LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE SSUURRVVEEYY Report of LFS...LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE SSUURRVVEEYY 2014-15...

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE SSUURRVVEEYY 2014-15 Thirty-third issue

Government of Pakistan

Statistics Division

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

www.pbs.gov.pk [email protected]

http://www.pbs.gov.pk/

mailto:[email protected]

TEAM OF LABOUR FORCE SURVEY

Compilation of Report

Mr. Munir Ahmad Aslam

Deputy Director General

Mr. Shaukat Ali Khan

Director

Mrs Zahra Bukhari

Chief Statistical Officer

Mr Asghar Ali

Statistical Officer

Data Processing

Mr. Mumtaz-ud-Din

Deputy Director General

Mr. Pervez Akhtar Bhatti

Director

Mr. Shahid Islam

Chief System Analyst

Sample Design

Mrs. Rabia Awan

Director

Mr. Naseer Ahmad

Chief Statistical Officer

Field Operation

Mr. Manwar Ali Gangaro

Director

Typing and Graphic Designing

Mr. Dilawar Hussain

LDC

FOREWORD

Labour Force statistics are pivotal to manpower planning, human resource

development and, economic growth. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics has been

conducting Labour Force Surveys (LFS) since 1963. The Survey data is

extensively used by the government, researchers and other users at large.

This report presents annual estimates of the LFS 2014-15. Detailed

information on labour force characteristics has been collected from

representative sample of 42,108 households to produce gender disaggregated

national and provincial level estimates with urban/rural breakdown. The Survey

also provides for quarterly representative results at national, rural/urban level.

For this purpose, total sample size is evenly distributed into four sub samples,

each to be enumerated in a given quarter.

The Survey, along with the quantification of core variables, also estimates

important attributes of literacy, migration, occupational safety, etc. The

estimates are profiled according to latest classifications viz Pakistan Standard

Industrial Classification (PSIC 2010 based on ISIC rev-4) and Pakistan Standard

Classification of Occupation (PSCO- 2015 in line with ISCO-2008).

I seize this opportunity to acknowledge that all concerned sections of PBS

viz Labour Statistics Section, Sample Design Section, Field Services Section

and Data Processing Centre have performed their role with dedication and

efficacy in the pursuit of actualizing the survey output by the stipulated time

frame and according to the norms of adequacy, reliability and serviceability.

Effort has been made to make this report a comprehensive, informative

and useful document for decision-makers, researchers, planners, economists and

other beneficiaries at large. Suggestions for further improvement of the LFS are

welcome.

Asif Bajwa

Chief Statistician Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

Statistics Division

Government of Pakistan

Islamabad

November 2015

i

LABOUR FORCE SURVEY 2014-15 CONTENTS

Title

Foreword

Page #

i Contents ii

Main Indicators vi

Summary of Findings

vii

Section-I Methodology 1-4

Section-II Reliability of Estimate 5-8

Section-III Concepts and Definitions 9-14

Section-IV Salient Features 15-41

Marital Status 15

Sex Ratio 15

Literacy 16

Level of Education 17

Migration 17

Reasons of Migration 19

Migrants Employed by Employment Status 20

Labour Force Participation Rates: Crude 21

Labour Force Participation Rates: Refined 23

Labour Force Participation Rates: Age Specific 23

Labour Force: Absolute Figures 24

Employed: Absolute Figures 25

Employed: Major Industry Divisions 26

Employed: Major Occupational Groups 28

Employed: Employment Status 30

Employed: Mean Hours Worked 30

Employed: Informal Sector 31

Major Industry Divisions: Informal Sector 32

Major Occupational Groups: Informal Sector 33

Employment Status: Informal Sector 34

Labour Force: Unemployment Rates: Overall 35

Unemployment Rates: Age Specific 35

Unemployed: Absolute Figures 36

Underemployment Rates: Time – related 37

Employed: Occupational Safety and Health 37

Major Industry Division: Occupational Safety and Health 38

Major Occupational Groups: Occupational Safety and Health 39

Employment Status: Occupational Safety and Health 39

Types of Treatment Received: Occupational Safety and Health 40

Major Industry Division: Wages 40

Major Occupation Group: Wages 41

List of Figures

Figure 1: Crude Activity (Participation) Rates by Sex for Pakistan, Rural & Urban 22

Figure 2: Age Specific Activity Rates (ASAR) by Sex for Pakistan 24

Figure 3: Distribution of Employed Persons by Major Industry Divisions 27

Figure 4: Distribution of Employed Persons by Major Occupational Groups 29

Figure 5: Age Specific Unemployment Rates by Sex for Pakistan 36

Annexure-I: List of Published Reports of Labour Force Surveys 42

Annexure-II: Questionnaire Annexure-III: Statistical Tables

43-58 59-416

ii

1. Percentage distribution of population by age, sex and area: Pakistan & Provinces 59

2. Percentage distribution of population by sex, area and province 64

3. Percentage distribution of population by age, sex, literacy and level of education: Pakistan &

Provinces, Rural & Urban

65

4. Percentage distribution of population 10 years of age and over by age, sex and marital status:

Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

80

5. Percentage distribution of total population and that of 10 years age and over by age, sex ,

area and nature of activity Pakistan & Provinces

95

6. Percentage distribution of civilian labour force 10 years of age and over by age, sex, area

and nature of activity : Pakistan & Provinces

100

7. Percentage distribution of total population and that of 10 years age and over by age, sex, area

and nature of activity (augmented labour force): Pakistan & Provinces

105

8. Percentage distribution of civilian labour force 10 years of age and over by age, sex, area

and nature of activity (augmented labour force): Pakistan & Provinces

110

9. Percentage distribution of population 10 years of age and over by level of education, sex and

nature of activity: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

115

10. Percentage distribution of population 10 years of age and over by migration status, sex, area

and provinces

130

11 Percentage distribution of migrant population 10 years of age and over by place of present

and previous residence, area, sex and provinces.

131

12. Percentage distribution of migrant population 10 years and over by place of present and

previous residence, area, sex and provinces.

140

13. Percentage distribution of migrant population 10 years of age and over by main reasons of

migration, age, sex and area.

143

14. Percentage, distribution of migrant employed persons 10 years of age and over by

employment status, number of hours worked during reference week and sex.

148

15. Percentage distribution of total population by rural/urban migration status, sex, area and

province.

163

16. Percentage distribution of rural-urban and urban-rural migrants of total population by sex,

area and provinces.

164

17. Percentage distribution of rural/urban migrant population by main reasons of migration, sex

and areas.

165

18. Labour force participation rates and un-employment rates by age, sex and area: Pakistan &

Provinces

170

19. Labour force participation rates and un-employment rates by age, sex and area : Pakistan &

Provinces(Augmented labour force)

175

20. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by major industry

division, sex and area: Pakistan & Provinces

180

21. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by major occupation

groups, sex and area: Pakistan & Provinces

185

22. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by employment status,

number of hours worked during reference week and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural &

Urban

190


divisions, occupation groups and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

205

24. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by major sectors of

employment, sex, area, Pakistan and Provinces

250

25. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over engaged in informal

sector by major industry divisions, sex and area: Pakistan & Provinces

251


sector by major occupation groups, sex and area: Pakistan & Provinces

256


sector by employment status, sex, area, Pakistan and Provinces

261

iii

28. Percentage distribution of under employed persons (i.e. those who worked less than 35 hours

during reference week and were available/seeking for alternative or additional work) by

employment status, sex, area and province

262

29. Percentage distribution of underemployed persons (i.e. those who worked less than 35 hours

during reference week and were available/seeking for alternative or additional work) by age,

area and sex: Pakistan & Provinces

263

30. Percentage distribution of underemployed persons (i.e. those who worked less than 35 hours

during reference week and were available/seeking for alternative or additional work) by area,

sex and level of education: Pakistan & Provinces

268

31. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over who worked less than

35 hours during reference week by reasons, sex and province:

273

32. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over suffered by status of

occupational injuries/diseases by area, sex and provinces

279

33. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over suffered occupational

injuries/diseases by major industry division, sex and area: Pakistan & Provinces

280


injuries/diseases by major occupation groups, sex and area: Pakistan & Provinces

285


injuries/diseases by employment status, province, sex and area

290


injuries/diseases by type of treatment received, sex, area and provinces

291

37. Percentage Distribution of unemployed persons 10 years of age and over who were not

available for work due to certain reasons by sex, area and provinces

292

38. Percentage distribution of unemployed persons 10 years of age and over by age, sex, level of

education: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

293

39. Percentage distribution of unemployed persons with previous experience of work by major

occupation groups, sex, level of education: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

308

40. Percentage distribution of population 10 years of age and over by sex, marital status and

nature of activities: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

323

41. Percentage distribution of employees 10 years of age and over by average monthly

payment categories, sex and province:

338

42. Percentage distribution of employees by wage groups, major industry and sex. 341

43. Percentage distribution of employees by wage groups, major occupational groups and sex. 386

44. Mean hours worked during reference week, sex, area, Pakistan and Provinces. 416

Annexure-IV: Statistical Tables (only in e report) 45. Percentage distribution of migrant population 10 years of age and over by period of

migration, sex, area and provinces: Rural & Urban

46. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by major

occupation groups, place of work and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

47. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by hours worked,

major occupation groups and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

48. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by hours worked,

major industry divisions and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

49. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over who were seeking

alternative work during last week by province, area and sex


divisions, place of work and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban

51. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by status of

availability for additional work, province, area and sex

iv

52. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over by employment

status, age and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban


occupation groups, employment status and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban


division, employment status and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban


occupation groups, age and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban


divisions, age and sex: Pakistan & Provinces, Rural & Urban


occupation groups, sex and area (augmented employment): Pakistan & Provinces


divisions, sex and area (augmented employment): Pakistan & Provinces

59. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over engaged in

informal sector by number of hours worked, sex, Pakistan and Provinces: Rural & Urban

60. Percentage distribution of employees 10 years of age and over by periodicity of payment,

sex and province: Rural & Urban

61. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over available

for/seeking additional work by employment status, area, sex, Pakistan and Provinces

62. Percentage distribution of underemployed persons (i.e. those who worked less than 35

hours during reference week and were available for/seeking additional or alternative

work) by major industry divisions, area and sex: Pakistan & Provinces

63. Percentage distribution of underemployed persons (i.e. those who worked less than 35

hours during reference week and were available for/seeking additional or alternative

work) by major occupation groups, area and sex: Pakistan & Provinces

64. Percentage distribution of employed persons who did not work during reference week by

reasons, area and sex: Pakistan & Provinces

65. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over suffered

occupational injuries/diseases by unsafe act that caused the accident/disease, area and

sex: Pakistan & Provinces

66 Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over suffered

occupational injuries/diseases by unsafe conditions causing the accident/disease, area and

sex: Pakistan & Provinces

67. Percentage distribution of employed persons 10 years of age and over suffered

occupational injuries/diseases by type of incapacity to work by area and sex: Pakistan &

Provinces

68. Percentage distribution of un-employed persons 10 years of age and over excluding those

not available for work due to certain reasons by period of seeking work, sex area and

province

69. Percentage distribution of un-employed persons 10 years of age and over excluding

unemployed persons not available for work due to certain reasons by steps taken during

last month in search of work, sex, area and province

70. Percentage distribution of un-employed persons 10 years of age and over with period of

previous experience, sex, area and province

71. Percentage distribution of persons 10 years of age and over who were not in labour force

by reasons, area, sex and Provinces.

v

MAIN INDICATORS

Indicators 2013-14 2014-15 Indicators 2013-14 2014-15

Crude Activity (Participation) Rates (%) Employment Status (%)

Pakistan Employers 1.1 1.4

Total 32.3 32.3 Own account workers 35.4 36.1

Male 48.0 48.1 Contributing Family

Workers 24.4 23.8

Female 15.8 15.8 Employees 39.1 38.7

Rural Employment by Sector (%)

Total 33.8 34.0 Agriculture 43.5 42.3

Male 47.2 47.4 Industry 22.5 22.6

Female 20.1 20.2 Services 34.0 35.1

Urban Underemployment (Time Related) Rates (%)

Total 29.4 29.0 Pakistan

Male 49.7 49.4 Total 1.2 1.1

Female 7.7 7.5 Male 1.0 0.9

Refined Activity (Participation) Rates (%) Female 1.9 1.8

Pakistan Rural

Total 45.5 45.2 Total 1.4 1.3

Male 68.1 67.8 Male 1.2 1.1

Female 22.2 22.0 Female 1.7 1.7

Rural Urban

Total 49.2 49.0 Total 0.8 0.7

Male 69.3 69.0 Male 0.5 0.5

Female 28.9 28.8 Female 2.7 2.5

Urban Unemployment Rates (%)

Total 39.0 38.7 Pakistan

Male 66.0 65.7 Total 6.0 5.9

Female 10.2 10.0 Male 5.1 5.0

Activity Status (%) Female 8.7 9.0

Formal Rural

Total 26.4 27.4 Total 5.0 5.0

Rural 23.3 23.9 Male 4.4 4.3

Urban 29.4 30.8 Female 6.6 6.7

Informal Urban

Total 73.6 72.6 Total 8.0 8.0

Rural 76.7 76.1 Male 6.4 6.2

Urban 70.6 69.2 Female 19.4 20.4 Note: See Section II for Concepts and Definitions.

vi

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Main findings of LFS 2014-15 in comparison with the LFS 2013-14,

parenthesized in the chronological (previous vs current) order, are outlined as under:

1. Participation Rate (32.3%) is equivalent to that of LFS 2013-14 (32.3%). Rate for

males (48.0%, 48.1%) and female (15.8%, 15.8%) follow suit. Participation rate in rural

(33.8%, 34.0%) waxes a bit while wanes in urban areas (29.4%, 29.0%).

2. Employment by Major Industries indicates marginal changes in the employment

shares. Increase is observed in manufacturing (14.2%, 15.3%) while decrease in the case of

agriculture/forestry/hunting & fishing (43.5%, 42.3%). Other industrial categories fare

approximately at the same level during the comparative period.

3. Employment Status comprises employees (38.7%) followed by own account workers

(36.1%), contributing family workers (23.8%) and employers (1.4%). As far change during

the comparative periods, own account workers (35.4%, 36.1%) and employers (1.1%, 1.4%)

trend up, while employees (39.1%, 38.7) and contributing family workers (24.4%, 23.8%)

scale down.

4. Unemployment Rate (5.9%) fares in proximity of the previous survey (6.0%).

Similar configuration obtains in the case of males (5.1%, 5.0%), females (8.7%, 9.0%) and in

urban areas (8.0%, 8.0%), rural areas (5.0%, 5.0%). 5. Activity Status comprises formal and informal sectors. Informal sector accounts for

more than seven-tenth (72.6%) of non-agricultural employment, more in rural (76.1%) than in

urban areas (69.2%). On the other hand, formal sector activities are concentrated more in

urban areas (30.8%) than in rural areas (23.9%). Formal sector increase (26.4%, 27.4%) while

informal sector decrease (73.6%, 72.6%) during the period.

6. Underemployment rate recedes from 1.2% in 2013-14 to 1.1% in 2014-15

equivalently for females (1.9%, 1.8%) than males (1.0%, 0.9%) and, in rural (1.4%, 1.3%)

and urban areas (0.8%, 0.7%).

vii

1

SECTION-I

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics has been carrying out Labour Force Survey (LFS) since

1963. The questionnaire and methodology of the survey have been undergoing pertinent

improvements through the forum of “Panel on Labour Statistics” comprising all important

stakeholders to keep current with best practices. The questionnaire was revised in 1990 to include

probing questions on marginal economic activities, likely to be carried out mostly by women and

tend to go unrecorded with conventional questions. The questionnaire was further improved in

1995 to reckon with the size and composition of migration and informal sector. The scope of the

survey was extended in 2001-02 to take the stock of occupational safety and health of employed

persons. The questionnaire was further articulated for undertaking 1st quarterly LFS 2005-06.

This practice has since been continuing. Last meeting of the Panel was held to review the

questionnaire and methodology of the LFS 2014-15. The surveys conducted so far are given at

Annexure-I.

2. This report presents annual results of LFS 2014-15. The survey’s sample size comprises

42,292 households divvied up into four distinct, nationally representative samples, each

enumerated in a given quarter.

Objectives

3. The major aim of the survey is to collect a set of comprehensive statistics on the various

dimensions of country’s civilian labour force as a means to pave the way for skill development,

planning, employment generation, assessing the role and importance of the informal sector and,

sizing up the volume, characteristics and contours of employment. The broad objectives of the

survey are as follows:

- To collect data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the total population i.e.

age, sex, marital status, level of education, current enrolment and migration etc;

- To acquire current information on the dimensions of national labour force; i.e.

number of persons employed, unemployed, and underemployed or out of labour

market;

- To gather descriptive facts on the engagement in major occupational trades and

the nature of work undertaken by the institutions/organizations;

- To profile statistics on employment status of the individuals, i.e. whether they are

employers, own account workers, contributing family workers or paid employees

(regular/casual);

- To classify non-agricultural enterprises employing household member(s) as formal

and informal;

- To quantify the hours worked at main/subsidiary occupations;

- To provide data on wages and mode of payment for paid employees;

- To make an assessment of occupational health and safety of employed persons by

causes, type of treatment, conditions that caused the accident/injury and time of

recovery; and

2

- To collect data on the characteristics of unemployed persons i.e. age, sex, level of

education, previous experience if any, occupation, industry, employment status

related to previous job, waiting time invested in the quest for work, their

availability for work and expectations for future employment.

Reference Period

4. Reference period is week i.e. seven days before the date of enumeration.

Field Operation

5. PBS is the national statistical organization responsible for collection, processing,

compilation and dissemination of statistics. It has 34 Regional/Field Offices located all over

Pakistan. These offices are equipped and manned with regular and trained field staff for the

collection of data from the field.

6. In order to evolve dynamics of field enumeration in line with the survey’s objectives,

training is imparted to the concerned staff on interviewing techniques and other procedure to be

used in the enumeration. For quality control, supervisors from Regional/Field Offices and

headquarter, make frequent field visits to keep the collection process on track.

Data Processing and Editing

7. Soon after data collection, the supervisors edit, check and clean the filled-in

questionnaires manually for consistency and completeness and refer back to field where

necessary.

8. Editing and coding is carried out by Regional/Field offices, while checking is done at

headquarter by the subject matter section. Computer edit checks are applied to get even with

errors identified at the stage of data entry. The relevant numerical techniques are used to eliminate

erroneous data resulting from mistakes made during coding. The survey records are further edited

and rectified through a series of computer processing stages.

Sampling Plan

9. Universe: The universe for Labour Force Survey consists of all urban and rural areas of

the four provinces of Pakistan defined as such by 1998 Population Census excluding FATA and

military restricted areas. The population of excluded areas constitutes about 2% of the total

population.

10. Sample Design: A stratified two-stage sample design is adopted for the survey.

11. Sampling Frame: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) has developed its own sampling

frame for both urban and rural domain. Each city/town is divided into enumeration blocks. Each

enumeration block is comprised of 200 to 250 households on the average with well-defined

boundaries and maps. The list of enumeration blocks as updated from field on the prescribed

proforma by Quick Count technique for urban domain in 2013 and the updated list of

villages/mouzas/dehs or its part (block), based on House Listing in 2011 for conduct of

Population Census are taken as sampling frames. Enumeration blocks are considered as Primary

Sampling Units (PSUs) for urban and rural domains respectively.

3

Stratification Plan

12. Urban Domain: Large cities Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi,

Multan, Sialkot, Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Quetta and Islamabad are

considered as large cities. Each of these cities constitutes a separate stratum, further sub-stratified

according to low, middle and high income groups based on the information collected in respect of

each enumeration block at the time of demarcation/ updating of urban area sampling frame.

13. Remaining Urban Areas: In all the four provinces after excluding the population of large

cities from the population of an administrative division, the remaining urban population is

grouped together to form a stratum.

14. Rural Domain: Each administrative district in the Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

(KP) is considered an independent stratum whereas in Balochistan, each administrative division

constitutes a stratum.

15. Selection of primary sampling units (PSUs): Enumeration blocks in urban and rural

domain are taken as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs). In the urban domain, sample PSUs from

each ultimate stratum/sub-stratum are selected with probability proportional to size (PPS) method

of sampling scheme. In urban domain, the number of households in an enumeration block by

Quick Count technique in 2013 and village or its part (block), updated during House listing in

2011 for conduct of Population Census are taken as sampling frames for rural domain is

considered as measure of size.

16. Selection of secondary sampling units (SSUs): The listed households of sample PSUs are

taken as Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs). A specified number of households i.e. 12 from each

urban sample PSU, 16 from rural sample PSU are selected with equal probability using systematic

sampling technique with a random start.

17. Sample Size and Its Allocation: A sample of 42,292 households is considered appropriate

to provide reliable estimates of key labour force characteristics at National/Provincial level. The

entire sample of households (SSUs) is drawn from 2949 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) out of

which 1726 are rural and 1223 are urban. The overall sample has been distributed evenly over

four quarters independently. As urban population is more heterogeneous therefore, a higher

proportion of sample size is allocated to urban domain. To produce reliable estimates, a higher

proportion of sample is assigned to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan in consideration to their

smallness. After fixing the sample size at provincial level, further distribution of sample PSUs to

different strata in rural and urban domains in each province is made proportionately. The

distribution of sample PSUs and SSUs in the urban and rural domain of the four provinces is as

under: - SAMPLE SIZE AND ITS ALLOCATION

(Nos.)

Province/Area

Sample Enumeration Blocks/

Villages (PSUs) Sample Households (SSUs)

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 204 204 408 3264 2448 5712

Punjab 860 620 1480 13760 7440 21200

Sindh 456 255 711 7296 3060 10356

Balochistan 206 144 350 3296 1728 5024

Pakistan 1726 1223 2949 27616 14676 42292

4

Method of Data Collection

18. Data are collected by direct interview method. Generally, the head of household is chosen

to provide information about all members of the household. In case of his non-availability at the

time of interview, some other informed member of the household down the line is interviewed.

The total sample for the year is evenly distributed for enumeration on quarterly basis to offset the

effect of seasonal variations. The information collected however relates to the week preceding the

date of enumeration.

Coverage

19. The survey covers all urban and rural areas of the four provinces of Pakistan defined as

such by 1998 Population Census, excluding Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and

military restricted areas. The population of excluded areas constitutes about 2% of the total

population.

20. All sample enumeration blocks in urban areas and mouzas/dehs/villages in rural areas

were enumerated except 184 households due to non contact and refusal cases in urban and rural

areas. However, the number of sample households (42,108) enumerated as compared to total

sample size (42,292) is high as response rate is (99.56). Province wise detail of dropped sample

areas (PSUs) are shown as under:

Province/Area

Sample Enumeration Blocks/

Villages (PSUs) Sample Households (SSUs)

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1 - 1 16 - 16

Punjab 6 2 8 96 24 120

Sindh - - - - - -

Balochistan 3 - 3 48 - 48

Pakistan 10 2 12 160 24 184

5

SECTION-II

Reliability of Estimate Notwithstanding complete observance of the requisite codes to ensure reliability of data,

co-efficient of variations and confidence intervals computed in the backdrop of 5% margin of

error exercised for determining sample size, are also given below to affirm the reliability of

estimates. COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CVs) OF IMPORTANT VARIABLES

Characteristics/ Variables

Coefficient of Variation (Cvs) in Percentage

Pakistan Urban Rural Provinces

Khyber Pk Punjab Sindh Balochistan

Total Persons 1.07 1.65 1.38 3.96 1.23 2.20 4.45

Employed Persons 1.10 1.71 1.39 3.95 1.41 2.11 4.73

Employed Persons in Formal Sector 1.85 2.30 3.05 5.50 2.64 3.30 5.75

Employed Persons in Informal

Sector

1.49 2.09 2.11 4.13 1.82 3.65 5.48

Literacy Rates 0.58 0.66 0.87 1.63 0.75 1.13 2.12

Household Size 0.33 0.52 0.43 1.08 0.43 0.62 1.12

Sex Ratio 0.39 0.64 0.49 1.19 0.53 0.74 1.02

Un-employment Rate 2.32 3.16 3.28 7.24 2.81 5.26 12.72

Crude Participation Rate 0.50 0.60 0.68 1.52 0.63 0.82 1.78

Refined Participation Rate 0.49 0.59 0.66 1.51 0.64 0.80 1.65

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF IMPORTANT VARIABLES-PAKISTAN

Characteristics/Variables

Estimates

Confidence Interval

Lower Upper

Pakistan

Total Persons 189190000 185237070 193142931

Employed Persons 57420551 56182365 58658738

Employed Persons in Formal Sector 9079174 8748910 9409431

Employed Persons in Informal Sector 24058055 23355548 24760562

Literacy Rates (%) 60.67 59.98 61.35

Household Size (%) 6.23 6.19 6.27

Sex Ratio (%) 104.06 103.26 104.86

Un-employment Rate (%) 5.94 5.67 6.21

Crude Participation Rate (%) 32.27 31.95 32.58

Refined Participation Rate (%) 45.22 44.79 45.66

6

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF IMPORTANT VARIABLES


Estimates

Confidence Interval

Lower Upper

Pakistan

Urban

Total Persons 65826343 63700572 67952115




Literacy Rates (%) 76.00 75.02 76.98

Household Size (%) 5.99 5.93 6.06

Sex Ratio (%) 105.54 104.21 106.87




Rural

Total Persons 123363657 120030054 126697261




Literacy Rates (%) 51.82 50.94 52.70

Household Size (%) 6.36 6.30 6.41

Sex Ratio (%) 103.28 102.29 104.28




7

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF IMPORTANT VARIABLES- PROVINCES


Estimates

Confidence Interval

Lower Upper

KPK

Total Persons 26367389 24321457 28413319




Literacy Rates (%) 53.94 52.21 55.66

Household Size (%) 7.03 6.89 7.18

Sex Ratio (%) 101.49 99.12 103.87




Punjab

Total Persons 104410837 101892995 106928678




Literacy Rates (%) 61.75 60.84 62.66

Household Size (%) 6.07 6.02 6.12

Sex Ratio (%) 100.76 99.72 101.80




8

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF IMPORTANT VARIABLES- PROVINCES

Characteristics/

Variables

Estimates Confidence Interval

Lower Upper

Sindh

Total Persons 46808231 44786905 48829557




Literacy Rates (%) 62.98 61.58 64.38

Household Size (%) 6.05 5.98 6.12

Sex Ratio (%) 110.49 108.88 112.10




Balochistan

Total Persons 11603545 10591670 12615420




Literacy Rates (%) 55.54 54.37 57.85

Household Size (%) 6.84 6.69 7.00

Sex Ratio (%) 115.64 113.34 117.95




9

SECTION-III

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

A brief explanation of the key concepts and definitions follows.

1. Sex Ratio is the average number of males per 100 females.

2. Literacy rate expresses all those persons ten years of age and above who could read

and write in any language with understanding, as percentage of the population ten years and

above.

3. Level of education is categorized as follows:

i) Below Matric comprises less than ten (10) years of schooling.

ii) Matric but less than intermediate encompasses ten (10) to eleven (11) years of

education.

iii) Intermediate but less than Degree entails twelve (12) to thirteen (13) years of

education.

iv) Degree & above comprises fourteen (14) or more years of education.

4. Household constitutes all those persons who usually live together and share their

meals. A household may consist of one person or more who may or may not be related to each

other.

5. Migration means the population’s movement from one administrative district to

another administrative district at any time of their lives and excludes the ones moved within

the current district.

6. Economically Active Population comprises all persons of either sex who provide

labour services for the production of goods and services as defined by the United Nation

System of National Accounts, during the reference period. The production of goods and

services includes:

i) all production and processing of primary products whether for the market,

barter or, own consumption,

ii) the production of all other goods and services for the market,

iii) the households which produce such goods and services for the market and own

consumption, and

iv) own account construction.

10

7. Currently Active Population or labour force comprises all persons ten years of age

and above who can be categorized as employed or unemployed during the reference period

i.e. one week preceding the date of interview.

8. Crude activity rate is the currently active population expressed as a percentage of the

total population in Pakistan.

9. Refined activity rate is the currently active population expressed as a percentage of the

population 10 years and above. This rate enables international comparison by factoring in the

effect of age composition.

10. Augmented activity rate is based on probing questions from the persons not included

in the conventional measure of labour force, to net-in marginal economic activities viz

subsistence agriculture, own construction of one’s dwelling etc. Conventionally, persons

10+ aged reporting housekeeping and other related activities are considered out of labour

force. However, from the perspective of time use, they are identified as employed if they have

spent time on a specific set of marginal economic activities mentioned afore.

11. Employment comprises all persons ten years of age and above who worked at least

one hour during the reference period and were either “paid employed” or “self employed”.

Persons employed on permanent/regular footings have not worked for any reason during the

reference period are also treated as employed, regardless of the duration of the absence or

whether workers continued to receive a salary during the absence. The survey obtains

information on the duration of absence as well as on other formal job attachment

characteristics of workers in paid and self employment. In line with augmented participation

rates, a loose upper bound of employment can be drawn up by including the persons engaged

in marginal economic activities.

12. Occupation means the type of work done during the reference period by the persons

employed (or the kind of work done previously if unemployed), irrespective of the industry or

the status in employment of the person. It provides description of a person’s job. Occupation

is classified according to Pakistan Standard Classification of Occupations (PSCO)-2015 based

on the International Standard Classification of Occupations, ISCO-2008.

13. Industry means the activity of the firm, office, establishment or department in which a

person is employed or the kind of business, which he/she operates. The activity is defined in

terms of the kind of goods produced or services supplied by the unit in which the person

works. Industry is classified according to Pakistan Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC)

used for national accounts developed in 2010 (Rev-4) on the basis of the International

Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev-4 released by United Nations in 2008.

14. Self-employment job is a job where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the

profits, or the potential profits, derived from the goods and services produced.

15. Status in Employment refers to the type of explicit or implicit contract of employment

of the person with other persons or organization. Status of an economically active individual

11

with respect to his employment i.e. whether he/she is an employer, own account worker,

employee or unpaid family worker is defined as follows:-

16. Employee is a person who works for a public or private employer and receives

remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates or pay in kind. Employees are

divided into

Regular paid employees with fixed wage

Casual paid employee

Paid worker by piece rate or work performed

Paid non-family apprentice

17. Employer is a person working during the reference period, on own-account or with

one or a few partners at a “self-employment job” with one or more employees engaged on a

continuous basis.

18. Own account worker is a person working during the reference period, on own-account

or with one or more partners at a “self-employment job”, without any employee engaged on a

continuous basis; but, possibly, with one or more contributing family workers or employees

engaged on an occasional basis. It includes owner cultivator, share cropper and contract

cultivator.

19. Contributing family worker is a person who works without pay in cash or in kind on

an enterprise operated by a member of his/her household or other related persons.

20. Other includes member of a producer’s cooperative, etc.

21. Informal Sector in Pakistan is formulated in terms of household enterprise and size of

employment. For statistical purpose, the provenance of employment in informal sector is

given as follows:

All household enterprises owned and operated by own-account workers,

irrespective of the size of the enterprise (informal own-account enterprises),

Enterprises owned and operated by employers with less than 10 persons

engaged. It includes the owner (s) of the enterprise, the contributing family

workers, the employees, whether employed on an occasional or a continuous

basis, or as an apprentice, and

Excluded are all enterprises engaged in agricultural activities or wholly

engaged in non-market production.

22. Household Enterprise or equivalently, an unincorporated enterprise, is a production

unit that does not have a separate legal entity independent of the household(s) or household

members that own it. It is neither a corporation nor has a complete set of accounts that would

permit a clear distinction between the production activities of the enterprise from the other

activities of the owner(s) i.e. it is not a quasi-corporation.

12

23. Underemployment (Time-related) comprises all employed persons who during the

reference period satisfied the following two criteria simultaneously:

i) Worked less than 35 hours per week,

ii) Sought or were available for alternative or additional work.

24. Underemployment (Time-related) Rate is the time related underemployed population

expressed as a percentage of the currently active population.

25. Unemployment in Pakistan comprises all persons ten years of age and above who

during the reference period were:

i) “Without work” i.e. were not in paid-employment or self-employment; and

ii) “Currently available for work” i.e. were available for paid employment or

self-employment: or

iii) Not currently available for the following reasons: illness, will take a job

within a month, is temporarily laid off, is an apprentice and is not willing to

work: or

iv) Seeking work during last week.

26. Unemployment rate is the unemployed population expressed as a percentage of the

currently active population.

27. Multiple job holders relates to persons who during the reference period carried out

more than one economic activity. The survey obtains information about the occupation,

industry, status in employment and informal sector characteristics of secondary jobs.

28. Hours actually worked relates to the number of hours worked in the main and

secondary jobs during the reference period, including any overtime and excluding any

absence from work.

29. Population not currently active or “persons not in the labour force” comprises all

persons who were not employed or unemployed during the reference period and hence not

currently active. They are classified into the following categories:-

a) Attending educational institutions,

b) Engaged in household duties,

c) Retired or old age,

d) Too young to work,

e) Unable to work/handicapped,

13

f) Agricultural landlord and/or property owner; nature of ownership includes

land, commercial/residential buildings, cinemas, hotels, petrol pumps, power

looms, etc. (given on rent or lease). They are owners but they do not work for

their properties,

g) Others (persons who derive their income solely from royalties, dividends, etc;

engaged in immoral pursuits such as prostitutes, beggars, thieves and

smugglers etc; voluntary social workers doing work outside the family

enterprise, living entirely on charity, etc.)

30. Occupational Injury/Disease refers to any personal injury or disease resulting from an

occupational accident/ disease which occurs to employed person (s) i.e. an individual

occurrence or event arising out of or in the course of work. Some occupational injuries are

serious enough to need treatment, either at hospital, or by a doctor, nurse or some other kind of

medical professional, and may mean that the injured person is unable to work, or to work

normally, for some time, i.e. they have to take time off work. Other injuries may be less

serious/incapacitating, so that the injured person may be able to return to work quickly. All

such occupational injuries are taken into consideration. An injury should only be considered

as an occupational injury if it was received at the person’s work place or in the course of the

person’s work. Injuries received on the way to or from work are also considered to be

occupational accidents. For the purpose of statistics of occupational injuries, the following

terms and definitions are used:

a) Occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts

of non-consensual violence arising out of or in connection with work which results

in personal injury, disease or death;

b) Commuting accident is an accident occurring on the habitual route between the

place of work and: i) the worker’s principal or secondary residence; ii) the place

where the worker usually takes his/her meal; iii) the place where he/she usually

receive his/her remuneration; or iv) the place where he/she receives training, which

results in death or personal injury involving loss of time; travel, transport or road

traffic accidents in which workers are injured and which arises out of or in the

course of work, i.e. while engaged in an economic activity, or at work, or carrying

on the business of the employer.

c) Occupational injury is any personal injury, disease or death resulting from an

occupational accident;

d) Case of occupational injury is the case of one person incurring an occupational

injury as a result of one occupational accident;

e) Occupational disease is a disease contracted as a result of an exposure to risk

factors arising from work activity;

f) Incapacity for work means inability of the injured person to perform normal duties

of work;

14

g) Fatal occupational injury is one which leads to death within one year of the day of

the occupational accident causing the injury;

h) Loss of working time means the count of time started from the day of accident to

the day prior to the day of return to work measured as calendar days, week days or

working days in accordance with the severity of the injury. In the case of recurrent

absences due to a single case of occupational injury, each period of absence should

be measured and the resulting number of days lost for each period summed to arrive

at the total loss of working time for the case of injury. Temporary absence from

work of less than one day for medical treatment should not be included in time lost.

31. Range of data includes, generally, the information about the number of persons

employed who suffered an injury or disease in the 12 months prior to the reference period that

caused the worker to take time off and/or consult a doctor. In addition, for each injury or

disease suffered, it also obtains information about

(i) the act that caused the accident or disease,

(ii) whether time off was taken or treatment was received as a result

(iii) the conditions that caused the accident or injury

(iv) the time of recovery

32. Income from paid employment relates to the amount of money earned by persons in

paid employment in their main job. The income may be earned in cash or in kind, and is

reported net of security contributions and, deductions for pensions and income tax. It includes

the value in rupees of income in kind as well as regular or adhoc bonuses. The information on

earnings is recorded per week or month and the information on bonuses is recorded per year, to

convert it later on monthly basis. The survey does not obtain information on the income of self

employed persons.

33. Entitlement to annual leave and sick leave relates to the number of days in the year

that workers in paid employment are entitled to obtain and sick leave.

34. The questionnaire adopted for the Survey is given at Annexure-II.

15

SECTION- IV

SALIENT FEATURES

The Survey’s estimates are based on the data of 42,108 sample households enumerated

through July 2014 to June 2015. Findings are presented in the form of proportions and

percentages to provide for all-purpose employability. The population of Pakistan as per

Planning & Development Division’s projection is estimated at 189.19 million on 1st January

2015. The same has been used in arriving at absolute numbers in the report.

2. In comparison with that of the preceding LFS 2013-14, a brief account of the survey’s

main annual estimates, parenthesized in the same order, is given in the following paragraphs.

Marital Status

3. Marital status (Table-1) consists mainly in the categories of never married and

married. Widowed and divorced constitute wee part of the configuration. All categories level

same while widowed pare down a bit (3.8%, 3.6%). See table-1 and Statistical Tables-4

(Annex-III).

Table-1 MARITAL STATUS - DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND ABOVE

(%)

Marital Status 2013-14 2014-15

Never Married 43.4 43.5

Married 52.6 52.6

Widowed 3.8 3.6

Divorced 0.3 0.3

Total 100.0 100.0

Sex Ratio

4. Comparative figures for the overall sex ratio (104, 104) level same, more in rural

(103,103) than in urban areas (107, 106). Similar scenario is obtained in Punjab (101,101)

Sindh (111,111). Sex ratio rises in KP (99, 101) while pares down in Balochistan (121, 115).

Relevant information is presented in the following Table-2.

16

Table-2

SEX RATIO - PAKISTAN AND PROVINCES

Province/Area 2013-14 2014-15

Pakistan 104 104

Rural 103 103

Urban 107 106

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 99 101

Punjab 101 101

Sindh 111 111

Balochistan 121 115 Source:- Derived from Statistical Table-2. (Annex-III)

Literacy

5. Literacy rate notches up (60.0%, 60.7%), both in the case of females (48.4%, 49.6%)

and males (71.3%, 71.6%). Area-wise rates suggest increase both in rural (51.2%, 51.9%) and

urban areas (75.1%, 76.0%), male-female disparity seems to be narrowing. Literacy rate

rises in KP (53.2%, 54.1%), Sindh (61.4% 63.0%), Balochistan (51.8%, 54.3%), while levels

nigh same in Punjab (61.8%, 61.9%). See table-3.

Table-3

LITERACY RATES (10 YEARS AND ABOVE) - PAKISTAN AND PROVINCES (%)

Province/Area 2013-14 2014-15

Total Male Female Total Male Female

Pakistan 60.0 71.3 48.4 60.7 71.6 49.6

Rural 51.2 65.1 37.2 51.9 65.3 38.4

Urban 75.1 81.6 68.1 76.0 82.4 69.3

KP 53.2 72.1 35.1 54.1 72.1 36.8

Rural 50.1 70.1 31.2 51.3 70.2 33.1

Urban 66.3 80.0 52.3 66.3 80.0 52.4

Punjab 61.8 70.4 53.3 61.9 70.4 53.6

Rural 54.3 64.9 44.1 54.6 65.0 44.6

Urban 75.3 80.0 70.5 75.6 80.1 71.0

Sindh 61.4 73.1 48.2 63.0 73.9 50.7

Rural 44.1 61.0 24.7 45.0 61.2 26.2

Urban 77.6 84.5 69.9 79.6 86.0 72.7

Balochistan 51.8 70.3 28.7 54.3 72.0 33.0

Rural 46.7 66.2 22.5 49.5 67.7 27.7

Urban 65.6 81.3 45.6 67.0 83.4 47.1

17

Level of Education

6. The comparative shares of literate bespeak improvement in the profile of educational

attainment (60.0%, 60.7%). The share of No formal education remains same (0.4%, 0.4%).

All categories seem to be on rise except a sort of enervation in the case of below matric

(38.1%, 37.5%). Generally, males are more educated compared to females. See table-4 and

Statistical Table-3 (Annex-III).

Table-4

LEVEL OF EDUCATION - DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 10 + YEARS OF AGE BY SEX

(%)

Level of Education 2013-14 2014-15


A. Literate 60.0 71.3 48.4 60.7 71.6 49.6

No formal education 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5

Below matric 38.1 45.2 30.6 37.5 44.5 30.4

Matric but less than Intermediate 11.1 13.4 8.9 11.6 13.8 9.4

Intermediate but less than Degree 5.4 6.3 4.5 5.7 6.6 4.7

Degree and above 5.0 6.0 4.0 5.5 6.4 4.6

B. Illiterate 40.0 28.7 51.6 39.3 28.4 50.4

Total (A+B) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Migration

7. Proportion of migrants and size of population seem to be correlated positively. In this

regard, provinces make a descending sequence of Punjab (68.2%), Sindh (20.6%), KP

(10.5%) and Balochistan (0.7%). Migration increases in KP (8.7%, 10.5%, decreases in

Punjab (69.4%, 68.2%) and Sindh (21.2%, 20.6%), while levels same in Balochistan

(0.7%, 0.7%). Sex disaggregated proportions show slight variations vis a vis overall

configuration. Further, in collation with proportions of females, the proportions of male

migrants are higher in all provinces except in Punjab.

8. Inter provincial migration indicates positive association with the level of urbanization

and economic development. The proportions of inter provincial migrants is sequenced in the

decreasing order of Punjab (45.4%), Sindh (34.8%), KP (18.7%) and Balochistan (1.1%).

Inter-provincial migration is on rise in Sindh and KP while recedes in Punjab and Balochistan.

In comparison with the proportions of males, the proportions of female migrants are higher in

all provinces except in KP.

9. The proportion of intra provincial migrants bespeaks positive nexus with the size of

population. Provinces form expected sequence in the order of Punjab (74.6%), Sindh (16.7%),

KP (8.2%) and Balochistan (0.6%). Similar pattern obtains by sex. Intra-provincial migration

increases in KP (6.8%, 8.2%) and Punjab (74.4%, 74.6%), recedes n Sindh (18.2%, 16.7%)

while levels same in Balochistan (0.6%, 0.6%). Similarly, proportion of male migrants is

higher than of female migrants in all provinces save in Punjab. See table-5 & 5.1 and

Statistical Tables-11 (Annex-III).

18

Table-5

INTER AND INTRA PROVINCIAL MIGRATION 2013-14 (%)

Provinces Total Inter-Provincial Intra-Provincial

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

Pakistan 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

KP 8.7 12.1 6.4 15.3 20.4 9.2 6.8 8.7 5.8

Punjab 69.4 63.7 73.2 51.1 48.0 54.9 74.4 70.3 76.9

Sindh 21.2 23.2 19.9 32.2 30.3 34.3 18.2 20.3 16.9

Balochistan 0.7 1.0 0.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.4

Table-5.1

INTER AND INTRA PROVINCIAL MIGRATION 2014-15 (%)

Provinces Total Inter-Provincial Intra-Provincial

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

Pakistan 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

KP 10.5 14.6 7.6 18.7 25.1 10.8 8.2 8.7 5.8

Punjab 68.2 61.8 72.5 45.4 42.1 49.3 74.6 70.3 76.9

Sindh 20.6 22.7 19.2 34.8 31.8 38.6 16.7 20.2 16.9

Balochistan 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.4

10. Streams of migration flow within and between urban and rural areas. Since

urbanization is the inevitable concomitant with the process of economic development, rural to

urban migration steals most of the limelight due to enormity of consequential demand on the

socio-economic resources.

11. Rural to urban migration accounts for less than a quarter (22.5%) of the total flow of

migrants within and between areas. Males are more savvy to go urban (24.7%) compared to

females (21.1%). Proportions by province form a descending sequence of Balochistan

(43.8%), Punjab (25.1%), KP (21.1%) and Sindh (13.9%). Proportions by sex are higher for

males in Punjab and Balochistan while lower in KP and Sindh.

12. As for change during the comparative periods, the rural to urban migration is on wane

in total and in all provinces except in Balochistan. The change is more pronounced for males.

See table 5.2 and Statistical Table-11 (Annex-III).

19

Table 5.2

DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION (%)

Reasons of Migration

13. According to the size of the relevant proportions, the marriage (34.2%) and movement

with parents (20.5%) constitute the foremost reasons for migration. The former is proffered

more by females while the latter’s calculus owes more to males than females. Migration with

spouse (12.1%) and homecoming (8.8%) make the next important couplet. Again, the former

is related more by females while the latter is determined more by males than females.

Searching for job (5.8%) and found a job (5.8%) is the next couplet of reason narrated more

by males than females.

14. Assorted other explanation (3.0%) and change of residence (2.3%) are the fourth most

important set of reasons, put forth more by males than females. Security/law & order situation

(1.4%) is the triplet of reason, all reported by males except the last one. The last triplet of

reason is job transfer (1.7%), searching for better agriculture land (1.0%) and education

(0.9%), all related more by males than females.

15. As for change during the period marked by the consecutive surveys, the comparative

figures of most of the salient reasons seem to be on wane while rests of the categories are

characterized with marginal changes. See table-6 and Statistical Table-13 (Annex-III).

Migration stream 2013-14 2014-15


Pakistan 24.4 26.9 22.6 22.5 24.7 21.1

KP 21.3 17.4 26.4 21.1 17.3 26.0

Punjab 25.4 29.7 22.9 25.1 30.2 22.2

Sindh 21.6 23.7 20.0 13.9 13.7 14.1

Balochistan 40.8 42.2 39.1 43.8 46.4 41.2

20

Table -6

MIGRANTS POPULATION BY MAIN REASONS OF MIGRATION (%)

Main Reasons of Migration 2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Job transfer 3.0 6.0 0.7 1.7 3.3 0.5

Found a job 4.9 10.5 0.5 5.8 13.1 0.4

Searching for job 5.6 12.7 0.2 5.8 13.2 0.2

Searching for a better agriculture land 1.1 2.3 0.1 1.0 2.2 0.1

Education 0.9 1.5 0.5 0.9 1.5 0.4

Business 1.7 3.7 - 1.3 2.7 0.2

Health 0.1 0.2 - 0.1 0.2 -

Marriage 32.5 1.7 56.0 34.2 2.1 58.4

With parents 21.8 31.7 14.2 20.5 29.8 13.5

With spouse 12.4 1.0 21.1 12.1 1.0 20.4

With son/daughter 1.3 0.8 1.7 1.2 1.0 1.5

Change of Residence 2.7 5.3 0.9 2.3 4.6 0.1

Return to his home 7.7 16.3 1.0 8.8 19.2 0.9

Security/Law & order situation 0.8 1.4 0.3 1.4 2.0 0.9

Other 3.8 4.9 2.8 3.0 4.1 2.5

Note: (-) stands for insignificant

Migrants Employed by Employment Status

16. More than eight out of ten (82.5%) of migrants are either employees (48.3) or own

account workers (34.2%). Near one in seven (14.7%) are contributing family workers and one

in thirty three (2.8%) are employers. More males than females are engaged as employees

(52.6%, 35.1%) and own account workers (37.6%, 23.6%) while more females than males

work as contributing family workers (41.2%, 6.1%). Employers seem to be masculine in

composition. As for change during the comparative period, employees and contributing family

worker scale down, own account workers level same while employers trend up. See table-7

and Statistical Table-14 (Annex-III).

Table- 7

MIGRANTS EMPLOYED BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS (%)

Employment Status 2013-14 2014-15 Total Male Female Total Male Female

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Employers 1.9 2.5 0.1 2.8 3.7 0.1

Own account workers 34.2 38.8 20.8 34.2 37.6 23.6

Contributing family workers 15.4 6.4 41.3 14.7 6.1 41.2

Employees 48.6 52.3 37.8 48.3 52.6 35.1

21

Labour Force Participation Rates: Crude

17. Crude participation rate (32.3%) is equivalent to that of LFS 2013-14 (32.3%). Rate

for males (48.0%, 48.1%) and female (15.8%, 15.8%) follow suit. Participation rate in rural

(33.8%, 34.0%) waxes a bit while wanes in urban areas (29.4%, 29.0%). KP (25.0%, 25.0%)

and Sindh (30.5%, 30.6%) bear equivalence during the period, Punjab trends down (35.7%,

35.4%) while Balochistan scales up (25.3%, 27.6%). Augmented participation rates seem to

be curving down in toto and in provinces except Balochistan. See table-8 (figure-1) and

Statistical Tables-18 to 18.4 and 19 to 19.4 (Annex-III).

Table-8

CRUDE ACTIVITY (PARTICIPATION) RATES - PAKISTAN AND PROVINCES (%)

Province/

Area

2013-14 2014-15

Total Male Female * Augmented

Total Male Female * Augmented

Total Female Total Female

Pakistan 32.3 48.0 15.8 36.5 24.4 32.3 48.1 15.8 36.0 23.4

Rural 33.8 47.2 20.0 39.8 32.2 34.0 47.4 20.2 39.3 30.9

Urban 29.4 49.7 7.7 30.2 9.4 29.0 49.4 7.5 29.8 9.2

KP 25.0 40.5 9.8 35.0 29.5 25.0 40.0 9.9 33.9 27.6

Rural 24.8 39.4 10.6 36.6 33.6 25.1 39.3 10.7 35.7 31.8

Urban 25.9 45.1 6.1 28.0 10.3 24.7 42.9 6.1 26.2 9.0

Punjab 35.7 50.3 20.9 37.3 24.3 35.4 50.2 20.5 37.0 23.7

Rural 38.7 50.1 26.3 40.5 30.9 37.9 50.0 25.8 40.1 30.1

Urban 30.8 50.6 10.1 31.2 10.9 30.4 50.4 9.7 30.9 10.7

Sindh 30.5 48.9 9.9 36.2 21.9 30.6 49.6 9.5 35.7 20.2

Rural 32.4 47.8 14.3 42.4 36.1 32.6 48.8 14.3 41.8 33.7

Urban 28.4 50.1 4.7 29.5 7.0 28.4 50.5 4.7 29.3 6.4

Balochistan 25.3 41.7 5.4 33.2 22.9 27.6 41.8 11.3 33.3 23.4

Rural 25.5 41.5 6.2 35.3 27.7 29.0 42.5 13.5 35.5 27.4

Urban 24.7 42.2 3.0 27.3 8.8 23.9 39.7 5.1 27.1 12.1

Note:- * Males augmented activity rates vary insignificantly from the standard crude rates are therefore not tabulated.

22

FIGURE-1: CRUDE ACTIVITY (PARTICIPATION) RATES BY SEX FOR PAKISTAN, RURAL

AND URBAN

05

101520253035404550

Cru

de A

ctivity R

ate

(%

)

Total Male Female Total APR Female APR

2013-14

Pakistan Rural Urban

05

10152025303540455055

Cru

de A

ctivity R

ate

(%

)

Total Male Female Total APR Female APR

2014-15

Pakistan Rural Urban

APR:- Augmented Participation Rates are based on additional probing questions on marginal economic

activities asked from persons especially females engaged in housekeeping and other related activities.

23

Labour Force Participation Rates: Refined

18. Generally, refined activity rates follow the pattern of crude participation rates. The

refined activity rate (45.5%, 45.2%) declines marginally during the period. Sex disaggregated

rates suggest decline both in the case of males (68.1%, 67.8%) and females (22.2%, 22.0%).

Similar scenario of change obtains in urban (39.0%, 38.7%) and rural areas (49.2%, 49.0%).

Rates in Punjab (49.1%, 48.5%), Sindh (43.2%, 43.0%) and KP (36.5%, 36.3%) slacken while

trend up in Balochistan (39.7%, 43.9%). See table-9 and Statistical Tables-18 to 18.4 and 19

to 19.4 (Annex-III).

Table-9

REFINED ACTIVITY (PARTICIPATION) RATES - PAKISTAN AND PROVINCES

(%)

Province/Area

2013-14 2014-15

Total Male Female *Augmented

Total Male Female *Augmented

Total Female Total Female

Pakistan 45.5 68.1 22.2 51.4 34.1 45.2 67.8 22.0 50.5 32.6

Rural 49.2 69.4 28.9 57.9 46.2 49.0 69.0 28.8 56.7 44.1

Urban 39.0 66.0 10.2 40.1 12.6 38.7 65.7 10.0 39.7 12.2

KP 36.5 60.1 14.0 51.0 42.2 36.3 59.4 14.0 49.2 39.2

Rural 36.6 59.4 15.3 53.9 48.6 36.9 59.3 15.3 52.3 45.4

Urban 36.0 62.9 8.4 38.9 14.2 34.2 59.7 8.4 36.2 12.4

Punjab 49.1 69.9 28.5 51.4 33.0 48.5 69.4 27.8 50.7 32.1

Rural 53.9 71.8 36.6 57.2 43.0 52.9 70.9 35.5 56.0 41.5

Urban 40.4 66.6 13.2 40.9 14.3 40.2 66.7 12.8 40.8 14.1

Sindh 43.2 68.9 14.2 51.3 31.3 43.0 69.2 13.5 50.1 28.6

Rural 49.1 72.0 22.7 64.3 55.2 48.9 72.5 21.7 62.6 51.1

Urban 37.7 66.0 6.3 39.2 9.3 37.5 66.1 6.2 38.6 8.5

Balochistan 39.7 64.5 8.7 52.2 36.7 43.9 65.1 18.3 52.8 38.0

Rural 40.8 65.5 10.1 56.5 45.2 46.7 66.9 22.3 57.1 45.2

Urban 36.9 62.1 4.6 40.7 13.4 36.6 60.3 7.9 41.6 18.9 Note:- * Males augmented activity rates vary insignificantly from the standard refined rates are therefore not tabulated.

Labour Force Participation Rates: Age Specific

19. Table-10 (figure-2) presents comparative picture of age specific participation rates

(ASPR). As expected, the age intervals between twenties and fifties (20-59) mark the most

productive period of life. The comparative size of gender disparity, though, considerable in

all age intervals, has generally been shrinking. As for change during the comparative periods,

ASPRs of early teens and early thirties decline a bit, while the other ones curve up

marginally. Gender disaggregates rates make variegated pattern of marginal changes. See


24

Table-10

AGE SPECIFIC ACTIVITY (PARTICIPATION) RATES - BY SEX FOR PAKISTAN

(%)

Age Groups 2013-14 2014-15


10 – 14 10.6 12.6 8.4 9.6 11.2 7.7

15 – 19 35.3 49.7 19.2 33.5 47.6 18.0

20 – 24 52.3 81.7 25.1 52.6 82.3 25.7

25 – 29 58.1 95.9 26.1 58.6 96.7 26.6

30 – 34 60.4 98.1 27.2 60.1 98.1 27.8

35 – 39 62.4 98.1 29.5 62.6 98.2 29.0

40 – 44 63.8 98.0 30.8 64.4 98.4 29.9

45 – 49 64.9 97.8 29.0 65.9 97.8 31.9

50 – 54 64.9 96.2 29.9 65.3 96.6 29.2

55 -59 62.5 92.8 27.5 63.8 93.8 27.3

60 + 35.8 53.4 12.8 36.4 55.2 12.0

FIGURE-2: AGE SPECIFIC ACTIVITY RATE (ASAR) BY SEX FOR PAKISTAN

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 -59 60 +

AGE GROUPS (YEARS)

AS

AR

(%

)

2013-14 Male 2013-14 Female 2014-15 Male 2014-15 Female

Labour Force: Absolute Figures

20. The absolute figure of labour force is the multiple of crude participation rate with mid-

reference year estimate of the population. The numbers of employed and unemployed persons

are the “labour force multiplied with their percentages”. The labour force increases from

60.10 million in 2013-14 to 61.04 million in 2014-15. The volume of labour force increases in

the increasing order of Punjab (0.12 million), KP (0.15 million), Sindh (0.32 million) and

Balochistan (0.36 million). The change in the provincial profile is more pronounced in the

25

case of rural than urban areas except in Sindh. Further, the change is more of males origin

than female in all provinces except in Punjab. See Table-11.

Table-11

CIVILIAN LABOUR FORCE - PAKISTAN AND PROVINCES

(Million)

Province/Area

Labour Force

2013-14 2014-15


Pakistan 60.10 45.65 14.45 61.04 46.38 14.66

Rural 41.14 29.10 12.04 41.95 29.70 12.25

Urban 18.96 16.55 2.41 19.09 16.68 2.41

KP 6.45 5.19 1.26 6.60 5.31 1.29

Rural 5.24 4.12 1.12 5.40 4.26 1.15

Urban 1.21 1.07 0.14 1.20 1.05 0.15

Punjab 36.80 26.05 10.75 36.92 26.28 10.64

Rural 26.06 17.04 9.02 26.25 17.29 8.96

Urban 10.74 9.01 1.73 10.67 8.99 1.68

Sindh 13.99 11.84 2.15 14.31 12.19 2.12

Rural 7.69 6.03 1.66 7.83 6.22 1.61

Urban 6.30 5.80 0.5 6.48 5.97 0.51

Balochistan 2.85 2.57 0.28 3.21 2.60 0.61

Rural 2.13 1.90 0.23 2.47 1.93 0.54

Urban 0.72 0.67 0.05 0.74 0.67 0.07

Source:- Derived from Statistical Tables 5 to 5.4 (Annex-III).

Employed: Absolute Figures

21. The number of employed increases (0.90 million) from 56.52 million in 2013-14 to

57.42 million in 2014-15. The change stems more from rural (0.77 million) than urban areas

(0.13 million). Increase in the provinces is in the descending order of Balochistan (0.34

million), Sindh (0.25 million), KP (0.18 million) and Punjab (0.14 million). See table-12.

26

Table-12

EMPLOYED - PAKISTAN AND PROVINCES (Million)

Province/Area

Employed

2013-14 2014-15


Pakistan 56.52 43.33 13.19 57.42 44.07 13.35

Rural 39.08 27.83 11.25 39.85 28.42 11.43

Urban 17.44 15.50 1.94 17.57 15.65 1.92

KP 5.91 4.85 1.06 6.09 5.00 1.09

Rural 4.84 3.87 0.97 5.01 4.03 0.98

Urban 1.07 0.98 0.09 1.08 0.97 0.11

Punjab 34.46 24.59 9.87 34.60 24.79 9.81

Rural 24.66 16.20 8.46 24.82 16.40 8.42

Urban 9.80 8.39 1.41 9.78 8.39 1.39

Sindh 13.40 11.41 1.99 13.65 11.76 1.89

Rural 7.51 5.92 1.59 7.63 6.11 1.52

Urban 5.89 5.49 0.40 6.02 5.65 0.37

Balochistan 2.74 2.48 0.26 3.08 2.52 0.56

Rural 2.06 1.84 0.22 2.39 1.88 0.51

Urban 0.68 0.64 0.04 0.69 0.64 0.05

Source:- Derived from Statistical Tables 6 to 6.4 (Annex-III).

Employed: Major Industry Division

22. The comparative surveys indicate marginal changes in the employment shares.

Increase is observed in manufacturing (14.2%, 15.3%) while decrease in the case of

agriculture/forestry/hunting & fishing (43.5%, 42.3%). Other industrial categories fare

approximately at the same level during the comparative period. See table-13 (Figure-3) and


Table-13

EMPLOYED - DISTRIBUTION BY MAJOR INDUSTRY DIVISIONS

(%)

Major Industry Divisions 2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture/ forestry/hunting & fishing 43.5 34.2 74.0 42.3 33.1 72.7

Manufacturing 14.2 14.7 12.3 15.3 15.7 14.1

Construction 7.3 9.5 0.3 7.3 9.5 0.2

Wholesale & retail trade 14.6 18.5 1.6 14.6 18.7 1.4

Transport/storage & communication 5.5 7.1 0.2 5.4 7.0 0.1

Community/social & personal services 13.1 13.7 11.5 13.2 13.7 11.3

*Others 1.8 2.3 0.1 1.9 2.3 0.2

* Others (includes mining & quarrying, electricity, gas & water, financing, insurance, real estate & business services and

extraterritorial organizations and bodies)

27

FIGURE –3 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED: MAJOR INDUSTRY

DIVISIONS

28

Employed: Major Occupational Groups

23. Skilled agricultural, forestry & fishery workers constitute the largest group (37.1%) of

the total employed in 2014-15 followed by elementary occupations (15.8%), service and sales

workers (15.7%), craft & related trades workers (13.6%), plant/machine operators &

assemblers (6.3%), professionals (4.7%), technicians & associate professionals (3.1%),

managers (2.2%) and clerical support workers (1.5%). About nine-tenth of the females

workers toil in farming activities (61.7%), elementary occupations (15.5%) and craft &

related trade workers (12.6%) while males seem to be distributed a sort of proportionately in

all activities. All categories seem to be curving up except service and sales workers, skilled

agricultural, forestry & fishery workers and craft & related trades workers. See table-14

(Figure-4) and Statistical Table-21 (Annex-III).

Table-14

EMPLOYED - DISTRIBUTION BY MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS

(%)

Major Occupational Groups

2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Managers 1.7 2.1 0.3 2.2 2.8 0.3

Professionals 4.6 4.1 5.9 4.7 4.2 6.4

Technicians & associate professionals 2.8 3.3 1.2 3.1 3.8 0.9

Clerical support workers 1.5 1.9 0.2 1.5 1.9 0.2

Service and sales workers 16.1 20.3 2.2 15.7 19.8 2.1

Skilled agricultural, forestry & fishery

workers 37.8 30.4 62.4 37.1 29.7 61.7

Craft & related trades workers 14.1 14.8 11.7 13.6 13.8 12.6

Plant/ machine operators & assemblers 6.0 7.7 0.3 6.3 8.1 0.3

Elementary occupations 15.5 15.4 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.5

29

FIGURE-4: PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED: MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS

30

Employed: Employment Status

24. Employees constitute the largest group (38.7%) followed by own account workers

(36.1%), contributing family workers (23.8%) and employers (1.4%). More than one-half

females workers toil as contributing family workers (54.5%) while near seven-eighth of males

are own account workers (40.9%) and employees (42.9%). As far change during the

comparative periods, own account workers (35.4%, 36.1%) and employers (1.1%, 1.4%) trend

up, while employees (39.1%, 38.7) and contributing family workers (24.4%, 23.8%) scale

down. See table-15 and Statistical Table-22 (Annex-III).

Table-15

EMPLOYED - DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND SEX

(%)

Employment Status 2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Employers 1.1 1.4 - 1.4 1.7 0.1



Employees 39.1 43.0 26.4 38.7 42.9 24.9

Note:- “Other” due to negligible size is included in own account workers.

Employed: Mean Hours Worked

25. Mean hours worked lose stream during the comparative period (47.8%, 47.4%),

equivalently in the case of females (35.8%, 35.3%) and males (51.5%, 51.1%). Similar

scenario obtains in rural (45.8%, 45.4%) and urban areas (52.2%, 52.0%). Mean hour worked

in Sindh (48.9%, 49.5%), KP (43.8%, 44.1%) and Balochistan (49.9%, 50.2%) increase while

decrease is observed in the case of Punjab (47.9%, 47.0%). Change in KP and Balochistan is

more in rural than urban areas, equivalent in Sindh while more of urban provenance in

Punjab. See table-16.

31

Table-16

MEAN HOURS WORKED - BY AREA AND SEX

(%)

Area

LFS 2013-14 LFS 2014-15


Pakistan 47.8 51.5 35.8 47.4 51.1 35.3

Rural 45.8 50.2 35.1 45.4 49.8 34.5

Urban 52.2 53.8 39.8 52.0 53.5 39.7

KP 43.8 47.2 28.6 44.1 47.2 29.7

Rural 42.9 46.6 28.1 43.2 46.7 29.1

Urban 48.1 49.3 34.2 48.2 49.3 36.3

Punjab 47.9 52.7 36.0 47.0 51.8 34.7

Rural 46.0 51.5 35.5 45.2 50.8 34.1

Urban 52.6 55.0 38.9 51.6 53.7 38.7

Sindh 48.9 50.9 37.6 49.5 51.4 37.5

Rural 46.1 48.8 36.0 46.2 48.8 36.1

Urban 52.5 53.2 44.0 53.6 54.3 43.5

Balochistan 49.9 50.7 41.5 50.2 50.7 47.9

Rural 49.6 50.6 41.5 50.1 50.6 48.2

Urban 50.6 51.0 41.7 50.3 50.8 45.3

Employed: Informal Sector

26. Informal sector accounts for more than seven-tenth (72.6%) of non-agricultural

employment, more in rural (76.1%) than in urban areas (69.2%). On the other hand, formal

sector activities are concentrated more in urban areas (30.8%) than in rural areas (23.9%).

Share of females in comparison with respective share of males is more pronounced in urban

formal (31.5%) and rural informal (78.0%) while, share of males are more pronounced in

rural formal (24.3%) and urban informal (69.3%). Formal sector increase (26.4%, 27.4%)

while informal sector decrease (73.6%, 72.6%) Shares of males turn up in the formal and

decline in the latter while opposite obtains in the case of females. See table-17 and Statistical

Table-24 (Annex-III).

32

Table-17

FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS - DISTRIBUTION OF NON-AGRICULTURE WORKERS

(%)

Sector

2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Formal 26.4 26.3 27.0 27.4 27.5 26.5

Informal 73.6 73.7 73.0 72.6 72.5 73.5

Rural 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Formal 23.3 23.6 21.2 23.9 24.3 22.0

Informal 76.7 76.4 78.8 76.1 75.7 78.0

Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Formal 29.4 28.9 32.9 30.8 30.7 31.5

Informal 70.6 71.1 67.1 69.2 69.3 68.5

Source: - Derived from Statistical Table-24(Annex-III).

Major Industry Divisions: Informal Sector

27. According to size of respective shares, the industry groupings form a descending

sequence of wholesale and retail trade (34.1%), manufacturing (23.2%), construction

(16.4%), community, social & personal services (14.5%) and transport (10.9%). The other

category (comprising of mining & quarrying; electricity, gas & water and finance, insurance,

real estate & business services) accounts for about one percent. Manufacturing accounts for

near three-fifth (63.9%) of females as compared to about one-fifth (18.1%) of males,

wholesale & retail trade employed about two-fifth (37.5%) of males compared to about one-

thirteenth (6.7%) of females while community/social & personal services embrace more than

three-tenth (28.1%) of females compared to about one-seventh (13.0%) of males. Save

manufacturing, all seem to be trending down during the comparative period. See table-18 and


33

Table-18

INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS - DISTRIBUTION BY MAJOR INDUSTRY DIVISIONS

(%)

Major Industry Divisions 2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Manufacturing 21.5 17.1 58.7 23.2 18.1 63.9

Construction 16.8 18.6 1.4 16.4 18.3 1.0

Wholesale & retail trade 34.3 37.4 8.1 34.1 37.5 6.7

Transport, storage & communication 10.9 12.1 0.4 10.9 12.2 0.3

Community, social & personal services 15.4 13.6 31.4 14.5 13.0 28.1

* Others 1.1 1.2 - 0.8 0.9 -

*Others (includes mining & quarrying; electricity, gas & water and finance, insurance, real estate & business

services)

Major Occupational Groups: Informal Sector

28. One in three (33.1%) are reported as service and sales workers, while over one-half as

craft & related trades workers (28.5%) and elementary occupations (18.5%). The remaining

groups make a descending sequence of plant/machine operators & assemblers (10.6%),

technicians & associate professionals (3.3%), professionals (3.2%) and managers (2.3%).

About three-fifth (61.4%) of females compared to one-fourth (24.3%) of males are engaged in

craft & related trade activities. Comparative share of females (9.7%) is also pronounced vis a

vis of males (2.4%) in the case of professionals. Share of males are higher in the rest of the

occupational groups. As far change during the comparative periods, technicians & associate

professionals trend up, while the respective shares of the rest of the tabulated grouping are in

proximity with each other. See table-19 and Statistical Table-26 (Annex-III).

34

Table-19

INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS - DISTRIBUTION BY MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS

(%)

Major Occupational Groups 2013-14 2014-15 Total Male Female Total Male Female

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Managers 1.9 2.1 0.3 2.3 2.6 0.4

Professionals 3.5 2.7 10.0 3.2 2.4 9.7


Clerical support workers 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2

Service and sales workers 34.4 37.1 11.1 33.1 36.0 9.7


workers 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 -


Plant/ machine operators & assemblers 9.9 11.0 1.2 10.6 11.8 1.3

Elementary occupations 18.4 18.3 18.6 18.5 18.7 16.5

Employment Status: Informal Sector

29. The employment status chiefly consists in the categories of employees (44.5%) and

own account workers (44.0%). The former constitutes the largest share of males (44.9%)

while latter of females (41.8%). About one in ten (8.9%) is reported as contributing family

worker and near one in thirty three (2.6%) comprises employers. The male contributing family

workers (8.0%) are about one half of females (16.5%) while employers are predominantly

male intensive. As far change during the comparative periods, employer (2.1%, 2.6%) and

own account workers (41.9%, 44.0%) trend up, while contributing family workers (9.6%,

8.9%) and employees (46.4%, 44.5%) lose stream. See Table-20 and Statistical


Table-20

INFORMAL SECTORS WORKERS – DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

(%)



Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Employers 2.1 2.3 0.1 2.6 2.8 0.3



Employees 46.4 46.1 49.1 44.5 44.9 41.4

35

Unemployment Rates: Overall

30. The social security net in Pakistan is far from exhaustive. The distribution of assets is

highly skewed and something to fall back on in rainy season is simply not available to most of

the populace. Thus, a miniscule minority can afford to remain off the work. Further,

employment scene is preponderated by agriculture and informal activities with low threshold

of entry, exit and, paraphernalia of requisites. As such, most of the people tend to get

engaged into some sort of economic activities irrespective of any considerations regarding the

size of reward and working age, in order to make both the ends meet. Thus, unemployment

rate in Pakistan tends to be estimated lower than perceived.

31. Unemployment rate (5.9%) fares in proximity of the previous survey (6.0%). Similar

configuration obtains in the case of males (5.1%, 5.0%), females (8.7%, 9.0%) and in urban

areas (8.0%, 8.0%), rural areas (5.0%, 5.0%). See table-21.

Table-21

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES - BY AREA AND SEX

(%)

Area/Sex 2013-14 2014-15


Pakistan 6.0 5.1 8.7 5.9 5.0 9.0

Rural 5.0 4.4 6.6 5.0 4.3 6.7

Urban 8.0 6.4 19.4 8.0 6.2 20.4

Unemployment Rates: Age Specific

32. The comparative age specific unemployment rates of twenties (20-29) and early

thirties (30-34) are on rise while, that of early teens (10-14) and latter thirties and above

(35+) decline during the period. Sex specific rates make a mixed pattern of change down the

age groupings though rates of females are more in sync with the overall rates as compared to

those of males. See table-22 (figure 5) and Statistical Table-18 (Annex-III).

36

Table-22

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES - BY SEX AND AGE (%)

Age Groups 2013-14 2014-15


10 – 14 13.8 18.0 6.5 9.9 12.2 6.0

15 – 19 11.7 11.7 11.8 10.1 10.0 10.4

20 – 24 9.2 7.6 14.0 11.0 9.2 16.4

25 – 29 5.4 3.8 10.1 6.1 3.7 13.3

30 – 34 3.3 2.5 5.8 3.5 1.8 8.6

35 – 39 2.0 1.2 4.3 1.9 1.3 4.0

40 – 44 2.2 1.5 4.0 2.0 1.4 3.8

45 – 49 2.4 1.8 4.5 1.8 1.5 2.5

50 – 54 4.1 2.9 8.6 3.6 3.3 5.1

55 – 59 5.9 4.9 10.0 5.8 4.7 10.5

60 years and above 7.2 5.3 17.4 8.9 7.8 16.1

FIGURE-5: AGE SPECIFIC UNEMPLOYMENT RATES (ASUR) BY SEX FOR PAKISTAN

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 -59 60 +

AGE GROUPS (YEARS)

AS

UR

(%

)

2013-14 Male 2013-14 Female 2014-15 Male 2014-15 Female

Unemployed: Absolute Figures

33. The volume of unemployed persons increases by 0.04 million from 3.58 million in

2013-14 to 3.62 million in 2014-15. Area and sex wise, the change is more pronounced in

rural areas and, for females. Volume of unemployed recedes in KP and Punjab, while rises in

Sindh and Balochistan. Change is more pronounced in the case of males in KP, while for

females in rest of provinces. Further, the change is more visible in rural than urban areas in all

provinces.

37

Table-23

UNEMPLOYED - PAKISTAN AND PROVINCES (Million)

Province/Area

Unemployed

2013-14 2014-15


Pakistan 3.58 2.32 1.26 3.62 2.31 1.31

Rural 2.06 1.27 0.79 2.10 1.28 0.82

Urban 1.52 1.05 0.47 1.52 1.03 0.49

KP 0.54 0.34 0.20 0.51 0.31 0.20

Rural 0.40 0.25 0.15 0.39 0.23 0.16

Urban 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.04

Punjab 2.35 1.47 0.88 2.32 1.49 0.83

Rural 1.41 0.84 0.56 1.43 0.89 0.54

Urban 0.94 0.62 0.32 0.89 0.60 0.29

Sindh 0.58 0.42 0.16 0.66 0.43 0.23

Rural 0.18 0.11 0.07 0.20 0.11 0.09

Urban 0.40 0.31 0.09 0.46 0.32 0.14

Balochistan 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.13 0.08 0.05

Rural 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.03

Urban 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.02 Source:- Derived from Statistical Tables 6 to 6.4 (Annex-III) .

Underemployment Rates: Time-related

34. Underemployment rate recedes from 1.2% in 2013-14 to 1.1% in 2014-15 equivalently

for females (1.9%, 1.8%) than males (1.0%, 0.9%) and, in rural (1.4%, 1.3%) and urban areas

(0.8%, 0.7%). Underemployment rate seems to signify decreasing latitude to make recourse to

multiple jobs in order to help grapple with the cost of living. See table-24. Table-24

UNDEREMPLOYMENT (TIME-RELATED) RATES OF PAKISTAN- BY AREA AND GENDER (%)

Areas 2013-14 2014-15


Pakistan 1.2 1.0 1.9 1.1 0.9 1.8

Rural 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.7

Urban 0.8 0.5 2.7 0.7 0.5 2.5 Source:- Derived from Statistical Tables 6 and 28 (Annex-III).

Employed: Occupational Safety and Health

35. About one in twenty five (4.0%) employed persons report some sort of occupational

injury/disease in the 12 months preceding the date of enumeration that resulted into the loss of

working time or the consultation with a practitioner. The percentage suffered finds male

workers more vulnerable (4.7%) relative to female workers (1.7%). Similarly, rural workers

(4.6%) are more vulnerable than urban workers (2.6%). Vulnerability seems to be receding

during the comparative period across the area and gender. See table-25.

38

Table-25

OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES/DISEASES - EMPLOYED PERSONS 10 + YEARS OF AGE BY STATUS

(%)

Status of Injuries/ Diseases 2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Suffered 4.3 4.9 2.2 4.0 4.7 1.7

Not suffered 95.7 95.1 97.8 96.0 95.3 98.3

Rural 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Suffered 4.9 5.9 2.4 4.6 5.7 1.9

Not suffered 95.1 94.1 97.6 95.4 94.3 98.1

Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Suffered 2.9 3.2 0.6 2.6 2.8 1.0

Not suffered 97.1 96.8 99.4 97.4 97.2 99.0

Major Industry Divisions: Occupational Safety and Health

36. Mainly, the sufferers belong to agriculture (48.0%), construction (16.3%),

manufacturing (15.9%), transport/storage & communication (7.5%) and wholesale & retail

trade (7.1%). Females are about twice (86.0%) as exposed to risk as males (43.8%) in

agriculture. Contrarily, males are more vulnerable in the remaining groups. Comparative risk

profile except of agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing (51.2%, 48.0%) deteriorates for all

of sizeable groupings. See table-26 and Statistical Table-33 (Annex-III). Table-26

OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES/DISEASES -DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY MAJOR

INDUSTRY DIVISIONS

(%)

Major Industry Divisions 2013-14 2014-15 Total Male Female Total Male Female

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing 51.2 46.5 86.4 48.0 43.8 86.0

Mining & quarrying 0.3 0.3 - 0.3 0.3 -

Manufacturing 14.2 14.9 9.2 15.9 16.6 9.5

Electricity, gas and water 0.3 0.4 - 0.3 0.4 -

Construction 14.1 15.9 0.6 16.3 18.0 0.2

Wholesale & retail trade and restaurants

& hotels

8.6 9.5 1.1 7.1 7.8 0.8

Transport, storage and communication 7.5 8.4 0.2 7.5 8.4 -

Financing, insurance, real estate and

business services

0.1 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 -

Community, social and personal services 3.7 4.0 2.5 4.5 4.6 3.5 Note:- (-) Stands for no information

39

Major Occupational Groups: Occupational Safety and Health

37. The major groupings of the sufferers comprise skilled agriculture & fishery activities

(42.8%), elementary occupations (20.0%), craft & related trades workers (19.8%), plant and

machinery operator (9.2%) and service & sales workers (5.9%). Risk profile of skilled

agriculture, forestry & fishery workers and services & sales workers improves while rests of

the sizeable grouping indicate deterioration down the time lane. See table-27 and Statistical


Table-27

OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES/DISEASES -DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY MAJOR

OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS

(%)

Major Occupational Groups 2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Managers 0.4 0.5 - 0.4 0.5 -

Professionals 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.5


Clerical support workers 0.2 0.3 - 0.1 0.1 -

Service & sales workers 6.8 7.5 1.1 5.9 6.5 0.5


workers

45.0 41.1 73.9 42.8 39.4 73.2


Plant/ machine operators & assemblers 7.5 8.5 - 9.2 10.2 0.8

Elementary occupations 19.2 19.8 14.4 20.0 20.6 14.6 Note:- (-) Stands for insignificant or no information.

Employment Status: Occupational Safety and Health

38. According to the relative size of the risk profile, own account workers (40.6%),

employees (40.6%) and contributing family workers (18.3%) take exhaustive account of the

sufferers in the same order. The foremost and the lattermost categories seem to be getting less

while the middle one latter ones more, riskier during the comparative periods. Change in the

sex-disaggregated shares is more pronounced for males in the 1st two categories while for

female in the lattermost. Employers, due to their minuscule size, do not form any pattern. See

table-28 and Statistical Table-35 (Annex-III).

Table-28

OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES/DISEASES - DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY

EMPLOYMENT STATUS

(%)



Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Employers 0.5 0.6 - 0.5 0.6 -



Employees 37.9 40.6 17.3 40.6 43.0 19.0 Note:- (-) Stands for no information.

40

Types of Treatment Received: Occupational Safety and Health

39. About three-fifth (58.6%) of the sufferers is reported to have consulted a doctor or

other medical professionals, near one-in-twelve (7.8%) get hospitalized and about one-fifth

(20.5%) took time off work. Vulnerability increases in the 1st group, decreases in the

lattermost while levels same in the middle one. The change is gender-even in the foremost

and the lattermost, while affects both males and females in the second category. The

remaining one-eight (13.1%) did not avail themselves of any of the aforementioned options,

wanes over time, alluding to a sort of decreasing marginalization at the workplace.

See Table-29 and Statistical Table-36 (Annex-III). Table-29

OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES/DISEASES - DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS 10 + YEARS

OF AGE BY TYPES OF TREATMENT RECEIVED

(%)

Types of Treatment Received 2013-14 2014-15


Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Hospitalized 7.8 8.5 2.6 7.8 8.5 1.3

Consulted a Doctor or other Medical

Professional

52.3 54.6 34.5 58.6 60.2 44.9

Took time off work 23.4 21.3 39.0 20.5 19.1 34.0

None 16.5 15.6 23.9 13.1 12.3 19.8

Wages

Major Industry Division: Wages

40. Generally, size of wage seems to higher in tertiary activities followed by secondary

and primary assignments. The size of wage also appears to be influenced positively by the

element of white–collar ness of an industry/division. The gender differential in wages seems

to be influenced by the gender composition of group. Arguably, the nominal wage is trending

up during the comparative period. Since females constitute much lower proportion of wage

earners, a sort of anomalous position in their case is observed in certain categories, which may

be attributed to sampling effect and consequential scariness of response. See Table-30 and


Table-30 AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGES OF EMPLOYEES BY MAJOR INDUSTRY DIVISIONS

(Rs)

Major Industry Divisions

2013-14 2014-15


Total 13155 14079 8228 14971 15884 9760

Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing 6327 7995 4236 7804 9041 6345

Mining & quarrying 17971 17971 - 14968 15064 8000

Manufacturing 11720 12716 4953 13478 14465 5435

Electricity, gas and water 23060 23251 14486 25379 25626 15703

Construction 11008 11031 8563 12032 12040 10705

Wholesale & retail trade and restaurants & hotels 9706 9729 9302 10711 10710 10740

Transport, storage and communication 14950 14972 20517 16220 16158 24900

Financing, insurance, real estate and business

services

35194 35280 31182 36659 36805 33985

Community, social and personal services 18932 20758 13508 21443 23746 14493

41

Major Occupation Group: Wages

41. As stated earlier, wages seem to be associated positively with the element of “white-

collar ness” in an occupation. Similarly, the gender differentials in the wages bespeak nexus

with the gender composition of an occupational group. The more a group is masculine, the

less it is likely to find females in high paid assignments and thus higher is the average wage of

males as compared to that of females. This not-withstanding, data on females, being wage

earners of convenience, does not befit the consideration of trend assessment. However, the

feminine group of elementary occupations seems to be an exception though its anomalous

position can be explained in term of the greater number of in and out door chores the males

are likely to perform as compared to females, in our socio-cultural setting. As for changes

during the comparative periods, nominal wages seem to be trending up arguably. See

Table-31 and Statistical Table-43 (Annex-III).

Table-31

AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGES OF EMPLOYEES BY MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS

(Rs)

Major Occupational Groups 2013-14 2014-15


Total 13154 14079 8210 14971 15884 9760

Managers 52300 53637 36698 51578 51855 45410

Professionals 25068 28396 18036 26876 30933 18664

Technicians & associate professionals 20272 21168 13934 23107 24131 13784

Clerical support workers 19913 20085 14879 21766 21825 19523

Service and sales workers 11807 11892 8699 12866 12885 12055


workers 10616 10727 4880 11554 11579 3800

Craft & related trades workers 10989 11939 4647 13342 14449 4886

Plant/ machine operators & assemblers 12095 12139 9129 13088 13162 7180

Elementary occupations 8228 9365 4570 9474 10392 6280

Annexure-I

LIST OF PUBLISHED REPORTS OF LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS

S. No Reports Enumeration Period Date of Publications

1. 1963-64 July 1963 to June, 1964 10th August 1966

2. 1966-67 July 1966 to June, 1967 December 1971

3. 1967-68 July 1967 to June, 1968 February 1971

4. 1968-69 July 1968 to June, 1969 15th March 1973

5. 1969-70 July 1969 to June, 1970 28th April 1973

6. 1970-71 July 1970 to June, 1971 11th May 1973

7. 1971-72 July 1971 to June, 1972 9th June 1973

8. 1974-75 July 1974 to June, 1975 June 1976

9. 1978-79 July 1978 to June, 1979 May 1982

10. 1982-83 July 1982 to June, 1983 May 1984

11. 1984-85 July 1984 to June, 1985 September 1986

12. 1985-86 July 1985 to June, 1986 March 1987



15. 1990-91 July 1990 to June, 1991 March 1993


17. 1992-93 July 1992 to June, 1993 August 1995


19. 1994-95 July 1994 to June, 1995 April 1997

20. 1996-97 July 1996 to June, 1997 October 1998

21. 1997-98 July 1997 to June, 1998 June 2000

22. 1999-00 July 1999 to June, 2000 July 2001

23. 2001-02 July 2001 to June, 2002 October 2003

24. 2003-04 July 2003 to June 2004 October 2004

25. 2005-06 July 2005 to June 2006 October 2006

26. 2006-07 July 2006 to June 2007 July 2008

27. 2007-08 July 2007 to June 2008 March 2009

28. 2008-09 July 2008 to June 2009 April 2010

29. 2009-10 July 2009 to June 2010 January 2011

30. 2010-11 July 2010 to June 2010 July 2011

31. 2012-13 July 2012 to June 2013 November 2013

32. 2013-14 July 2013 to June 2014 May 2015

33. 2014-15 July 2014 to June 2015 November 2015

42

ANNEXURE-I

LIST OF PUBLISHED REPORTS OF

LABOUR FORCE SURVEY

ANNEXURE-II

QUESTIONNAIRE

ANNEXURE-III

STATISTICAL TABLES

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