gr/100 scf (4.0 ppmv) < 0.25 gr/100 scf (4.0 ppmv)

Total sulfur (H2S, COS, …) 5–20 gr/100 scf < 20 ppmv

Carbon dioxide 2–3 mol% < 50 ppmv

Nitrogen < 3 mol% < 1 mol%

Mercury N/A < 0.01 μg/Nm3

Butanes N/A < 2 mol%

Pentanes+ N/A < 0.1 mol%

Aromatics < 2 ppmv

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Page 18: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Simple JT liquefaction cycle

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3 12

1 3 2

ˆ ˆ

ˆ ˆLH H qm

fm H H

− −= =

Page 19: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Vap

or

Qu

alit

y af

ter

JT V

alve

Tota

l Co

mp

ress

or

Po

we

r [h

p]

Max Pressure [psia]

hp

Quality

Simple JT liquefaction cycle – 500 psia inlet gas

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Page 20: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

JT liquefaction cycle with intermediate flash

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Page 21: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Simple closed-cycle liquefaction process

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Page 22: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Open-cycle expander plant

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( )4 63 12

1 3 2 3 2

ˆ ˆˆ ˆ

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆL

e H HH H qmf

m H H H H

−− −= = +

− −

Page 23: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

C3 Precooled Mixed Refrigerant

GPSA Engineering Data Book, 14th ed.

Page 24: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

AP-X LNG Process

Fig. 16-37, GPSA Engineering Data Book, 14th ed.

Page 25: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Cascade Refrigeration Process

Fig. 16-32, GPSA Engineering Data Book, 14th ed.

Page 26: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected])

LNG storage

Page 27: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Storage of LNG

Tanks can be ▪ Aboveground

▪ Below ground

Tank material is▪ Steel

▪ Prestressed concrete

▪ Hybrid (combination of both)

Typical types▪ Single-containment

▪ Double-containment

▪ Full containment

▪ Prestressed concrete

▪ Frozen-earth underground storage

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Page 28: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Single-containment tank

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Carbon Steel

Outer Tank

Perlite

Insulation

Reinforced Concrete Pad

Electrical

Heating

Elements

Suspended

Deck

Carbon Steel

Roof

9% Nickel Steel

Inner Tank

Base

Insulation

Page 29: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Double-containment tank

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Carbon Steel

Outer Tank

Perlite

Insulation

Reinforced Concrete Pad

Electrical

Heating

Elements

Suspended Deck

Carbon Steel Roof

9% Nickel Steel

Inner TankBase

Insulation

Concrete

Outer

Shell

Page 30: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Full-containment tank

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Carbon Steel

Outer Tank

Perlite

Insulation

Reinforced Concrete Pad

Electrical

Heating

Elements

Suspended Deck

Concrete Roof

9% Nickel Steel

Inner Tank

Base

Insulation

Concrete

Outer

Shell

Page 31: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Prestressed Concrete Tank

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Earth Berm

Concrete

Select Fill

Ballast

Insulated

Roof

Insulation

and Liner

Spring-loaded

Trusses

Page 32: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Figure 13.23 Frozen-earth storage container

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Spray Nozzles 9% Nickel Steel

Roof

Freeze Pipe

Insulation

LNG

Page 33: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected])

Regasification

Page 34: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

LNG regasification (simplified)

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~ 40 % of HHV required to heat LNG to ambient temperatures

Page 35: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected])

Summary

Page 36: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) - inside.mines.edujjechura/GasProcessing/14_LNG.pdf · LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Chapter 18 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay

Updated: January 4, 2019Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected])

Summary

Natural gas can be liquefied to greatly decrease its volume & make for easier long-distance transportation

Gas to be liquefied must be further processed from typical pipeline quality

Two separate steps▪ Liquefaction

• Proper heat integration necessary to minimize compression power

▪ Regasification

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