Ljubljana, July 2011 Physics on synchrotrons and computers Alojz Kodre Faculty of Math & Physics,...

Ljubljana, July 2011

Physics on synchrotrons and computers

Alojz Kodre

Faculty of Math & Physics, University of Ljubljana

X-rays

Wilhelm Röntgen, 1896,

= 0,01 - 10 nm = 3.1016 – 3.1019 Hz

h = 100 eV – 200 keV


http://tech.snmjournals.org/content/vol32/issue3/images/large/zl80030402230005.jpeg

Synchrotron storage ring

beam e+

path 289.2 m

W 4.45 GeV

= W/m0c2 8690

c - v c/22 ~ 2 m/s

T = o/v ~ 1 s

I 120 mA

Np = I·T/e0 1012

p ~ 6 · 10-10 mbar

N/V = pNA/(RT) ~104/(mm)3

Nf/t 1010 s-1

DORIS, DESY Hamburg


Synchrotron -

an extremely bright source of UV and X-ray light


DESY, Hamburg


Elettra, Trieste


http://www.elettra.trieste.it/mappa.html










ESRF, Grenoble


Brightness of different light sources


X-ray diffraction on crystalls:information on the distribution of atoms in the material


Protein Structure by X-Ray Diffraction

Protein –a molecule of ~ 10.000 atoms

Diffraction pattern of the protein

.


X-ray diffraction on disordered materials provides almost no structure information


Absorption spectroscopy

Monochromatic

x-ray beam

Io I d

d0I I e


energy

scattering Compton

scattering

Rayleigh

absorption

rela

tive

abso

rptio

n c

oeff

icie

nt


X-ray absorption


Absorption edges

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

20

40

60

80L

3 L2,1

K K L1 L2 L3Z

E (keV)

4 6 8 10 120

200

400

600

800

ZnCu

NiCo

FeMn

CrV

[

cm2 /g

]E [keV]

Ti

Cu K edge

0 2 4 6 8 10 120.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

L1-L

3 edges

K edge

Cu

[M

ba

rn/a

tom

]

E [keV]

8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800 100000.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 XANES

Cu

d

E (eV)

8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800 10000

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0 Cu

Cu

dE [eV]


Zn K edge – experiment and model


9660 9680 9700 9720 97400,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0ZnO K-edge

measured calculated

/ 0

E[eV]

Ar

3180 3200 3220 3240 3260 32800

1

2

3

4

5

1s 3s->nl n'l'

1s 3p->nl n'l'

1s->p

1s->5p1s->4p Ar

d

E [eV]

3210 3220 3230 3240 32502,8

2,9

3,0

3,1

Ar

d

E [eV]


Metal-vapor cells


Cd vapor : metal

26600 26800 27000 27200 27400 276000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2 Cd para Cd listic

K

E [eV]

26800 27000 27200

1.00

1.04

26720 26740 26760 26780 26800 26820

0.98

1.00

1.02

1.04

[1s4p]5p2

[1s4p]5p

[1s4p]

[1s4d2]4f

[1s4d]5p

[1s4d]

[1s5s]

[1s5s]6s

[1s5s]5p[1s5s]6s5p

E [eV]

26700 268000

1

2 Cd dekonv. Cd para


Iodine

33200 33250 33300 33350 33400

1.01

1.02

atomic gel gel-autobk

K

E [eV]

atomicgelspline

33200 33300 33400 33500 336000.95

1.00

I atomic

vapor 950 oC solid

K

E [eV]

atomskipare 950 ºCtrden

atomicvapour 950 °Csolid


Atomic absorption Ga-Kr

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

0

2

4

6

8

10

[1s3d]..

[1s3p]..

Kr

Br

Se

As

Ge

Ga

/ K

[%

]

E [eV]

0

2[1s3d]4d

/

K [

%] 0

1

[1s3p]4p[1s3p]5p

0

4

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

[1s3d]4p

EXAFS – Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

2

022

KEEm

k

constructive interference

destructive interference

Rh

23000 23500 24000 24500 25000 25500 26000

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5Rh

Ab

so

rptio

n

E (eV)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Rh

FT

ma

gn

itu

de

R [Å]

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

-0,05

0,00

0,051st shell

(k)

k ( Å-1 )

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

-0,01

0,00

0,01 2nd shell

(k)

k ( Å-1 )

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20-0,02

-0,01

0,00

0,01

0,02

3rd shell

(k)

k ( Å-1 )

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

-0,01

0,00

0,014th shell

(k)

k ( Å-1 )

MoSI nanowires


0 1 2 3 4 5 60,00

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

FF

T(*

k)

[arb

it.

u]

r [Å]

I edge data model

0 1 2 3 4 5 60,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

FF

T(*

k) [

arb

it. u

]

r [Å]

Mo edge data model

SrTiO3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16-20

-10

0

10

20

30 300 K 84 K

k3 *(k

) [Å

-3]

k [Å-1]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

4

8

12

16

20 300 K 84 K

FT

[ar

bit.

u.]

r [Å]

New devices

wiggler

undulator

rentgenski laser


DESY, Hamburg

PETRA

XFEL – X-ray Free Electron Laser


The group at Hasylab

Ljubljana, July 2011 Physics on synchrotrons and computers Alojz Kodre Faculty of Math & Physics,...

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