LIVING PLANET REPORT · 2020. 5. 29. · 2 Executive Summary 1 The Living Planet Index 2 Forest...
42
Overconsumption is driving the rapid decline of the world’s natural environments LIVING PLANET REPORT 1998
Transcript of LIVING PLANET REPORT · 2020. 5. 29. · 2 Executive Summary 1 The Living Planet Index 2 Forest...
-
Ove
rcon
sum
ptio
n is
dri
ving
the
rapi
d de
clin
e of
the
wor
ld’s
nat
ural
env
iron
men
ts
LIV
ING
PL
AN
ET
RE
PO
RT
19
98
-
2LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
98
Exec
utiv
e S
umm
ary
1
The
Livi
ng P
lane
t In
dex
2Fo
rest
eco
syst
ems
inde
xFr
eshw
ater
eco
syst
ems
inde
xM
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
dex
Map
1:
Thr
eate
ned
bird
s an
d m
amm
al
spec
ies
3
Glo
bal
Con
sum
pti
on P
ress
ure
4C
onsu
mpt
ion
pres
sure
:to
p 20
cou
ntri
esC
onsu
mpt
ion
pres
sure
by
regi
onM
ap 2
: D
istr
ibut
ion
of g
loba
l con
sum
ptio
n pr
essu
re5
Fore
st E
cosy
stem
s6
Nat
ural
for
est
cove
r by
reg
ion
Ori
gina
l and
rem
aini
ng f
ores
t co
ver
Map
3:
Ori
gina
l and
rem
aini
ng f
ores
t co
ver
7
Fres
hwat
er E
cosy
stem
s8
Fres
hwat
er s
peci
es p
opul
atio
n tr
ends
Fres
hwat
er e
cosy
stem
s in
dex
Fres
hwat
er la
kes
Map
4:
Fres
hwat
er s
peci
es t
rend
s9
Mar
ine
Ecos
yste
ms
10M
arin
e sp
ecie
s po
pula
tion
tren
dsM
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
dex
Map
5:
Mar
ine
spec
ies
tren
ds11
Gra
in C
onsu
mp
tion
12G
loba
l tre
ndC
onsu
mpt
ion
by r
egio
nM
ap 7
: C
onsu
mpt
ion
by c
ount
ry15
Mar
ine
Fish
Con
sum
pti
on14
Glo
bal t
rend
Con
sum
ptio
n by
reg
ion
Map
8:
Con
sum
ptio
n by
cou
ntry
15
Woo
d C
onsu
mp
tion
16G
loba
l tre
ndC
onsu
mpt
ion
by r
egio
nM
ap 8
: C
onsu
mpt
ion
by c
ount
ry17
Fres
hwat
er W
ithd
raw
als
18G
loba
l tre
ndC
onsu
mpt
ion
by r
egio
nM
ap 9
: C
onsu
mpt
ion
by c
ount
ry19
Car
bon
Dio
xid
e Em
issi
ons
20G
loba
l tre
ndPr
oduc
tion
by r
egio
nM
ap 1
0: P
rodu
ctio
n by
cou
ntry
21
Cem
ent
Con
sum
pti
on22
Glo
bal t
rend
Con
sum
ptio
n by
reg
ion
Map
11:
Con
sum
ptio
n by
cou
ntry
23
Tech
nica
lNot
es24
Tab
les
Nat
iona
l and
Reg
iona
l Con
sum
ptio
n pe
r pe
rson
28N
atio
nal a
nd R
egio
nal C
onsu
mpt
ion
32Li
ving
Pla
net
Inde
x an
d Fo
rest
Eco
syst
ems
Dat
a36
Sou
rces
37
Map
12:
Cou
ntri
es a
nd r
egio
ns in
the
Liv
ing
Pla
net
Rep
ort
38
CO
NT
EN
TS
AU
TH
OR
S
Jona
than
Lo
h1
Jørg
en R
and
ers1
Ale
x M
acG
illiv
ray2
Val
Kap
os
3
Bri
an G
roo
mb
rid
ge3
Mar
tin
Jenk
ins3
1. W
WF
INT
ERN
AT
ION
AL
AV
EN
UE
DU
MO
NT-
BLA
NC
C
H-1
196
GLA
ND
SW
ITZ
ER
LAN
D
Tel:
+41
22
364
91 1
1
Fax:
+41
22
364
53 5
8E
-mai
l: in
fob
ox@
ww
fnet
.org
Web
site
: w
ww
.pan
da.
org
2. N
EW E
CO
NO
MIC
SFO
UN
DA
TIO
N1s
t FL
OO
R V
INE
CO
UR
T11
2-11
6 W
HIT
ECH
APE
L R
OA
DLO
ND
ON
E1
1JE
UK
Tel:
+44
171
377
56
96
Fax:
+44
171
377
57
20E
-mai
l:in
fo@
new
eco
nom
ics.
org
Web
site
:w
ww
.new
econ
omic
s.or
g
3. W
OR
LD C
ON
SER
VA
TIO
NM
ON
ITO
RIN
G C
ENT
RE
219
HU
NT
ING
TON
RO
AD
CA
MB
RID
GE
CB
3 0D
LU
KTe
l: +
44 1
23 3
77 2
7 73
14
Fax:
+44
122
3 27
71
36E
-mai
l: in
fo@
wcm
c.o
rg.u
kW
ebsi
te:
ww
w.w
cmc.
org
.uk
-
1LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
WW
F‘s
mis
sion
is t
o co
nser
ve n
atur
e an
d ec
olog
ical
pro
cess
es.T
he L
ivin
g
Plan
et R
epor
tsee
ks t
o pr
esen
t a
quan
titat
ive
pict
ure
of t
he s
tate
of
the
wor
ld‘s
natu
ral e
nviro
nmen
t an
d th
e hu
man
pre
ssur
es u
pon
it. S
peci
fical
ly, it
pre
sent
s
WW
F‘s
Livi
ng P
lane
t In
dex
(LPI
), a
mea
sure
of
the
chan
ge in
the
hea
lth o
f th
e
wor
ld‘s
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems
sinc
e 19
70, f
ocus
ing
on t
he E
arth
‘s f
ores
t,
fres
hwat
er, a
nd m
arin
e bi
omes
as
thes
e co
ntai
n m
ost
of t
he w
orld
‘s b
iodi
vers
ity.
The
repo
rt a
lso
anal
yses
glo
bal c
onsu
mpt
ion
patt
erns
to
calc
ulat
e G
loba
l
Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
re –
a m
easu
re o
f th
e bu
rden
pla
ced
on t
he n
atur
al
envi
ronm
ent
by h
uman
ity. P
eopl
e pu
t pr
essu
re o
n fo
rest
, fre
shw
ater
, and
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
thro
ugh
the
prod
uctio
n an
d co
nsum
ptio
n of
res
ourc
es s
uch
as g
rain
, fis
h, w
ood,
and
fre
shw
ater
, and
the
em
issi
on o
f po
lluta
nts
such
as
carb
on d
ioxi
de (C
O2).
The
LPI h
as d
eclin
ed b
y ab
out
30 p
er c
ent
rela
tive
to it
s re
fere
nce
poin
t in
1970
, whi
ch c
an b
e in
terp
rete
d as
mea
ning
tha
t th
e w
orld
has
lost
nea
rly a
thi
rd
of it
s na
tura
l wea
lth in
tha
t tim
e. G
loba
l Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
re is
gro
win
g
rapi
dly
– at
abo
ut 5
per
cen
t pe
r ye
ar –
and
is li
kely
to
exce
ed g
loba
lly
sust
aina
ble
leve
ls, a
t le
ast
for
fish
cons
umpt
ion,
mea
t co
nsum
ptio
n, a
nd C
O2
emis
sion
s, if
inde
ed t
hey
have
not
bee
n ex
ceed
ed a
lread
y. G
loba
l Con
sum
ptio
n
Pres
sure
is v
ery
unev
enly
dis
trib
uted
: on
ave
rage
, con
sum
ers
in t
he
indu
stria
lized
wor
ld e
xert
tw
o-an
d-a-
half
times
as
muc
h pr
essu
re o
n th
e na
tura
l
envi
ronm
ent
as t
heir
coun
terp
arts
in t
he d
evel
opin
g w
orld
.
WW
F is
par
ticul
arly
wor
ried
abou
t th
e si
gnifi
cant
loss
of
biod
iver
sity
impl
ied
by t
he d
eclin
e in
the
LPI
and
the
incr
easi
ng e
nviro
nmen
tal d
egra
datio
n im
plie
d by
the
grow
th in
con
sum
ptio
n pr
essu
re, a
nd b
elie
ves
that
it is
impo
rtan
t to
try
to
reve
rse
thes
e ne
gativ
e tr
ends
. Rec
omm
enda
tions
on
how
gov
ernm
ents
,
busi
ness
es, a
nd c
onsu
mer
s ca
n re
spon
d to
the
se t
rend
s, in
clud
ed in
the
sec
tions
on c
onsu
mpt
ion
in t
his
repo
rt, a
re b
ased
on
WW
F po
licie
s an
d ai
m t
o sl
ow d
own
and
even
tual
ly h
alt
the
degr
adat
ion
of t
he w
orld
‘s n
atur
al e
nviro
nmen
ts.
The
Livi
ng P
lane
t Rep
orth
as d
raw
n on
ly o
n re
cent
, con
sist
ent,
and
upda
teab
le d
atas
ets.
WW
F an
d its
col
labo
rato
rs, t
he W
orld
Con
serv
atio
n
Mon
itorin
g C
entr
e an
d th
e N
ew E
cono
mic
s Fo
unda
tion,
are
com
mitt
ed t
o
trac
king
env
ironm
enta
l tre
nds,
and
to
impr
ovin
g th
e re
port
‘s in
dice
s.
EX
EC
UT
IVE
SU
MM
AR
Y
WW
F L
IVIN
G P
LA
NE
T I
ND
EX
A
mea
sure
of t
he h
ealth
of t
he w
orl
d’s
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems,
197
0–19
95
020406080100
120
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Up
per
co
nfid
ence
lim
it
Low
er c
onf
iden
ce li
mit
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
A
mea
sure
of t
he b
urd
en p
lace
d o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t by
peo
ple
, 199
5C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N P
RE
SS
UR
E
PE
R P
ER
SO
N
Pre
ssur
e un
its
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
O
F W
HO
LE
CO
UN
TR
Y
Mill
ion
pre
ssur
e un
itsC
HIN
A
UN
ITE
D S
TA
TE
S
IND
IA
JAP
AN
R
US
SIA
N F
ED
ER
AT
ION
IN
DO
NE
SIA
B
RA
ZIL
G
ER
MA
NY
P
AK
IST
AN
K
OR
EA
, RE
P.
ITA
LY
FRA
NC
E
ME
XIC
O
TH
AIL
AN
D
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
SP
AIN
T
AIW
AN
C
AN
AD
A
PH
ILIP
PIN
ES
IR
AN
1 =
wo
rld
av
erag
eco
nsum
er in
199
5
1,04
072
344
329
422
515
714
212
411
010
697 92 92 89 83 76 73 69 67 65
0.85
2.74
0.47
2.35
1.53
0.79
0.88
1.52
0.78
2.35
1.70 1.
580.
981.
52 1.43
1.92
3.42
2.35
0.99
0.96
-
010203040
MAURITIUS
NEW ZEALAND
MADAGASCAR
PHILIPPINES
HAITI
CUBA
AUSTRALIA
JAPAN
DOMINICAN REP.
BANGLADESH
INDONESIA
BRAZIL
CHINA
CAMBODIA
INDIA
VIET NAM
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
BOLIVIA
LAOS
CHILE
UNITED STATES
KOREA, REP.
MONGOLIA
JAMAICA
THAILAND
ALGERIA
LESOTHO
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
LIBYA
MALAYSIA
YEMEN
SAUDI ARABIA
BHUTAN
NEPAL
PUERTO RICO
KUWAIT
ARGENTINA
PERU
MEXICO
SOUTH AFRICA
MYANMAR
SPAIN
LIBERIA
PAKISTAN
JORDAN
AFGHANISTAN
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
PORTUGAL
ISRAEL
IRAN
TANZANIA
GUINEA
MOROCCO
ETHIOPIA
SIERRA LEONE
EGYPT
TAIWAN
SRI LANKA
KOREA, D.P.R.
URUGUAY
CAMEROON
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
PARAGUAY
ROMANIA
TUNISIA
OMAN
SOMALIA
UKRAINE
MAURITANIA
MOZAMBIQUE
NIGERIA
TURKEY
MOLDOVA
RWANDA
Fig.
3:
TH
RE
AT
EN
ED
SP
EC
IES
Pe
rcen
tage
of b
ird a
nd m
amm
al
spec
ies
thre
aten
ed
2LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
TH
E
LIV
ING
P
LA
NE
T
IND
EX
TH
E L
ivin
g Pl
anet
Ind
ex (
LPI
) is
a m
easu
reof
the
heal
th o
f glo
bal e
cosy
stem
s an
dbi
odiv
ersi
ty, b
ased
on
data
sho
win
g th
eav
erag
e ch
ange
ove
r tim
e in
the
stat
e of
fore
st,
fres
hwat
er, a
nd m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s. It
is a
nat
tem
pt to
qua
ntify
the
exte
nt a
nd s
ever
ity o
fbi
odiv
ersi
ty lo
ss.
Cha
nge
in th
e ar
ea o
f nat
ural
fore
st c
over
,ca
lcul
ated
as
tota
l for
est c
over
less
pla
ntat
ions
,is
use
d as
a m
easu
re o
f the
sta
te o
f for
est
ecos
yste
ms.
The
sta
te o
f fre
shw
ater
and
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
is in
dica
ted
by c
hang
es in
popu
latio
ns o
f sel
ecte
d fr
eshw
ater
and
mar
ine
vert
ebra
te s
peci
es.
Figu
re 1
sho
ws
that
the
LPI
fell
by o
ver
30 p
er c
ent b
etw
een
1970
and
199
5 an
d th
atth
e av
erag
e ra
te o
f dec
line
betw
een
1990
and
1995
was
abo
ut 3
per
cen
t per
yea
r. T
his
can
be in
terp
rete
d as
mea
ning
that
30
per
cent
of
the
Ear
th’s
natu
ral w
ealth
was
lost
dur
ing
this
per
iod.
The
fore
st in
dex
wen
t dow
n by
abo
ut
10 p
er c
ent f
rom
197
0 to
199
5. B
ut fo
rest
ar
ea is
not
nec
essa
rily
pro
port
iona
l to
fore
stbi
odiv
ersi
ty, a
nd th
e re
lativ
ely
slow
dec
line
ofth
e in
dex
mas
ks a
loss
of e
colo
gica
l qua
lity,
part
icul
arly
in te
mpe
rate
fore
sts.
The
fres
hwat
er e
cosy
stem
s in
dex
drop
ped
by 5
0 pe
r ce
nt o
ver
the
sam
e 25
-yea
r pe
riod
.B
etw
een
1990
and
199
5 th
e av
erag
e ra
te o
fde
clin
e w
as a
lmos
t 6 p
er c
ent p
er y
ear.
The
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
inde
x fe
ll by
abo
ut30
per
cen
t, w
ith a
n av
erag
e ra
te o
f dec
reas
ebe
twee
n 19
90 a
nd 1
995
of n
earl
y 4
per
cent
per
year
. T
he fr
eshw
ater
and
mar
ine
indi
ces
can
beth
ough
t of a
s m
easu
ring
the
chan
ge in
the
popu
latio
n of
a ty
pica
l mar
ine
or fr
eshw
ater
spec
ies,
sta
rtin
g w
ith 1
00 in
divi
dual
s in
19
70. T
he s
ampl
es o
f spe
cies
use
d in
bot
hin
dice
s in
clud
e al
l tho
se fo
r w
hich
tim
e-se
ries
pop
ulat
ion
data
cou
ld b
e fo
und
–
70 fr
eshw
ater
and
87
mar
ine
spec
ies.
Fis
h an
dam
phib
ian
spec
ies
are
unde
r-re
pres
ente
dco
mpa
red
with
bir
ds, m
amm
als,
and
rep
tiles
, as
are
trop
ical
spe
cies
com
pare
d w
ith te
mpe
rate
ones
. (Fu
rthe
r de
tail
of th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
the
indi
ces
is d
iscu
ssed
on
page
s 6-
11.)
To s
uppl
emen
t the
LPI
’s pe
rspe
ctiv
e on
the
stat
e of
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems
at a
glo
bal l
evel
, Map
1 an
d Fi
gure
3 s
how
a m
easu
re o
f the
cur
rent
stat
e of
bio
dive
rsity
at a
nat
iona
l lev
el, b
ased
on
the
perc
enta
ge o
f eac
h co
untr
y’s
bird
and
mam
mal
spe
cies
that
are
cla
ssifi
ed a
s vu
lner
able
,en
dang
ered
or
criti
cally
end
ange
red
in th
e 19
96IU
CN
Red
List
of T
hrea
tene
d A
nim
als.
WW
F L
IVIN
G P
LA
NE
T I
ND
EX
A
mea
sure
of t
he h
ealth
of t
he w
orl
d’s
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems,
197
0–19
95
020406080100
120 1
970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
020406080100
120
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1965
1960
020406080100
120 1
970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
020406080100
120 1
970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Up
per
co
nfid
ence
lim
itLo
wer
co
nfid
ence
lim
it
Fig.
1:
LIV
ING
P
LA
NE
T
IND
EX
Fig.
2a:
FO
RE
ST
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
IND
EX
Fig.
2b
:FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
IND
EX
Fig.
2c:
M
AR
INE
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
IND
EX
-
KENYA
NAMIBIA
ANGOLA
LATVIA
GREECE
LITHUANIA
CHAD
POLAND
GHANA
HUNGARY
SINGAPORE
MALI
LEBANON
IRAQ
NIGER
GABON
VENEZUELA
SYRIA
COSTA RICA
BOTSWANA
SLOVENIA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
CONGO
ESTONIA
ITALY
PANAMA
SENEGAL
AUSTRIA
ALBANIA
SUDAN
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
UGANDA
BULGARIA
MALAWI
BELARUS
ZAMBIA
BURUNDI
CROATIA
ZIMBABWE
NORWAY
CANADA
SWEDEN
CZECH REP.
SLOVAKIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
BENIN
TOGO
HONDURAS
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
BURKINA FASO
NETHERLANDS
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
SWITZERLAND
ERITREA
DENMARK
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
GAMBIA, THE
UNITED KINGDOM
IRELAND
EL SALVADOR
HONG KONG
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
GEORGIA
KAZAKHSTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
MACEDONIA
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
YUGOSLAVIA
3LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
10 a
nd o
ver
7 to
<10
5 to
<7
3 to
<5
2 to
<3
<2
insu
ffic
ent
data
Map
1:
TH
RE
AT
EN
ED
SP
EC
IES
Perc
enta
ge o
f b
ird
and
mam
mal
sp
ecie
sth
reat
ened
-
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
01234567
NORWAY
TAIWAN
CHILE
SINGAPORE
DENMARK
UNITED STATES
KUWAIT
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
AUSTRALIA
ESTONIA
NETHERLANDS
CANADA
JAPAN
KOREA, REP.
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
FINLAND
KOREA, D.P.R.
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
MALAYSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
UZBEKISTAN
SWEDEN
IRELAND
HONG KONG
GREECE
ISRAEL
ITALY
SAUDI ARABIA
AUSTRIA
LITHUANIA
FRANCE
IRAQ
LATVIA
CZECH REP.
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
GERMANY
THAILAND
SWITZERLAND
SLOVENIA
UNITED KINGDOM
SLOVAKIA
NEW ZEALAND
OMAN
URUGUAY
POLAND
BULGARIA
HUNGARY
LEBANON
ROMANIA
BELARUS
SOUTH AFRICA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
LIBYA
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
ARGENTINA
COSTA RICA
TURKEY
UKRAINE
PERU
PHILIPPINES
MEXICO
IRAN
PARAGUAY
CROATIA
ECUADOR
TUNISIA
BRAZIL
MACEDONIA
CHINA
JORDAN
MAURITIUS
YUGOSLAVIA
GABON
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
4:
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
A
mea
sure
of t
he b
urde
n pl
aced
on
the
envi
ronm
ent b
y pe
ople
, 199
5C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N P
RE
SS
UR
E
PE
R P
ER
SO
N
Pres
sure
uni
ts
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
O
F W
HO
LE C
OU
NT
RY
M
illio
n pr
essu
re u
nits
CH
INA
U
NIT
ED S
TATE
S
IND
IA
JAPA
N
RU
SS
IAN
FED
ERA
TIO
N
IND
ON
ESIA
B
RA
ZIL
GER
MA
NY
PA
KIS
TAN
K
OR
EA, R
EP.
ITA
LY
FRA
NC
EM
EXIC
O
THA
ILA
ND
U
NIT
ED K
ING
DO
M
SPA
IN
TAIW
AN
C
AN
AD
A
PHIL
IPPI
NES
IR
AN
1 =
wor
ld
aver
age
cons
umer
in 1
995
1,04
072
344
329
422
515
714
212
411
010
697 92 92 89 83 76 73 69 67 65
Fig.
5:
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
BY
RE
GIO
N
Pres
sure
uni
ts p
er p
erso
n pe
r ye
ar, 1
995
data
(1
= w
orld
ave
rage
con
sum
er in
199
5)
Middle East and Central Asia 1.11
Asia/Pacific 0.83
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.95
North America 2.70
Western Europe 1.72
Central and Eastern Europe 1.29
OECD 1.97
Non-OECD 0.78
Africa 0.55
Fig.
6:
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
B
Y C
OU
NT
RY
Pr
essu
re u
nits
per
per
son
per
year
,19
95 d
ata
0.85
2.74
0.47
2.35
1.53
0.79
0.88
1.52
0.78
2.35
1.70 1.
580.
981.
52 1.43
1.92
3.42
2.35
0.99
0.96
4LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
GL
OB
AL
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N
PR
ES
SU
RE
CO
NSU
MPT
ION
Pre
ssur
e is
a m
easu
re o
fna
tiona
l and
indi
vidu
al p
ress
ures
on
natu
ral
ecos
yste
ms,
base
d on
res
ourc
e co
nsum
ptio
nan
d po
llutio
n da
ta fr
om 1
52 c
ount
ries
in 1
995.
It is
an
atte
mpt
to q
uant
ify th
e bu
rden
pla
ced
on th
e gl
obal
env
iron
men
t by
the
inha
bita
nts
of th
ese
coun
trie
s. T
here
are
six
com
pone
nts
to G
loba
lC
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
: gra
in, m
arin
e fis
h, a
ndw
ood
cons
umpt
ion;
fres
hwat
er w
ithdr
awal
s;ca
rbon
dio
xide
em
issi
ons,
as a
pro
xy fo
r fo
ssil
fuel
con
sum
ptio
n; a
nd c
emen
t con
sum
ptio
n,as
a p
roxy
for
land
con
sum
ptio
n. I
mpo
rtan
tly,
cons
iste
nt, r
ecen
t, an
d up
date
able
info
rmat
ion
is a
vaila
ble
for
each
of t
hese
com
pone
nts
for
mos
t cou
ntri
es. T
he p
rodu
ctio
n an
dco
nsum
ptio
n of
thes
e re
sour
ces
are
clos
ely
rela
ted
to th
e de
grad
atio
n of
the
plan
et’s
natu
ral e
cosy
stem
s. Fo
r ea
ch o
f the
six
com
pone
nts,
aco
untr
y’s
tota
l con
sum
ptio
n –
calc
ulat
ed a
sits
pro
duct
ion
of th
e re
sour
ce in
que
stio
n
plus
impo
rts
min
us e
xpor
ts –
is d
ivid
ed b
y its
pop
ulat
ion
to p
rovi
de th
e av
erag
eco
nsum
ptio
n pe
r pe
rson
for
that
cou
ntry
. T
he r
esul
ts o
f the
se c
alcu
latio
ns a
re s
how
n on
pag
es 1
2-23
. Fig
ures
4 a
nd 5
sho
w to
tal
and
per
pers
on C
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
, ba
sed
on a
ll si
x co
mpo
nent
s co
mbi
ned,
for
sele
cted
cou
ntri
es a
nd r
egio
ns. F
igur
e 6
show
s C
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
per
per
son
for
all 1
52 c
ount
ries
and
Map
2 s
how
s th
e ge
ogra
phic
al d
istr
ibut
ion
of G
loba
l
Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
re –
the
dist
ribu
tion
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
pres
sure
with
in c
ount
ries
is
bas
ed o
nly
on th
e di
stri
butio
n of
its
popu
latio
n.E
ach
of th
e si
x co
mpo
nent
s ha
s be
en g
iven
equa
l wei
ghtin
g in
cal
cula
ting
Con
sum
ptio
nPr
essu
re. I
t wou
ld, o
f cou
rse,
be
poss
ible
toob
tain
diff
eren
t res
ults
by
appl
ying
diff
eren
tw
eigh
tings
to d
iffer
ent c
ompo
nent
s, bu
t the
met
hod
used
her
e is
the
sim
ples
t. M
ore
deta
ilson
the
calc
ulat
ions
are
giv
en o
n pa
ge 2
4.
-
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
JAMAICA
SYRIA
INDONESIA
MADAGASCAR
PAKISTAN
CONGO
GHANA
SENEGAL
COLOMBIA
EGYPT
MOROCCO
BOTSWANA
CUBA
GAMBIA, THE
EL SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
MOLDOVA
HONDURAS
ZAMBIA
GEORGIA
MAURITANIA
LAOS
DOMINICAN REP.
SRI LANKA
KENYA
ALGERIA
VIET NAM
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
SUDAN
CAMEROON
NEPAL
BENIN
NICARAGUA
BURKINA FASO
MONGOLIA
NIGERIA
SIERRA LEONE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
TANZANIA
GUINEA
INDIA
MYANMAR
BOLIVIA
CAMBODIA
ZIMBABWE
GUINEA-BISSAU
MOZAMBIQUE
ANGOLA
MALAWI
TOGO
MALI
NIGER
UGANDA
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
HAITI
ETHIOPIA
YEMEN
BURUNDI
ALBANIA
RWANDA
BANGLADESH
AFGHANISTAN
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
BHUTAN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
CHAD
ERITREA
KYRGYZSTAN
LESOTHO
LIBERIA
NAMIBIA
PUERTO RICO
SOMALIA
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
5LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
1,20
0 to
60,
000
420
to <
1,20
0
180
to <
420
70 t
o <
180
0 to
<70
Map
2:
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N O
F G
LO
BA
LC
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N P
RE
SS
UR
E
Pres
sure
uni
ts p
er k
m2
Eac
h o
f th
e fi
ve c
olo
urs
on
th
e m
apco
vers
20
per
cen
t o
f g
lob
al c
on
sum
pti
on
in 1
995
-
6LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
FO
RE
ST
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
TH
E w
orld
’s fo
rest
cov
er, n
ot c
ount
ing
plan
tatio
ns, d
ecre
ased
by
13 p
er c
ent
betw
een
1960
and
199
0, fr
om 3
7 m
illio
n km
2
to 3
2 m
illio
n km
2 . T
his
is e
quiv
alen
t to
anav
erag
e an
nual
loss
of a
bout
160
,000
km2
–an
are
a ha
lf th
e si
ze o
f Nor
way
– o
r 0.
5 pe
rce
nt p
er y
ear.
Fig
ure
7 sh
ows
that
mos
t of
this
has
occ
urre
d in
trop
ical
reg
ions
. For
exam
ple,
sat
ellit
e im
ages
of t
he B
razi
lian
Am
azon
sho
w th
at f
ores
t cov
er h
as b
een
lost
at a
n av
erag
e an
nual
rat
e of
abo
ut19
,000
km2
over
the
last
20
year
s: th
e to
tal
accu
mul
ated
def
ores
tatio
n up
to 1
996
was
equi
vale
nt to
the
loss
of a
n ar
ea s
light
ly
larg
er th
an S
pain
out
of a
n or
igin
al fo
rest
area
abo
ut th
e si
ze o
f Wes
tern
Eur
ope.
Alth
ough
tem
pera
te a
nd b
orea
l for
est a
rea
has
rem
aine
d m
ore
or le
ss c
onst
ant s
ince
the
1960
s, th
e fla
t lin
es o
n th
e gr
aph
conc
eal a
decl
ine
in q
ualit
y, a
s m
uch
of it
is s
econ
dary
or s
emi-n
atur
al r
athe
r th
an o
ld-g
row
th fo
rest
.In
add
ition
, Tab
le 2
(pa
ge 3
6) s
how
s th
atm
uch
curr
ent f
ores
t is
frag
men
ted
into
are
asto
o sm
all t
o su
ppor
t the
full
com
plem
ent o
fsp
ecie
s th
at w
ould
live
in a
n un
dist
urbe
dna
tura
l for
est.
Furt
herm
ore,
pla
ntat
ions
,w
hich
mak
e up
larg
e tr
acts
of c
urre
nt fo
rest
area
, nei
ther
sup
port
the
sam
e le
vels
of
biod
iver
sity
nor
per
form
the
sam
e ec
olog
ical
func
tions
as
old-
grow
th fo
rest
.
Ori
gin
al
fore
st c
over
Hal
f of t
he w
orld
’s or
igin
al fo
rest
has
gon
e.O
rigi
nal f
ores
t cov
er is
an
estim
ate
of th
elik
ely
area
of f
ores
t und
er c
urre
nt c
limat
icco
nditi
ons
with
out h
uman
inte
rfer
ence
. Thi
sw
ould
be
clos
e to
the
max
imal
are
a of
fore
stso
me
time
afte
r th
e la
st ic
e ag
e, a
roun
d 6,
000-
8,00
0 ye
ars
ago.
Sin
ce th
en fo
rest
s ha
ve b
een
clea
red
to m
ake
room
for
agri
cultu
re a
ndot
her
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
.It
is a
ppar
ent f
rom
Fig
ure
9 an
d M
ap 3
that
, his
tori
cally
, tem
pera
te fo
rest
s ha
ve fa
red
at le
ast a
s ba
dly
as tr
opic
al fo
rest
s w
hich
are
curr
ently
dis
appe
arin
g fa
stes
t. T
he p
erce
ntag
esof
four
fore
st ty
pes
lost
are
: ove
r 60
per
cen
t of
tem
pera
te b
road
leaf
and
mix
ed fo
rest
; aro
und
30 p
er c
ent o
f nee
dlel
eaf f
ores
t; ab
out 4
5 pe
rce
nt o
f tro
pica
l moi
st fo
rest
; and
app
roxi
mat
ely
70 p
er c
ent o
f tro
pica
l dry
fore
st.
The
gre
ates
t red
uctio
n ha
s be
en in
Asi
a,w
here
abo
ut 7
0 pe
r ce
nt o
f the
ori
gina
l for
est
cove
r ha
s go
ne. T
oday
, lar
gely
inta
ct tr
acts
of
undi
stur
bed
fore
st r
emai
n on
ly in
the
Rus
sian
Fede
ratio
n, C
anad
a, a
nd th
e A
maz
on a
ndC
ongo
bas
ins.
05101520
Africa
Asia/Pacific (inc. Middle East and Central Asia)
Latin America and the Caribbean
North America
Europe (C, E and W Europe but excluding Russian Fed.)
Russian Federation
Fig.
7:
NA
TU
RA
L F
OR
ES
T C
OV
ER
M
illio
n sq
uare
kilo
met
res,
196
0–19
90
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Afr
ica
Eur
op
e(C
entr
al, E
aste
rn a
nd
Wes
tern
Eur
op
e b
ut
excl
udin
g R
ussi
an F
ed.)
Asi
a/P
acifi
c(in
c. M
idd
le E
ast
and
Cen
tral
Asi
a)
No
rth
Am
eric
a
Latin
Am
eric
a an
d
the
Car
ibb
ean
Ori
gina
l*
Are
a in
199
0
* P
ote
ntia
l co
ver
assu
min
g cu
rren
t clim
atic
co
nditi
ons
and
no
hum
an in
terf
eren
ce
Fig.
9:
BY
TY
PE
M
illio
n sq
uare
kilo
met
res
05101520
Needleleaf forest
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical moist forest
13.76
4.75
4.77
15.49
11.84
9.60
6.97
7.65
5.19
1.81
12.05
8.15
10.80
11.99
6.88
12.55
19.60
17.74
18.18
3.69
OR
IGIN
AL A
ND
CU
RR
EN
T F
OR
ES
T C
OV
ER
:
Fi
g. 8
: B
Y R
EG
ION
M
illio
n sq
uare
kilo
met
res
0246810
-
7LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
Trop
ical
moi
st f
ores
t –
orig
inal
Trop
ical
moi
st f
ores
t –
curr
ent
area
Trop
ical
dry
for
est
– or
igin
al
Trop
ical
dry
for
est
– cu
rren
t ar
ea
Tem
pera
te b
road
leaf
and
mix
ed f
ores
t –
orig
inal
Tem
pera
te b
road
leaf
and
mix
ed f
ores
t –
curr
ent
area
Nee
dlel
eaf
fore
st –
ori
gina
l
Nee
dlel
eaf
fore
st –
cur
rent
are
a
Map
3:
OR
IGIN
AL
AN
D C
UR
RE
NT
F
OR
ES
T C
OV
ER
-
FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
UN
LIK
E c
hang
es in
fore
st e
cosy
stem
s, it
isdi
ffic
ult t
o in
dica
te b
iolo
gica
l tre
nds
infr
eshw
ater
eco
syst
ems
such
as
lake
s, ri
vers
,an
d w
etla
nds
by m
easu
ring
cha
nges
in a
rea.
Inst
ead
Figu
re 1
0 sh
ows
chan
ges
inpo
pula
tions
of s
elec
ted
fres
hwat
er s
peci
es a
s a
mea
sure
of t
he h
ealth
of t
hese
eco
syst
ems.
Dat
a on
tren
ds in
the
popu
latio
ns o
f 227
fres
hwat
er fi
sh, r
eptil
e, b
ird,
and
mam
mal
spec
ies
wer
e an
alys
ed to
est
imat
e th
epe
rcen
tage
that
wer
e ei
ther
dec
linin
g, s
tabl
e,or
incr
easi
ng d
urin
g th
e 19
70s,
the
1980
s, an
dth
e 19
90s.
The
res
ults
sho
w th
at, d
urin
g th
is
peri
od, a
bout
50-
60 p
er c
ent w
ere
in d
eclin
e,w
hile
35-
40 p
er c
ent r
emai
ned
stab
le, a
nd o
nly
5-10
per
cen
t inc
reas
ed.
Cle
arly
ther
e ar
e lim
itatio
ns to
this
anal
ysis.
The
sam
ple
incl
udes
eve
ry v
erte
brat
e sp
ecie
s for
whi
ch in
form
atio
n on
pop
ulat
ion
tren
ds o
ver t
hela
st th
ree
deca
des c
ould
be
foun
d. W
hile
this
sam
ple
cove
rs a
wid
e ta
xono
mic
and
geo
grap
hic
rang
e of
spec
ies,
fish
and
amph
ibia
ns a
re u
nder
-re
pres
ente
d –
amph
ibia
ns a
re b
elie
ved
bybi
olog
ists t
o be
dec
linin
g m
ore
rapi
dly
than
perh
aps a
ny o
ther
fres
hwat
er g
roup
– a
s are
spec
ies f
rom
trop
ical
cou
ntrie
s.
Fresh
wate
r eco
syst
em
s in
dex
For
70 o
ut o
f the
227
spe
cies
it w
as p
ossi
ble
toes
timat
e po
pula
tions
at t
wo
or m
ore
poin
ts in
time.
The
se ti
me-
seri
es d
ata
wer
e av
erag
ed
to c
onst
ruct
an
inde
x of
the
chan
ges
infr
eshw
ater
eco
syst
ems
(Fig
ure
2b).
Thi
s in
dex
repr
esen
ts th
e ch
ange
s fr
om 1
970
to 1
995
in a
hypo
thet
ical
pop
ulat
ion
that
is ty
pica
l of t
hesa
mpl
e as
a w
hole
. Map
4 s
how
s th
e ch
ange
sin
pop
ulat
ions
of s
elec
ted
spec
ies
from
the
fres
hwat
er in
dex
and
thei
r ap
prox
imat
elo
catio
n in
the
wor
ld. T
he 7
0 sp
ecie
s ar
e lis
ted
on p
age
25.
Fresh
wate
r la
kes
Figu
re 1
1 co
mpa
res
two
glob
al s
urve
ys o
f 93
fres
hwat
er la
kes
to g
ive
a qu
alita
tive
indi
catio
n of
the
over
all c
hang
e in
thei
rec
olog
ical
sta
te b
etw
een
the
1960
s an
d th
e19
80s
or 1
990s
. The
com
pari
son
focu
sed
part
icul
arly
on
thre
ats
and
impa
cts
from
over
fishi
ng, c
oast
al d
evel
opm
ent,
silta
tion,
and
pollu
tion.
Eac
h la
ke w
as c
lass
ified
acco
rdin
g to
whe
ther
its
cond
ition
had
beco
me
bett
er o
r w
orse
, or
was
unc
hang
ed,
and
the
perc
enta
ge o
f the
lake
s in
eac
hca
tego
ry w
as c
ompa
red
for
each
reg
ion.
Incr
easi
ng
Sta
ble
Dec
reas
ing
Bet
ter
No
cha
nge
Wo
rse
020406080100
120
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Up
per
co
nfid
ence
lim
it
Low
er
conf
iden
ce
limit
Fig.
2b
:FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
EC
OS
YS
TE
MS
IN
DE
X
1970
–199
5
Fig.
10:
FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
SP
EC
IES
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N T
RE
ND
S
Per
cent
age
of s
pec
ies
wo
rld
wid
e, 1
970–
pre
sent
Fig.
11:
FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
LA
KE
S:
CH
AN
GE
IN
CO
ND
ITIO
N
Per
cent
age
of l
akes
, 196
0s–p
rese
nt
Afr
ica
Asi
a/P
acifi
c(in
c. M
idd
le E
ast
and
Cen
tral
Asi
a)
Eur
op
e(C
, E a
nd W
Eur
op
e b
ut
exc
lud
ing
Rus
sian
Fed
.)
Latin
Am
eric
a19
70–1
979
1990
–p
rese
nt19
80–1
989
0102030405060
01020304050607080
5
35
59
4
39
11
38
52
58
55
40
54
33
63
22
3
0
35
62
78
Perc
enta
ge o
f la
kes,
196
0s–p
rese
nt
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
988
-
9LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
Ana
s cl
ypea
ta
1970
1995
Poly
odon
spat
hula
1970
1995
Eudo
cim
usru
ber
1970
1995
Podi
ceps
tacz
anow
skii
1970
1995
Pho
enic
opte
rus
andi
nus
1970
1995
Net
tapu
sau
ritu
s
1970
1995
Tach
ybap
tus
rufo
lava
tus
1970
1995
Pho
enic
opte
rus
min
or
1970
1995
Pla
tale
ale
ucor
odia
1970
1995
Cic
onia
cic
onia
1970
1995
Bot
auru
sst
ella
ris
1970
1995
Des
man
am
osch
ata
1970
1995 Hus
o hu
so
1970
1995
Gav
ialis
gang
etic
us
1970
1995
Lipo
tes
vexi
llife
r
1970
1995
Gru
sja
pone
nsis
1970
1995
Cro
cody
lus
min
dore
nsis
1970
1995
Bat
agur
bask
a
1970
1995
Cro
cody
lus
poro
sus
1970
1995
Him
anto
pus
nova
ezel
andi
ae
1970
1995
Map
4:
FR
ES
HW
ATER
SP
EC
IES
P
OP
ULA
TIO
N T
REN
DS
Sel
ecte
d sp
ecie
s
An
as
cly
peata
No
rth
ern
sh
ovele
rB
ata
gu
r b
ask
aR
iver
terr
ap
inB
ota
uru
s st
ell
ari
sE
ura
sian
bit
tern
Cic
on
ia c
ico
nia
Wh
ite s
tork
Cro
co
dyl
us
min
do
ren
sis
Ph
ilip
pin
es
cro
co
dil
eC
roco
dyl
us
po
rosu
sE
stu
ari
ne c
roco
dil
eD
esm
an
a m
osc
hata
Ru
ssia
n d
esm
an
Eu
do
cim
us
rub
er
Scarl
et
ibis
Gavi
ali
s g
an
geti
cu
sG
hari
al
Gru
s ja
po
nen
sis
Red
-cro
wn
ed
cra
ne
Him
an
top
us
no
vaeze
lan
dia
eB
lack
sti
ltH
uso
hu
soB
elu
ga (
stu
rgeo
n)
Lip
ote
s ve
xil
life
rB
aij
i (r
iver
do
lph
in)
Nett
ap
us
au
ritu
sA
fric
an
pyg
my g
oo
seP
ho
en
ico
pte
rus
an
din
us
An
dean
fla
min
go
Ph
oen
ico
pte
rus
min
or
Less
er
flam
ing
o
Pla
tale
a l
eu
co
rod
iaW
hit
e s
po
on
bil
lP
od
icep
s ta
cza
no
wsk
iiJu
nín
gre
be
Po
lyo
do
n s
path
ula
Pad
dle
fish
Tach
ybap
tus
rufo
lava
tus
Ala
otr
a g
reb
e
-
MA
RI
NE
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
FIG
UR
E 1
2 sh
ows
the
chan
ges
inpo
pula
tions
of m
arin
e ve
rteb
rate
spe
cies
as
a m
easu
re o
f the
hea
lth o
f the
oce
ans
and
coas
ts, i
n th
e sa
me
way
that
fres
hwat
ersp
ecie
s w
ere
used
as
indi
cato
rs o
f fre
shw
ater
ecos
yste
ms.
Dat
a on
the
popu
latio
ns o
f 11
6 sp
ecie
s w
ere
anal
ysed
to e
stim
ate
the
perc
enta
ges
that
wer
e ei
ther
dec
linin
g,
stab
le, o
r in
crea
sing
in e
ach
deca
de s
ince
1970
. The
res
ults
sho
w th
at, o
ver
this
per
iod,
abou
t 40
per
cent
of m
arin
e po
pula
tions
hav
e
decl
ined
, abo
ut 2
5 pe
r ce
nt h
ave
mai
ntai
ned
stab
le p
opul
atio
ns, a
nd 3
5 pe
r ce
nt h
ave
incr
ease
d.
The
sam
ple
incl
udes
eve
ry m
arin
eve
rteb
rate
spe
cies
for
whi
ch in
form
atio
n on
pop
ulat
ion
tren
ds o
ver
the
last
few
deca
des
coul
d be
foun
d. A
lthou
gh th
is c
over
sa
wid
e ge
ogra
phic
and
taxo
nom
ic r
ange
,so
me
bias
rem
ains
bec
ause
ther
e is
mor
ein
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
on b
irds
and
mam
mal
sth
an fi
shes
rel
ativ
e to
thei
r nu
mbe
rs in
the
wor
ld’s
oce
ans.
Sim
ilarl
y, th
ere
is m
ore
info
rmat
ion
on te
mpe
rate
spe
cies
than
on
trop
ical
one
s.
Mari
ne e
cosy
stem
s in
dex
For
87 o
ut o
f the
116
spe
cies
it w
as p
ossi
ble
to e
stim
ate
popu
latio
n si
zes
at m
ore
than
one
poin
t in
time.
As
with
the
fres
hwat
er s
peci
espo
pula
tions
, the
se d
ata
wer
e av
erag
ed to
prod
uce
the
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
inde
x sh
own
in F
igur
e 2c
. The
inde
x re
pres
ents
the
chan
ge
from
197
0 to
199
5 of
a h
ypot
hetic
alpo
pula
tion
that
is ty
pica
l of t
he s
ampl
e.
Map
5 s
how
s th
e ch
ange
s in
pop
ulat
ion
ofse
lect
ed s
peci
es fr
om th
e m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
sin
dex.
The
list
of 8
7 sp
ecie
s ca
n be
see
n on
pag
e 26
.
Incr
easi
ng
Sta
ble
Dec
reas
ing
Fig.
12:
M
AR
INE
SP
EC
IES
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N T
RE
ND
S
Per
cent
age
of v
erte
bra
te s
pec
ies
wo
rld
wid
e, 1
970–
pre
sent
1970
–197
919
90–
pre
sent
1980
–198
901020304050
32
22
46
39
25
38
24
3837
020406080100
120
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Up
per
co
nfid
ence
lim
it
Low
er
conf
iden
ce
limit
Fig.
2c:
M
AR
INE
EC
OS
YS
TE
MS
IN
DE
X
1970
–199
5
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
9810
-
11LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
Lim
anda
asp
era
1970
1995
Del
phin
apte
rus
leuc
as
1970
1995
Cul
pea
palla
si
1970
1995
Cal
lorh
inus
ursi
nus
1970
1995
Sph
enis
cus
men
dicu
lus
1970
1995T
rich
echu
sm
anal
us
1970
1995
Thun
nus
thyn
nus
1970
1995 S
ula
dact
ylat
ra
1970
1995
Sph
enis
cus
dem
ersu
s
1970
1995
Dio
med
eaex
ulan
s
1970
1995
Ple
uron
ecte
sfe
rrug
ineu
s
1970
1995
Mel
anog
ram
mus
aegl
efin
us
1970
1995
Rei
nhar
dtiu
shi
ppog
loss
oide
s
1970
1995
Seb
aste
sm
ente
lla
1970
1995
Ap
teno
dyt
esp
atag
oni
cus
1970
1995
Neo
phoc
aci
nere
a
1970
1995
Car
etta
care
tta
1970
1995
Sul
a su
la
1970
1995
Der
moc
hely
sco
riac
ea
1970
1995
Dio
med
eaim
mut
abili
s
1970
1995
Ap
ten
od
ytes
pata
go
nic
us
Kin
g p
en
gu
inC
all
orh
inu
s u
rsin
us
No
rth
ern
fu
r se
al
Care
tta c
are
tta
Lo
gg
erh
ead
tu
rtle
Clu
pea p
all
asi
Pacif
ic h
err
ing
Delp
hin
ap
teru
s le
ucas
Belu
ga w
hale
Derm
och
ely
s co
riacea
Leath
erb
ack
tu
rtle
Dio
med
ea e
xu
lan
sW
an
deri
ng
alb
atr
oss
Dio
med
ea i
mm
uta
bil
isLaysa
n a
lbatr
oss
Lim
an
da a
spera
Yell
ow
fin
so
leM
ela
no
gra
mm
us
aeg
lefi
nu
sH
ad
do
ck
Neo
ph
oca c
inere
aA
ust
rali
an
sea l
ion
Ple
uro
necte
s fe
rru
gin
eu
sY
ell
ow
tail
flo
un
der
Rein
hard
tiu
s h
ipp
og
loss
oid
es
Gre
en
lan
d h
ali
bu
tS
eb
ast
es
men
tell
aD
eep
wate
r re
dfi
shS
ph
en
iscu
s d
em
ers
us
Jack
ass
pen
gu
inS
ph
en
iscu
s m
en
dic
ulu
sG
ala
pag
os
pen
gu
in
Su
la d
acty
latr
aM
ask
ed
bo
ob
yS
ula
su
laR
ed
-fo
ote
d b
oo
by
Th
un
nu
s th
ynn
us
Blu
efi
n t
un
aTr
ich
ech
us
man
atu
sC
ari
bb
ean
man
ate
e
Map
5:
MA
RIN
E S
PEC
IES
P
OP
ULA
TIO
N T
REN
DS
Sel
ecte
d sp
ecie
s
-
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
UNITED STATES
NEW ZEALAND
LITHUANIA
YUGOSLAVIA
DENMARK
ROMANIA
BELARUS
URUGUAY
SLOVENIA
CANADA
KAZAKHSTAN
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
HONG KONG
ARGENTINA
CZECH REP.
IRELAND
POLAND
HUNGARY
BULGARIA
FRANCE
ITALY
GREECE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
SPAIN
SLOVAKIA
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
UKRAINE
PARAGUAY
PORTUGAL
FINLAND
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
TURKEY
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
MOLDOVA
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
MONGOLIA
UNITED KINGDOM
GEORGIA
KOREA, REP.
MEXICO
ESTONIA
BRAZIL
NORWAY
MOROCCO
CHINA
TAIWAN
EGYPT
CHILE
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
AZERBAIJAN
ISRAEL
SYRIA
VENEZUELA
KUWAIT
SOUTH AFRICA
MACEDONIA
PANAMA
ALGERIA
JAPAN
ALBANIA
NIGER
BOLIVIA
ARMENIA
SAUDI ARABIA
TUNISIA
IRAN
LIBYA
COSTA RICA
MALAYSIA
MALI
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
13:
P
RO
DU
CT
ION
BY
MA
JOR
CO
UN
TR
Y/R
EG
ION
M
illio
n to
nnes
per
yea
r, 1
961–
1995
Fig.
14:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y R
EG
ION
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
199
5 da
ta
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0W
orld
tot
al
Res
t of w
orld
Chi
na
Euro
pean
Uni
on
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Indi
a
Form
er
Sov
iet U
nion
Africa 194
Middle East and Central Asia 316
Asia/Pacific 277
Latin America and the Caribbean 332
North America 679
Western Europe 452
Central and Eastern Europe 474
OECD 489
Non-OECD 277
Fig.
15:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y C
OU
NT
RY
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
19
95 d
ata
12LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
GR
AIN
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N
GR
AIN
S, s
uch
as w
heat
and
ric
e, a
re th
e m
ost
impo
rtan
t cro
ps fo
r fe
edin
g th
e w
orld
’spo
pula
tion.
Abo
ut a
thir
d of
the
glob
al g
rain
harv
est i
s fe
d to
ani
mal
s to
pro
duce
mea
t and
dair
y pr
oduc
ts, a
nd th
e w
orld
’s liv
esto
ckpo
pula
tion
is e
xpan
ding
at l
east
as
fast
as
the
hum
an p
opul
atio
n. A
s pe
ople
bec
ome
mor
eaf
fluen
t and
mov
e hi
gher
up
the
food
cha
in,
the
grow
ing
dem
and
for
mea
t, da
iry
prod
ucts
,an
d eg
gs e
xert
s fu
rthe
r pr
essu
re to
incr
ease
crop
pro
duct
ion.
Cle
arin
g fo
rest
s to
cre
ate
crop
land
or
past
ure
is r
espo
nsib
le fo
r m
ost o
fth
e de
fore
stat
ion
in th
e tr
opic
s. Fi
gure
13
show
s tha
t wor
ld g
rain
pro
duct
ion
has m
ore
than
dou
bled
sinc
e 19
60. H
owev
er, t
hein
crea
se p
er p
erso
n ha
s fla
ttene
d sin
ce th
e 19
80s.
Prod
uctio
n is
no lo
nger
gro
win
g fa
ster
than
the
wor
ld’s
popu
latio
n as
wat
er re
sour
ces a
rere
achi
ng th
eir l
imits
and
cro
plan
ds a
re lo
st to
urba
n de
velo
pmen
t and
soil
eros
ion.
Ass
umin
gth
at g
loba
l gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n ca
n be
mai
ntai
ned
and
dist
ribut
ed e
venl
y, th
e cu
rren
t har
vest
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 2
billi
on to
nnes
a y
ear w
ould
supp
lyab
out 3
30kg
per
per
son
per y
ear,
suffi
cien
t to
prov
ide
a he
alth
y di
et fo
r the
cur
rent
wor
ldpo
pula
tion,
but
not
if e
very
one
wer
e to
ado
pt th
eco
nsum
ptio
n pa
ttern
s of t
he in
dust
rializ
ed c
ount
ries.
Figu
res
14 a
nd 1
5 an
d M
ap 6
sho
w th
eco
nsum
ptio
n of
gra
in-e
quiv
alen
t in
each
cou
ntry
and
regi
on, c
alcu
late
d as
the
cons
umpt
ion
of
grai
n co
nsum
ed d
irec
tly b
y hu
man
s, pl
us th
eam
ount
con
sum
ed in
dire
ctly
as
mea
t, pl
us s
eed,
proc
essi
ng lo
sses
, and
was
te g
rain
.
WW
F re
com
men
dat
ions
to r
educe
pre
ssure
on
ecosy
stem
s fr
om
gra
in a
nd m
eat
consu
mpti
on
■Pr
otec
t so
il fr
om e
rosi
on a
nd d
egra
datio
n ca
used
by o
verg
razi
ng a
nd b
ad a
gric
ultu
ral p
ract
ices
. ■
Pres
erve
exi
stin
g cr
opla
nds
for
agri
cultu
re, r
athe
rth
an u
rban
and
indu
stri
al d
evel
opm
ent,
road
build
ing,
or
non-
esse
ntia
l cro
ps s
uch
as t
obac
co.
■In
crea
se w
ater
-use
effi
cien
cy o
f irr
igat
ed c
ropl
and
to c
ut w
ater
loss
es a
nd e
xpan
d th
e ar
ea u
nder
irri
gatio
n, e
spec
ially
in A
fric
a an
d La
tin A
mer
ica.
■R
educ
e de
pend
ence
on
pest
icid
es a
nd in
crea
se th
eus
e of
bio
logi
cal c
ontr
ol a
nd p
est-
resi
stan
t var
ietie
s.■
Cut
mea
t an
d da
iry
prod
uct
cons
umpt
ion,
espe
cial
ly in
Eur
ope
and
Nor
th A
mer
ica.
-
e
MAURITIUS
VIET NAM
LEBANON
MYANMAR
NEPAL
CROATIA
LAOS
BOTSWANA
COLOMBIA
BURKINA FASO
CAMBODIA
SENEGAL
LESOTHO
INDONESIA
EL SALVADOR
GUINEA-BISSAU
SUDAN
PHILIPPINES
JORDAN
DOMINICAN REP.
JAMAICA
KOREA, D.P.R.
MAURITANIA
ECUADOR
GUATEMALA
ZAMBIA
GABON
THAILAND
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
PAKISTAN
YEMEN
MADAGASCAR
MALAWI
INDIA
PERU
NIGERIA
BANGLADESH
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
ZIMBABWE
CHAD
KENYA
TANZANIA
CUBA
BENIN
SRI LANKA
IRAQ
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
CAMEROON
GAMBIA, THE
GUINEA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE
TOGO
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
GHANA
UGANDA
CONGO
ANGOLA
MOZAMBIQUE
BURUNDI
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
AFGHANISTAN
BHUTAN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
ERITREA
ETHIOPIA
HAITI
LATVIA
LIBERIA
NAMIBIA
OMAN
PUERTO RICO
RWANDA
SINGAPORE
SOMALIA
13LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
600
and
ove
r
500
to <
600
400
to <
500
300
to <
400
200
to <
300
<20
0
insu
ffic
ent
dat
a
Map
6:
CO
NS
UM
PTIO
N B
Y C
OU
NTR
YK
ilogr
ams
per
per
son
per
yea
r, 19
95 d
ata
-
010203040
050100
150
200
250
NORWAY
CHILE
DENMARK
TAIWAN
NETHERLANDS
JAPAN
KOREA, D.P.R.
PORTUGAL
FINLAND
KOREA, REP.
SPAIN
HONG KONG
ISRAEL
THAILAND
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
SINGAPORE
SWEDEN
IRELAND
ESTONIA
MALAYSIA
UNITED KINGDOM
AUSTRALIA
PERU
GREECE
LATVIA
FRANCE
PHILIPPINES
PANAMA
OMAN
GABON
MAURITIUS
SENEGAL
LITHUANIA
CANADA
SWITZERLAND
ITALY
SOUTH AFRICA
AUSTRIA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
UNITED STATES
CONGO
JAMAICA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
VENEZUELA
GHANA
HUNGARY
SLOVENIA
NEW ZEALAND
MOROCCO
SRI LANKA
GERMANY
GAMBIA, THE
INDONESIA
MEXICO
YUGOSLAVIA
MAURITANIA
MYANMAR
ECUADOR
CHINA
COLOMBIA
DOMINICAN REP.
KUWAIT
TURKEY
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
CUBA
CZECH REP.
SAUDI ARABIA
IRAN
MACEDONIA
POLAND
ANGOLA
SIERRA LEONE
URUGUAY
VIET NAM
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Africa 6.0
Middle East and Central Asia 7.4
Asia/Pacific 15.5
Latin America and the Caribbean 15.7
North America 23.9
Western Europe 41.6
Central and Eastern Europe 13.9
OECD 38.4
Non-OECD 10.7
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
16:
P
RO
DU
CT
ION
BY
MA
JOR
CO
UN
TR
Y/R
EG
ION
M
illio
n to
nnes
per
yea
r, 1
961–
1995
Fig.
18:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y C
OU
NT
RY
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
19
95 d
ata
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
020406080W
orld
tot
al
Res
t of w
orld
Form
er
Sov
iet U
nion
Euro
pean
Uni
onJa
pan
Chi
le
Chi
na
Peru
Fig.
17:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y R
EG
ION
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
199
5 da
ta
14LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
MA
RI
NE
F
ISH
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N
FISH
is th
e pr
imar
y so
urce
of p
rote
in fo
r 95
0m
illio
n pe
ople
and
form
s an
impo
rtan
t par
t of
the
diet
of m
any
mor
e. A
bout
a th
ird
of g
loba
lfis
h pr
oduc
tion
is p
roce
ssed
into
fish
mea
l or
oil,
mos
t of w
hich
is fe
d to
ani
mal
s. T
hree
-qu
arte
rs o
f the
fish
eat
en o
r ot
herw
ise
cons
umed
are
mar
ine
fish,
cau
ght f
rom
the
wild
, rat
her
than
fres
hwat
er fi
sh o
r fa
rmed
fish
.O
verf
ishi
ng is
cau
sing
man
y fis
h st
ocks
tode
clin
e, e
spec
ially
in th
e N
orth
Atla
ntic
.T
he a
vera
ge m
arin
e fis
h ca
tch
for
1990
-199
5
was
84
mill
ion
tonn
es p
er y
ear,
doub
le w
hat i
tw
as in
196
0 (F
igur
e 16
). O
n to
p of
this
, at l
east
27 m
illio
n to
nnes
per
yea
r of
by-
catc
h –
unw
ante
d fis
h –
wer
e ca
ught
and
dis
card
ed,
putt
ing
the
min
imum
est
imat
e of
fish
cau
ght a
tm
ore
than
110
mill
ion
tonn
es a
yea
r.T
he U
N F
ood
and
Agr
icul
ture
Org
aniz
atio
nes
timat
ed th
at, i
n 19
94, 6
0 pe
r ce
nt o
f the
wor
ld’s
fish
reso
urce
s w
ere
eith
er fu
lly e
xplo
ited
or in
dec
line.
The
FA
O a
lso
estim
ates
that
the
max
imum
sus
tain
able
pot
entia
l of t
he o
cean
s
is b
etw
een
82 a
nd 1
00 m
illio
n to
nnes
a y
ear,
equi
vale
nt to
abo
ut 1
4kg-
17kg
of f
ish
per
pers
onpe
r ye
ar fo
r a
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n of
abo
ut 6
bill
ion.
Cur
rent
leve
ls o
f mar
ine
prod
uctio
n w
illth
eref
ore
lead
to fu
rthe
r de
clin
es in
fish
sto
cks.
The
dat
a us
ed in
Fig
ures
17
and
18 a
nd M
ap 7
incl
ude
shel
lfish
, fin
fish,
and
fish
that
is p
roce
ssed
into
oil
or m
eal f
or a
nim
al fe
ed, a
s w
ell a
s fis
hco
nsum
ed a
s fo
od. F
resh
wat
er fi
sh a
re n
otin
clud
ed, n
or is
by-
catc
h as
this
is d
iffic
ult t
oat
trib
ute
to a
con
sum
er c
ount
ry.
WW
F re
com
men
dat
ions
to r
educe
pre
ssure
on m
arin
e fi
sher
ies
■S
top
over
fishi
ng b
y lim
iting
fishi
ng e
ffort
and
acc
ess
to fi
sher
ies,
and
allo
win
gde
plet
ed s
tock
s to
rec
over
. ■El
imin
ate
dest
ruct
ive
fishi
ng p
ract
ices
and
the
was
tefu
l dis
card
ing
of
by-c
atch
by
com
mer
cial
fish
ing
oper
atio
ns.
■D
evel
op s
ocia
l and
eco
nom
ic in
cent
ives
for
the
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent o
f fis
herie
s, s
uch
asin
depe
nden
t cer
tific
atio
n un
der
the
ausp
ices
of t
heM
arin
e S
tew
ards
hip
Cou
ncil.
■R
emov
e go
vern
men
t fis
hing
sub
sidi
es a
nd d
ecom
mis
sion
exce
ss fl
eet c
apac
ity. ■
Esta
blis
h an
d m
aint
ain
no-
fishi
ng z
ones
to s
erve
as
insu
ranc
e ag
ains
tun
sust
aina
ble
fishi
ng e
lsew
here
.
Fig.
18:
-
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
ARGENTINA
UKRAINE
TOGO
TUNISIA
CAMEROON
CROATIA
BOTSWANA
GUINEA
GEORGIA
BENIN
YEMEN
NIGERIA
MADAGASCAR
LIBYA
GUINEA-BISSAU
BRAZIL
COSTA RICA
ROMANIA
EGYPT
LESOTHO
ALGERIA
JORDAN
PAKISTAN
HAITI
HONDURAS
BULGARIA
INDIA
LIBERIA
MOZAMBIQUE
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
BANGLADESH
CAMBODIA
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
TANZANIA
GUATEMALA
SOMALIA
ALBANIA
BOLIVIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
MONGOLIA
ZAMBIA
SYRIA
LEBANON
BURKINA FASO
PARAGUAY
PUERTO RICO
MALI
ZIMBABWE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
IRAQ
KENYA
MALAWI
RWANDA
SUDAN
BURUNDI
LAOS
NIGER
ETHIOPIA
AFGHANISTAN
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
BELARUS
BHUTAN
CHAD
ERITREA
KAZAKHSTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
MOLDOVA
NAMIBIA
NEPAL
SLOVAKIA
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
UGANDA
UZBEKISTAN
15LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
100
and
ove
r
50 t
o <
100
25 t
o <
50
10 t
o <
25
2 to
<10
<2
insu
ffic
ent
dat
a
Map
7:
CO
NS
UM
PTIO
N B
Y C
OU
NTR
YK
ilogr
ams
per
per
son
per
yea
r, 19
95 d
ata
-
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
LATVIA
UNITED STATES
LIBERIA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
PARAGUAY
MALAYSIA
CANADA
FINLAND
COSTA RICA
AUSTRALIA
CHILE
ZAMBIA
GHANA
KENYA
CONGO
GUATEMALA
DENMARK
URUGUAY
BRAZIL
LITHUANIA
TANZANIA
EL SALVADOR
CAMEROON
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
HONDURAS
MOZAMBIQUE
LAOS
BENIN
GAMBIA, THE
BOTSWANA
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
CZECH REP.
SWITZERLAND
HONG KONG
NIGERIA
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
FRANCE
IRELAND
BELARUS
BURKINA FASO
ECUADOR
NEPAL
SOMALIA
MALAWI
SUDAN
BHUTAN
HAITI
INDONESIA
SLOVENIA
ETHIOPIA
NICARAGUA
SLOVAKIA
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
UGANDA
BURUNDI
GERMANY
NORWAY
SINGAPORE
CAMBODIA
MADAGASCAR
SIERRA LEONE
AUSTRIA
THAILAND
CHAD
GUINEA
ZIMBABWE
RWANDA
UNITED KINGDOM
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
NIGER
ANGOLA
SENEGAL
COLOMBIA
MALI
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
19:
P
RO
DU
CT
ION
BY
MA
JOR
CO
UN
TR
Y/R
EG
ION
M
