LNG as fuel · 2017. 10. 26. · DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER 26...

DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER DNV GL © 2017

26 September 2017

LNG as a fuel Get ready for the future - today

1

Johan Knijp

Blue Corridor 2017 Rally

DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017

Introduction

Head of Fuel and Energy Transition

Natural Gas, Biogas, LNG, Hydrogen, Methanol, DME, …

Assessment of Clean Energy Technologies

Coordinator of DNV GL’s European ssLNG network

Location: DNV GL – Groningen, Netherlands

– Renewable energy technology and gas laboratory

– Multiphase flow meter calibration laboratory

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[email protected] Direct: +31 6 50 26 24 10 www.dnvgl.com/oilgas

Johan Knijp

Head of Section, Fuel and Energy Transition DNV GL - Oil & Gas

https://www.dnvgl.com/oilgas/laboratories-test-sites/renewable-energy-technology-and-gas-laboratory-dnvgl-labs-groningen.html

https://www.dnvgl.com/oilgas/laboratories-test-sites/multiphase-flow-meter-calibration-laboratory-dnvgl-labs-groningen.html

https://www.google.nl/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCIr_4qDRyMcCFa4X2wodpHMFhA&url=https://www.pinterest.com/saveware/besparen-op-gas/&ei=Gq7eVYqKEq6v7Aak55WgCA&psig=AFQjCNETlFbtGdtpXcGjm5zwtqFJsdroCQ&ust=1440743182754123


Introducing new fuels in new markets…….

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Source :https://www.fastcompany.com/1660258/ingenious-flipper-bridge-melds-left-side-drivers-right-side-drivers


Response performance end-use

equipment to fuel variations depends

upon type of end-use equipment

Matching Fuels & Combustion equipment

4

Truck

Cars & Busses

Marine

Engines/burners Fuels

Natural gas

Liquid Natural Gas (LNG)

Liquid Petroleum (LPG)

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Compressed biogas (bio-CNG)

Biogas

Hydrogen

bio-methanol

Bio-ethanol

Di-Methyl Ether (DME)

..

Fuel variation results in changes in

combution behavior in end-use

equipment

Industrial- and

domestic equipment


Example of our work: Towards well-founded standards for siloxanes in bio-CNG

An interesting and growing market for (bio)gas is the automotive market that uses CNG as a transport fuel

Biogases can contain traces of siloxanes (from shampoo, anti foaming, etc.) , which can cause mechanical problems to end-user appliances including gas engines. Silica (SiO2) is formed during combustion.

Research program (2.5 years) to address the effects of

the impact of silica deposition on the most critical parts

of CNG cars.

DNV GL automotive engine tests results will be used

to develop an European standard for silicon containing

components in biogas (CEN TC 408)

The results will facilitate the smooth introduction of biogas in this market, realistic siloxane concentrations allowed in biogas are therefore required

5

Before

After

http://www.cen.eu/


LNG as a fuel is growing rapidly

6


LNG keeps on growing in maritime industry There are currently 228 confirmed LNG ship fuel projects, and 93 additional LNG ready projects

7

112

110

112

116

76

97

46

56

25

35

105

109

59 9

1

21

102

93

93

93

93

93

77 89

56

68

14

35

21

15

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

112

93

Updated 1 September 2017 Excluding LNG carriers and inland waterway vessels

Source: DNV GL – LNGi Portal


Gaining market share rapidly for trucking as well…..

> 1500 truck

> 120 LNG fuelling stations

Total number of refuellings > 35.000

Total amount of LNG sold > 3.500.000 kg

Total distance > 17.500.000 km

8 Source: NGVA / Blue Corridors project


Introduction to LNG

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Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), is natural gas that has been converted to a liquid

state by cooling to below -163°C (and ambient pressure)

As a liquid is takes up 600 times less volume than natural gas

Shipped in specialized LNG carriers, and in special heat insulated tanks by rail

or road transportation.

Attractive alternative to traditional transportation fuels such as diesel and heavy

fuel oil.

– Lower CO2 emissions

– Free of Sulphur and particulates

– Compared to diesel engine much quieter, which allows 24/7 inner-city distribution

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Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

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Natural gas

(Field

production)

Purification

Liquefication

(cooling to

-163C)

CO2, H2S, heavy hydrocarbons

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Heavy hydrocarbons (C4+)

Nitrogen

Carbondioxide

H2S

….

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Nitrogen


Large scale LNG

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LNG expected to be the "glue" linking global gas markets

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http://www.gastechnews.com/lng/lng-is-the-glue-linking-global-gas-markets/

DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017 14 Source: Primagaz

Downstream LNG / LNG as a Fuel


LNG has significant quality variations across the globe….

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LNG is produced at different locations around the world.

Due to differences in natural gas sources, production

technologies and the target markets for the LNG, the

composition may vary substantially

Origin Nitrogen

N2, %

Methane

CH4, %

Ethane

C2H6, %

Propane

C3H8, %

Butane

C4H10, %

Australia – Darwin 0.1 87.64 9.97 1.96 0.33

Algeria – Skikda 0.63 91.4 7.35 0.57 0.05

Algeria – Arzew 0.71 88.93 8.42 1.59 0.37

Brunei 0.04 90.12 5.34 3.02 1.48

Egypt – Idku 0.02 95.31 3.58 0.74 0.34

Indonesia – Badak 0.01 90.14 5.46 2.98 1.40

Indonesia – Tangguh 0.13 96.91 2.37 0.44 0.15

Libya 0.59 82.57 12.62 3.56 0.65

Nigeria 0.03 91.7 5.52 2.17 0.58

USA - Alaska 0.17 99.71 0.09 0.03 0.01

Bio LNG ~ 100


The quality of commercially available LNG varies significantly across the globe

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400 450 500

Australia – NWS

Australia – Darwin

Algeria – Skikda

Algeria – Bethioua

Algeria – Arzew

Brunei

Egypt – Idku

Egypt – Damietta

Equatorial Guinea

Indonesia - Arun

Indonesia – Badak

Indonesia – Tangguh

Libya

Malaysia

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Peru

Qatar

Russia – Sakhalin

Trinidad

USA - Alaska

Yemen

Density, kg/m3

35,0 37,0 39,0 41,0 43,0 45,0

Australia – NWS


Algeria – Skikda


Algeria – Arzew

Brunei

Egypt – Idku

Egypt – Damietta

Equatorial Guinea

Indonesia - Arun

Indonesia – Badak


Libya

Malaysia

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Peru

Qatar

Russia – Sakhalin

Trinidad

USA - Alaska

Yemen

Lower calorific value, MJ/m3(n)

12% variation 17% variation


Challenges of delivering fit-for-purpose gas for end users

Different calorific values based on domestic appliances

LNG has significant quality variations across the globe….

….where gas end-use is a local market with specific composition requirements

40,9

40,0

38,1

38,9

39,2

40,3

37,6

36,7

37,8

39,0

40,3

36,9

41,8

39,4

39,1

38,4

39,7

38,6

39,1

39,0

36,9

35,9

38,1

35,0 37,0 39,0 41,0 43,0 45,0

Australia – NWS


Algeria – Skikda


Algeria – Arzew

Brunei

Egypt – Idku

Egypt – Damietta

Equatorial Guinea

Indonesia - Arun

Indonesia – Badak


Libya

Malaysia

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Peru

Qatar

Russia – Sakhalin

Trinidad

USA - Alaska

Yemen


17%

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Example – January 2016: LNG import on hold due to not meeting specifications

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“We are not buying gas from the U.S. at the moment, because the gas they are offering at the moment does not meet

specifications needed for our gas distribution system”

“U.S. LNG is currently much more calorific than the Russian gas for which

Lithuania’s current gas transmission system has been built”


Weathering of LNG due to boil-off in LNG distribution chain

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Component Boiling point (C)

Nitrogen -196

Methane -162

LNG -163

Ethane -88.5

Propane -42

Butane -0.5

A key issue in LNG transportation is the

generation of Boil-Off Gas (BOG).

The “boil-off” of the volatile components

in the LNG stored leads to a change in

composition of LNG

Boil-off rate depends on:

1. Gas composition of the LNG

2. Temperature of the LNG

3. Heat transfer rate to the LNG through the tank

4. Residence time of LNG in the chain

5. Operating pressure

6. Motion


Risk of delivering “off spec” LNG in ssLNG value chain

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Supply Transport End use

Loading/storage/unloading Loading/storage/unloading

BOG

Engine

Specification

Sourcing BOG BOG BOG

Time / place

LN

G Q

uality

(Meth

ane N

um

ber)

Minimum Methane number – end-user Risk of delivering

off- spec gas


LNG fuel issues

Quality control and billing issues

– “boil-off” during transport and storage composition changes over time

– Substantial variations in density and heating value

Issues related to variations in engine performance with changes in fuel

quality (particularly engine knock)

– Variation in composition w.r.t. major (hydrocarbon) species different

combustion performance (power, efficiency, emissions)

– Different engine types/adjustment may lead to different behaviour regarding

knock

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LNG as a transportation fuel

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Characterization for LNG, gasoline and diesel

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Octane number Cetane number Methane number

Currently : No European or world-wide standard for LNG as a fuel (CEN /ISO)

Gasoline DIESEL


Determination of methane number is critical to safeguard the vehicle’s safety (only relevant for Otto engines)

The knock resistance of LNG is characterized

by the methane number, which is similar to

the octane number used in gasoline engines

The global variation in methane number is

more than 32 points

The occurrence of engine knock leads to

significant loss of performance (power

reduction), engine shutdown and potential

damage

Knowledge of the knock characteristics of

LNG fuels is crucial for suppliers and traders

to provide reliable and efficient products and

for the end user to secure optimal engine

operations.

DNV GL developed a fundamentally correct

method to characterize gaseous fuels (PKI

Methane Number)

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50 70 90

Australia – …

Australia – …

Algeria – …

Algeria – …

Algeria – …

Brunei

Egypt – Idku

Egypt – …

Equatorial…

Indonesia -…

Indonesia – …

Indonesia – …

Libya

Malaysia

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Peru

Qatar

Russia – …

Trinidad

USA - Alaska

Yemen

Methane Number, PKI method

32 point variation in

Methane number


Matching fuels and engines

High performance and high efficiency

(automotive) engines require high

methane number (similar to Octane

Number fuel)

Engine spec examples:

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50 60 70 80 90 100

Australia – NWS

Australia – …

Algeria – Skikda

Algeria – …

Algeria – Arzew

Brunei

Egypt – Idku

Egypt – …

Equatorial…

Indonesia -…

Indonesia – …

Indonesia – …

Libya

Malaysia

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Peru

Qatar

Russia – …

Trinidad

USA - Alaska

Yemen

Methane Number, PKI method

If Methane Number is fixed at 80, almost 90 % of LNG downloaded in

Europe does not match fuel specification, except if this is previously

treated (not easy and expensive).

Engine Min. MN

Iveco Cursor 9 NG 70

Wärtsilä DF50 80

DF50 C9NG


Key performance characteristic: Knock resistance of LNG

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Knock resistance

PKI Methane Number The correct characterization of knock resistance guarantees that LNG and engine are matched for optimum operation

The occurrence of engine knock can lead to loss of performance, engine shutdown and damage

Maintain performance

A characteristic of the LNG; its tendency or resistance to cause engine knock

Now available from DNV GL: the PKI Methane Number calculator to characterize the knock resistance of LNG

https://www.dnvgl.com/oilgas/natural-gas/fitness-for-purpose-of-lng-pki-methane-number-calculator.html





















LNG as a fuel - PKI Methane Number Calculator

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Together with the partners below DNV GL is developing dedicated Methane Number

algorithms for different engine classes for LNG (Truck, Marine and CHP engines):

Screenshot

DNV GL © 26 September 2017

Guidance on fiscal and quality measurements for LNG bunkering

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With reference to Recommended Practice for LNG Bunkering - DNVGL-RP-G105:2015


The quality of commercially available LNG varies significantly across the globe

35,0 37,0 39,0 41,0 43,0 45,0

Australia – NWS


Algeria – Skikda


Algeria – Arzew

Brunei

Egypt – Idku

Egypt – Damietta

Equatorial Guinea

Indonesia - Arun

Indonesia – Badak


Libya

Malaysia

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Peru

Qatar

Russia – Sakhalin

Trinidad

USA - Alaska

Yemen


2-3% variation 17% variation

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Determination of the energy content

To determine the energy content the mass and calorific value must be known.

Volume Composition Density

Mass Calorific

Energy content

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DNV GL’s RP describes several options to determine the mass directly or indirectly

by using the volume and density.

The calorific value is determined based on the composition. The RP describes

several options to determine the composition.

Source: DNV GL – G105: DNV GL updated Recommended Practice for LNG Bunkering (Oct 2015)


Parameters and characteristics for determining energy content and methane number

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Source: DNV GL – G105: DNV GL updated Recommended Practice for LNG Bunkering (Oct 2015)


The RP G105 provides guidance on development and implementation of a measurement system for QUALITY and QUANTITY of LNG

The measurement system ensures transparency in billing and safeguards both

safety and fitness for purpose for using LNG as a fuel.

– The energy content and essential properties of the transferred LNG shall be

determined.

– The receiving ship must be able to rely on the specification of fuel quality for

safe use.

The cost associated with implementing a measurement system should be

proportional to the financial risk involved.

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LNG as a fuel Get ready for the future - today

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LNG as fuel · 2017. 10. 26. · DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER 26...

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