Liza.media in Education2003

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DEVELOPING LEARNING RESOURCE

MATERIAL AND USE OF MEDIA IN

EDUCATION

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the seminar group will able to

gain knowledge about developing learning resource material anduse of media in education.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the seminar group will able to:

1.Define hand outs2.Explain the classification and Preparation of hand outs

3.Describe the moulage

4.Gain knowledge about Pamphlets.

5.Understand about the Newspaper.

6.Define the Television there kinds.

7.Verbalize the uses of educational television.

8.Understand about the Computer and CAI.

9.Explain about the Radio and uses of radio.10. Describe the use and kinds of radio.

11. Understand about the Advantages of A.V. aids.

AUDIO VISUAL AID


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DEFINITION :-

According to kinder:-

Audio visual aids are any devices which can be used

to make the learning experience more concert, more realistic and

more dynamic.

ADVANTAGES OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS :-

1.By using audio visual materials, inaccessible processes,

materials, events, objects, changes in time, speed and

space could easing be brought to the class.

2.Use of audio visual aids results in greater acquisition of

knowledge and ensures longer retention of information

gained. It provides first hand experiences in a variety of

ways and motivates the pupils to participate actively.

3.It can provide effective substitutes for direct contact of

students with environment- both physical and social.

4.By using suitable A.V. aids material, any expected changes

in behavior and attitude could be facilitated.

5.Proper audio visual materials can provide integrated

experiences varying from abstract to concrete.

6.It is a multisensory approach, hence they will be able to

secure and retain attention of pupils as well as to develop

the communication skills of pupils.

7.It could be used to motivate and stimulate interest of pupilsto gain further knowledge. Interest is not an end in itself.

8.It could be use for any age or ability groups. In a

conventional teaching method, the teacher is the center of

attention and the primary source of information.

9.Saving of energy and time :-

A good deal of energy and time of both the

teachers and students can be saved on account of the use of

A,V. aids as most of the concepts and phenomena nay be


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easing clarified, understood and assimilated through their

use.

10. Meeting individual differences :-

Different types of instructions andguidance nay be needed for individuals.

11. Development of higher abilities :-

Use of A.V. aids stirs the imaginations, thinking

process and reasoning power of the students.

HANDOUTS

INTRODUCTION:

Hand outs are useful in supplying information

unavailable in textbook or by other media. It also ensures that all

students have access to the same information and can review

that information whenever necessary. Well structured hand outs

can be very valuable in terms of interest, motivation, and records

of information.

DEFINITION:

A hand out is a well planned document prepared by a

teacher for his students in order to promote their participation in

the teaching learning process.

CLASSIFICATIONS:

1.Summary type:

To reinforce the keywords, key statement

and principles.

2.Completion type:

To enable the students to complete the

information during the process of a lecture.


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A.In blank spaces

B.On unlabelled or semi down sketches

C.In response to some questions.

3.Notes type:

To enable the students to read through the,

particularly in the absence of textbook.

4.Assignment type:

To assign work, home task, library work, or

field jobs.

5.Laboratory sheets:

For practical class to provide somemotivational information, to suggest format of data sheets,

tables of analysis, question for discussion etc.

6.Work sheet:

To state a problem and to give some hints to

enable the student to start off and to complete a design or

an analysis.

7. Question sheet :

To pose objective questions, generally

multiple choice type items, tighter with response sheets if

considered appropriate.

PREPARATION OF HANDOUTS :

Handouts should never be repetitious of the

material provide in the textbook or given in live lectures. Tobe used effectively, handouts should be carefully planned.

Necessary information should be typed neatly and concisely.

K.L Kumar suggests the following points for the

preparation of handouts.

a.Decide the type of handout. The type and purpose can be

different for different lectures in order to create Varity.

b.Record only those items which are directly relevant to the

subject of the lesion and for the desired objectives.


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c.Recognize keywords and catch words and emphasize

them in the handout by underlying them.

d.Use simple and clear language. Make short sentences.

e.Draw sketches and graphs labeled or unlabelled.Remember one sketch may be worth a thousand words

f.Draw graphs, write point wise, wherever possible.

g.Gives titles and subtitles suitable.

h.Use visual symbol and easy to recognize system of names

used in particular subject nomenclature.

i.Use colours appropriately if possible.

j.Underline some line and place some key question and

statement in boxes to emphasize them.k.If, possible prepare large transparencies to match the

handouts.

GIVING OUT HANDOUT:

Teacher should explain the purpose of the

handouts and how it should be used. Handout may be given out

to the learners at one of the following points of time.

a.Much in advance of the presentation.

b.Just before the start of the session.

c.During the progress of the session, as necessary.

d.Just after the completion of the session.

MOULAGE

Moulage can be made up of plastic

materials to stimulate some life objects. E.g. body which shows

evidence of trauma, infection, disease, surgical interventions.

Moulage is the

art of applying mock injuries for the purpose training emergency

response teams and other medical and military person. Moulage


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may be as simple as applying pre-made rubber or latex wounds

to a healthy patients limbs, chest, head etc. or as complex as

using complicated makeup and theatre techniques to provide

elements of realism (such as blood, vomit us, open fractures etc.)to the training stimulation.

The practice dates to at least the

renaissance when wax figures were utilized for this purpose. It is

also now common to use moulage in order to train boy scouts for

shock desensitization. In the 19thcentury a moulage was taken of

medical patients for educational purpose. The prepared model

has been painted in the design of the original disease

PAMPHLETS

A pamphlets is an unbound

booklet ( that is without a hand cover or binding). It may consistof a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded

in half , in thirds or in fourths ( called a leaflet) or it may consist

of a few pages that are folded in half and stapled at the crease to

make a single book. In order to count as a pamphlet , UNESCO

requires a publication ( other than a periodical ) to have at least 5

but not more than 48 pages exclusive of the cover pages a long

time as a book.

Pamphlets can contain anything from information on

kitchen appliances to medical information and religious treatises.

Pamphlets are very important in marketing as they are cheap to

produce and can be distributed easily to customers. Pamphlets

have also long been an important tool of political protest and

political campaigning for similar reasons.


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Storage of pamphlets requires

special consideration because they can be easily crushed or torn

when shelved alongside hand cover books. For this reason, they

should either be kept in file folders in a file cabinet, or kept inboxes that have approximately the dimensions of a hard cover

book and placed vertically on a shelf, not horizontally.

NEWSPAPERS

The newspaper furnishes many exampleswhich can be used to introduce lessons. Health messages can be

published in local language which can reach to the public easily.

The information will be available in low cost , easy to read and

understand simple language. The people may learn to read and

interpret the content along with pictures ( use adequate and

sufficient suitable pictures ) to enhance easy grasping .

TELEVISION

INTRODUCTION :-

Television is coming under the classification of projected aid.

It is a being acknowledged as a powerful medium of mass

education.

DEFINITION ;-

Television is the electronic means by which sound and light

energy are transmitted from one place to another.


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TWO KINDS OF LICENSED TELEVISION STATIONS :-

1. Commercial2. Educational

a)Instructional television

b)Enrichment television

a) Instructional Television :-

Broadcasts designed to aid instruction

i.e. it is planned in relation to educational objectives and is

presented in an orderly and sequential arrangement of

learning experiences.

b) Enrichment Television :-

Designed towards enriching learning,

but is not directed towards any particular course of study

nor is it presented in any particular learning sequence

E.g. demonstrated of nursing procedures.

Educational Television:-

In India, television is being used for

imparting informations and distance education through the UGC

programmes and other educational programmes. A television can

brings the real outside world in to the classroom in the realsense. In some countries, there are educational television

stations which have published programmes for students even

complete educational course called telecourses are

transmitted for students to further their knowledge and

qualifications.


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Use Of Television Program As Classroom Instructional

Aid:-

1.Procure in advance the information from the programmanual about the background and objectives of educational

program. If you can get the program script. So , much the

better.

2.Collect other instructional materials that relate to the

program which you wish students to watch in the

classroom.

3.Prepare the students mentally and physically for thrprogram, by discussing the topic and build up a

background of the students to have a meaning of the

program.

4.Motivate the student to watch the program critically and for

specific detailed.

5.During the program draw attention of students to certain

important aspects with short phrases.

6.After the program, a follow up session should be carried out

and other instructional aids used to reinforce the learning.

7.The follow up should be extended to certain related activities

like panel discussion or question answer sessions.

8.Finally , test the students on their learning gains after the

programme and its application.

EVALUATING A TELECAST PROGRAM:-

After the program had only should be

student be evaluated for their learning but also the program

itself and its effectiveness.

Rating


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Above

Average

Average Below

Average

1.Purposefulness ------ ------ -----

2.Viewer

preparation------- ------

--------

3.Relevance ----- ----- -----

4.Presentation------ ------ -----

5.Use of other aids ------ -----

-----6.Viewer

involvement

------

-----

-----7.Structure of

program----- ------ ------

8.Extension and

application----- ----- ------

9.Review ----- ----- -----

10. Assessment

----- ----- -----

ADVANTAGES OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION

PROGRAM:

1.Television appears to eye , ear and emotions because of this

kind of almost total involvement , it can induce effective

learning .


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2.TV offers uniformity of communication even the back bench

feels the pleasure of front row seat.

3.It can directly show the current happening and live show

happening even in the remote parts.4.TV is a compact piece of equipment which is easy and

convenient to handle.

5.It is a powerful medium of mass education.

6.It can impart experiences which are out of physical reach. It

can show other countries , people events etc which are

faraway from us.

7.In television program well planned verbal description are

aided with audio visual presentation also.

8.It provides novelty and variety to classroom experiences.

9.Television program can easily be made to include latest

information and findings to update the knowledge of

students and teachers both.

10. It stimulates and reinforce ideas , beliefs and

tendencies already possessed by the onlooker.

LIMITATIONS :-

-One way communication is the major limitation.

-Listening to and viewing a particular TV programme in

school hours would very often require the teacher to

rearrange the school schedule.

-Classes cannot be made to work identical timings.-Financial problem, not all schools can afford a TV set.

COMPUTER

INTRODUCTION:-


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Computer is coming under the activity aids. It can

teach at any type of learning from knowledge and comprehension

up through application, analysis and synthesis.

DEFINITION:-

A computer is defined as an electronic equipment which

can store information and data which can be retrieved from it as

and when required.

COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION (CAI) :-

When the computer is used as an aid to teaching m, method

of instruction is called the computer aided instruction (CAI). They

are then sending to the computer which presents problem after

problem to be solved. The computer program tells the student

whether the answer is correct and may go so far as to diagnose

the problem if the answer is incorrect. Drill and practice can also

be used in learning drug , names and actions , in learning

medical terminologies or in any situation requiring memorization

of facts and concepts.

TYPES OF COMPUTER AIDED PROGRAM :-

TYPES DESCRIPTION

1.Logos - It is the instructional procedure for

learning the program language through

simple tasks. The simple program in

logo system are concise with generating

designs on the screen which students

do by following the instructions like

that of preparation of a recipe in

cooking class.


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2.Stimulation

3.Controlled

Learning

-This CAI program is learning the

computer language through gaming

and stimulation. Certain stimulation

are considered with science

experiments in which outcome can be

got using the computer.

-It concerned with drill and practice

activities supplementary to the

prescribed curriculum in any subject

area.

ADVANTAGES OF CAI :-

1.It used to handling large body of students using computer

terminals by the time sharing technique.

2.It provides a highly flexible branching in instruction for

looking after the pace, entry cognition and level of

knowledge suitable for a particular student.3.It provides multidimensional learning through words ,

graphic and problem solving students.

4.It can also work as an aid in the independent study

schemes based upon reference work.

5.The high storage capacity of computer allows many program

or many complete courses at a time for students.

6.Records of students performances on stimulations or

practice tests can be kept on the computer.

LIMITATIONS OF CAI:-

1.CAI lacks the human and emotional factors which are

available in normal classroom.


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2.It is very economic and beyond the h of most school in our

country.

3.With excessive use of CAI , artistic competence of students

takes a backseat.4.Some studies have proved that CAI produces more fatigue as

compared to other methods.

5.It does not help in developing the language proficiency

which depend more on direct experiences with the reality.

6.Human can not interact with a computer in the human

language.

7.At its simplest, the testing by computer is done by multiple

choice questions, the problem concerning value judgements

cannot be tested by the computer.

RADIO

INTRODUCTION:-

Radio is coming under the classification of

auditory aids. These pieces of equipment can be extremely useful

for teaching language and social studies lessions.

DEFINITION:-

It is a purely auditory

aids , sound recording and reproduction and transmission and

reception equipments some which include radio receivers and

recording equipments.

It is a most common form of public education and

entertainment is radio receivers. It can be se3en in the villages

even. The radio transmission serves as a vital agency of mass

education if used effectively.


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USING RADIO PROGRAMS FOR CLASSROOM

INSTRUCTION:-

It can be used in a variety of ways depending on thelevel of the broadcasted lesson. Besides preparing students for a

radio lession in a well arranged class room, there is a set

procedure for using it. The teaching procedure of radio lession

should to in x the following steps:

1.Procure and study in advance the nature and content of the

radio.

2.Prepare students for the radio lession by informing them

about the background of the lession.

3. Allow the students to listen to the radio lession and you as

a teacher note down the important points covered by it.

4.Make use of the noted down points to discuss the radio

lession with the students.

5.Clarify and amplify the main pain points of the radio lession

using visual aids.

CHARACTERISTICS :-

1.Immediacy :-

Radio can describe events as the happen.

2.Emotional impact :-

Through the combined effect of voice,

environmental sound and music, the students interest canbe captured and her imagination stirred.

3.Authenticity :-

It is possible (through radio media) to experts to

visit any classroom at any time. Students knowledge of a

subject can be enriched by listening to an expert, discuss

the topic under study on the radio. In this way , radio can

bring the outside world in to the classroom.4.Conquest of time and space :-


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Programs , audio media actually can overcome ,

the barriers of time and space.

5. One way communication :-

No possibility of students feedback.6.Audition :-

Cannot be auditioned, to determine their educational

values.

KINDS OF RADIO LESSION :-

Generally three kinds of radio lession are popular

these being ;

Kind of program Description

1.Talk

2.Discussion

3. Dramatization

-A talk is the sequential

narration about a topic by a

single speaker.

-In a discussion, a group ofparticipants air their views in

the form of panels interviews

and debates. A number of voice

make discussion interesting but

much depends on the

moderators who set the tone of

the demonstration. The end of

discussion is followed by asummary to review the major

points which emerge out of the

discussion or debate.

-These radio lession have various

interesting sound effects to

amplify emotions and give themental pictures of the


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characters in a plot. Lesions on

stories or dance dramas would

make use of special sound

effects.

ADVANTAGES :-

1.It good for mass education.

2.Radio programs are effective for distance education.

3.Radio program with dramatic effects can arouse positive

emotions and reinforce positive attitudes.

4.Through the radio programs , the effective and exprt

teachers can be made to reach out to a large majority of

students.

5.It can be used for introducing a lesson as well as for

reviewing a persons lession.

6.It can be recorded for use at an appropriate time.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

1.Basavanthappa.B.T,Nursing Education, Jaypee

Publications Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003, First

Edition , Page No.422 , 447 , 458 460.

2.Neeraja.K.P, Textbook Of Needing Education , Jaypee

Publications Medical Publishers , New Delhi , First Edition

2003 , Page No. 215 , 220 , 224 , 225 , 228.


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3.Sankaranarayan.B, Learning And Teaching Nursing,

Second Edition , Brainfill Calicut,kerala ,Page No. 182 ,186,

198 202.

4.Websites :-

www.google.com
http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/

Liza.media in Education2003

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