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![Page 1: Living in the environment. Environmental Science Interdisciplinary science – ecology,geology,chemistry, politics,engineering,economics,ethics Connections.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e2d5503460f94b1cce8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Living in the environmentLiving in the environment
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Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science• Interdisciplinary science –
ecology,geology,chemistry,
• politics,engineering,economics,ethics
• Connections and interactions between humans and the rest of nature
• Validity of data questioned – many variables
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Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues
• Population growth• Increasing resource use• Destruction and degradation of habitat• Premature extinction• Poverty• Pollution
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SustainabilitySustainability
• Ability of a specified system to survive and function over a period of time
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Sustainable livingSustainable living
• Meeting present needs without preventing future generations from meeting theirs
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Carrying capacityCarrying capacity
• Maximum number of organisms an environment can support over a specified period of time
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GrowthGrowth
• Linear – quantity increases by constant amount per unit of time
• Exponential – quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time
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Doubling timeDoubling time• 70 / percentage of growth rate =
doubling time in years
• Example – human population growth
• 1.28% per year
• 216,000 per day
• 9000 per hour
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Economic growth – Gross Economic growth – Gross National Product-GNPNational Product-GNP
• Market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced by a country
• Per Capita GNP – GNP/Total population
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Economic growth – Gross Economic growth – Gross Domestic Product-GDPDomestic Product-GDP
• Market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced WITHIN a country for use during a year
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Developed nationDeveloped nation
• 1.2 billion (20%) - highly industrialized, 85% of world wealth and income, use 88% of world resources, generate 75% of waste
US,Canada,Japan,Australia,New Zealand ,most of Europe
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DevelopingDeveloping
4.9 billion, (80%), low to moderate industrialized, 15% of world wealth and income, use 12% of world resources
Asia, Latin America, Africa
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P (population) X A (affluence) X P (population) X A (affluence) X T (technological impact/unit of use) T (technological impact/unit of use)
= I (Environmental impact)= I (Environmental impact)
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Ecological footprint or Ecological footprint or environmental impactenvironmental impact
Amount of land needed to produce the resources needed by an average person in a country
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ResourcesResourcesEcological –
habitat, food,shelter
Economic-
Renewable
Non renewable
Potentially renewable
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Tragedy of the Commons- Garrett Tragedy of the Commons- Garrett HardinHardin
• Over use of common property
• Clean air, open ocean and its fish,wild life species,publicly owned land, gases of lower atmosphere, space
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GlobalizationGlobalization
• Social, economic and environmental change that leads to an increasingly integrated world
• economic, information and
communication,environmental effects
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PollutionPollution
Threatens human health
Natural – volcanoes
Anthropogenic – human activities
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SolutionsSolutions
Prevention – REFUSE, REDUCE,REUSE,RECYCLE
Clean up – temporary fix, removes from one part and adds to another,expensive to reduce to acceptable levels
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Root causesRoot causesRapid population
growth
Wasteful use of resources
PovertyFailure to encourage
earth sustaining economic development
Failure to include overall economic cost
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PLANETARY MANAGEMENT or ANTHROPOCENTRIC- “we are in charge of nature, always more to use, all economic growth is good” (ANTHROPOCENTRIC)
EARTH WISDOM –”nature for all of earth’s species, not always more to use,make a judgment call about economic growth
Environmental WorldviewEnvironmental Worldview
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Information Revolution Information Revolution and globalizationand globalization
International trade of goods increased
Transnational corporations from
7,000 to 53,000Phones –from 89 to
850 millionPassenger kilometers –
from 28 million to 2.6 trillion
Infectious microbes transported
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Cultural changesCultural changesHunter gatherers – 12,000 years ago
Agricultural revolution – 10,000-12,000-
Industrial revolution-275 years ago
Technological revolution – 50 years ago
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Hunting and Gathering Hunting and Gathering SocietiesSocieties
• nomadic, living in small bands,
• population in balance with food supply
– high infant mortality,life expectancy 30-40 yr.
• 3 energy sources - sun, fire, muscle power
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Agricultural SocietiesAgricultural Societies
• settled communities
• slash and burn cultivation to fertilize nutrient poor field by ashes
• shifting cultivation
• subsistence farming
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Effects and Environmental Effects and Environmental ImpactImpact
• Urbanization and agricultural expansion, cut down forests, destroyed habitats, soil erosion and desertification
• birth rate faster than death- population increase
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Early Industrial Early Industrial societies(mid 1700’ssocieties(mid 1700’s))
• wood used up - coal usage
• steam generation
• fossil fuel powered farm machinery- less farmers needed- moved to cities
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Advanced Industrial Advanced Industrial societies (1914 ---)societies (1914 ---)
• increase in agricultural products
• lower infant mortality
• improved health
• increase in longevity
• net population increase
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Resource Resource ConservationConservation
• 1903-Theodore Roosevelt, Pelican Island,Florida to save the Brown Pelican
• 1905- Gifford Pinchot - US Forest Service
• “resources should be saved to be used for the greatest good, for the greatest number, for the longest time”
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Moral / Aesthetic Nature Moral / Aesthetic Nature ConservationConservation
• John Muir , Sierra Club
• “fundamental right of organisms to exist for it’s own sake”
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US Environmental Movement - US Environmental Movement - 1960’s1960’s
• 1962- , Rachel Carson “Silent Spring”, threats of pollution and toxic chemicals
• David Brower and Barry Commoner,Paul Ehrlich,Garret Hardin -relationship between population growth, resource use,pollution
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Events - Increased AwarenessEvents - Increased Awareness
• 1963 - air pollution in New York
• Laundry detergent in water
• 1969- Cuyahoga in Ohio
• Love Canal , New York
• pollution of Lake Erie
• Extinction -grizzly,bald eagle,whooping crane,falcon
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Environmental events- 1970’sEnvironmental events- 1970’s• 1972-UN- Human development
• 1973 - OPEC oil embargo
• Roland and Molina - CFC’s cause ozone depletion
• Carter creates Superfund to clean hazardous waste sites(Love Canal)
• Three Mile Island
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Environmental events - 1980’sEnvironmental events - 1980’s
• 1981 - Ronald Reagan - sagebrush philosophy
• 1986-Chernobyl disaster
• 1987-Montreal Protocol - fade out CFC’s
• Exxon Valdez disaster
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Environmental Events - 1990Environmental Events - 1990• 1991-Persian Gulf war - protect oil
• 1992 - UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• 1994 - UN Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, Egypt.
• 1995- US Congress,reduce environmental spending - vetoed by Clinton
• 1997 - Kyoto- global warming
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Environmental events - 2000Environmental events - 2000
• Clinton protects large areas in national forests from roads and logging - designated as national monuments
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Sagebrush RevolutionSagebrush Revolution
• remove most lands from federal ownership and turn over to States
• great supporter - Ronald Reagan
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Environmental Revolution ….shift Environmental Revolution ….shift fromfrom
•
• pollution cleanup to prevention
• waste disposal to waste reduction
• species protection to habitat protection
• increased resource use to conservation