Livestock Keepers’ Rights Dr. Susanne Gura League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock...
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Livestock Keepers’ RightsLivestock Keepers’ Rights
Dr. Susanne GuraDr. Susanne Gura
League for Pastoral Peoples and League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock DevelopmentEndogenous Livestock Development
History of History of Livestock Keepers’ RightsLivestock Keepers’ Rights
World Food Sovereignty Forum 2002World Food Sovereignty Forum 2002
Clarified in further meetingsClarified in further meetings“Karen Commitment” - 2003
Bellagio Brief - 2006
Regional Pastoralists Gathering in Yabello, Ethiopia - 2006
LIFE-Network Meeting in Sadri, India - 2007
LIFE-NetworkLIFE-NetworkNational-Level LIFE-Network WorkshopNational-Level LIFE-Network Workshop24-26 February, 200724-26 February, 2007&&International Workshop International Workshop Livestock Keepers and the Management of Animal Genetic Resources: Roles, Livestock Keepers and the Management of Animal Genetic Resources: Roles,
Rights, and ResponsibilitiesRights, and Responsibilities 26-28 February, 200726-28 February, 2007Workshop DocumentationWorkshop Documentation
www.lifeinitiative.org
# 1: Recognition of livestock # 1: Recognition of livestock keepers as keepers as creators creators of breeds of breeds and and custodianscustodians of Animal of Animal Genetic ResourcesGenetic Resources
LKR CornerstonesLKR Cornerstones
# 2: # 2: Recognition of the Recognition of the dependency of the sustainable dependency of the sustainable use of traditional breeds on use of traditional breeds on the conservation of their the conservation of their respective respective eco-systemseco-systems..
LKR CornerstonesLKR Cornerstones
LKR CornerstonesLKR Cornerstones
##3: 3: Recognition of Recognition of traditional breeds as traditional breeds as collective propertycollective property, products , products of indigenous knowledge of indigenous knowledge and cultural expression.and cultural expression.
LKR CornerstonesLKR Cornerstones
##4: 4: The right of the livestock The right of the livestock keepers to make keepers to make breeding breeding decisionsdecisions
LKR CornerstonesLKR Cornerstones
##5: 5: Right of livestock keepers Right of livestock keepers to to participate in policy participate in policy makingmaking on Animal Genetic on Animal Genetic Resources issues Resources issues
LKR CornerstonesLKR Cornerstones
#6: Support for training and #6: Support for training and capacity-buildingcapacity-building of of livestock keepers and livestock keepers and provision of services along provision of services along the food chain.the food chain.
LKR= „Bundle of Rights“LKR= „Bundle of Rights“
# 1: Recognition of livestock keepers as creators of breeds and # 1: Recognition of livestock keepers as creators of breeds and custodians of AnGRFAcustodians of AnGRFA# 2: # 2: Recognition of the dependency of the sustainable use of Recognition of the dependency of the sustainable use of traditional breeds on the conservation of their respective eco-traditional breeds on the conservation of their respective eco-systemssystems#3: #3: Recognition of traditional breeds as collective Recognition of traditional breeds as collective property, products of indigenous knowledge and cultural property, products of indigenous knowledge and cultural expression.expression.#4:The right of the livestock keepers to make breeding #4:The right of the livestock keepers to make breeding decisionsdecisions#5: #5: Right of livestock keepers to participate in policy making Right of livestock keepers to participate in policy making processes on AnGRFA issues processes on AnGRFA issues
#6: Support for training and capacity-building of livestock #6: Support for training and capacity-building of livestock keepers and provision of services along the food chain.keepers and provision of services along the food chain.
FAO International Technical Conference FAO International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture for Food and Agriculture Interlaken, SwitzerlandInterlaken, Switzerland1-7 September 20071-7 September 2007
FAO International Technical Conference FAO International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture for Food and Agriculture Interlaken, 1-7 September 2007Interlaken, 1-7 September 2007
ObjectivesObjectives
ConservationConservation
sustainable usesustainable use
fair and equitable sharing of fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the usebenefits from the use
FAO International Technical Conference FAO International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture for Food and Agriculture Interlaken, 1-7 September 2007Interlaken, 1-7 September 2007
OutputsOutputs
Adoption of State of the Adoption of State of the World ReportWorld Report
Global Plan of ActionGlobal Plan of Action
Interlaken DeclarationInterlaken Declaration
Global Plan of ActionGlobal Plan of Action
Main issues (1)Main issues (1)
„„Livestock Keepers‘ Rights“ not Livestock Keepers‘ Rights“ not mentionedmentioned
Intellectual Property Rights make no Intellectual Property Rights make no distinction between patents and others, distinction between patents and others, e.g. geographic indicatione.g. geographic indication
Global Plan of ActionGlobal Plan of Action
Main issues (2)Main issues (2)
Incentives for conservation are Incentives for conservation are contentious because trade-distortingcontentious because trade-distorting
Incentives for industrial production are Incentives for industrial production are not addressed although trade-distortingnot addressed although trade-distorting
Global Plan of ActionGlobal Plan of Action
Main issues (3)Main issues (3)
Financing is contentiousFinancing is contentious
Global Plan of ActionGlobal Plan of ActionPastoralists mentioned 14 times! Pastoralists mentioned 14 times!
Aim 4:Aim 4:„to meet the needs of pastoralists and farmers,
individually and collectively, within the framework of national law, to have non-discriminatory access to the genetic material, information, technologies, financial resources, research results, marketing systems, and natural resources, so that they may continue to manage and improve animal genetic resources, and benefit from economic development;“
Global Plan of ActionGlobal Plan of ActionRecommended Recommended actionsactions on on
training and technical support for the breeding activities of pastoralist and farming communities;Integrate agro-ecosystem approaches in national agricultural and environmental policies and programmes of relevance to animal genetic resources, where appropriate, particularly those directed towards pastoralist and rural small-holder communities, and fragile environments.
Interlaken declaration, para 12Interlaken declaration, para 12 We recognize that access to, and the sharing of both,
genetic resources and technologies, are essential for meeting world food security and the needs of the growing world population, and must be facilitated. Access to and transfer of technology, including that protected by intellectual property rights, to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, and countries with economies in transition, shall be provided and/or facilitated under fair and most favourable terms, in particular in the case of technologies for use in conservation as well as technologies for the benefit of farmers, pastoralists and animal breeders in developing countries, especially in least developed countries, and countries with economies in transition, including on concessional and preferential terms where mutually agreed, inter alia, through partnerships in research and development. Such access and transfer shall be provided on terms that recognize and are consistent with the adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights.
Patents on animals?Patents on animals?
www.no-patents-on-seeds.org
Industrial production systemsIndustrial production systems
Globally,Globally,
one third of pigs one third of pigs
50% of eggs50% of eggs
two thirds of milktwo thirds of milk
75% of broilers75% of broilers
are produced with industrial breedsare produced with industrial breeds
Who are livestock keeping Who are livestock keeping communities?communities?
70% of the world‘s poor keep 70% of the world‘s poor keep livestocklivestock
640 million smallholder 640 million smallholder livestock keepers livestock keepers
190 million pastoralists190 million pastoralists
(FAO)(FAO)
Economic importance of Economic importance of African indigenous breeds African indigenous breeds
In Southern Africa, the livestock In Southern Africa, the livestock sector contributes 38% of GDP – sector contributes 38% of GDP – not even including subsistence not even including subsistence economy, drought power and economy, drought power and manuremanure
Sheep, goat, pig and poultry Sheep, goat, pig and poultry almost 100 % indigenous almost 100 % indigenous
Cattle: 50-99% indigenous breedsCattle: 50-99% indigenous breeds
Examples: Nguni cattle, Lesotho Examples: Nguni cattle, Lesotho pony, Tswana sheep, Boer goatpony, Tswana sheep, Boer goat
Smallholder pig farmersSmallholder pig farmers
Some use industrial breeds Some use industrial breeds Some give upSome give upNiche marketsNiche marketsGlobalization is much faster than the Globalization is much faster than the European or US concentration processEuropean or US concentration process
Bangkok Post , 9 May 2007
Concentration in genetics industryConcentration in genetics industrynote: Erich Wesjohann Group, not Paul-Heinz Wesjohann Group note: Erich Wesjohann Group, not Paul-Heinz Wesjohann Group
(PHW)(PHW)
Layer hens:Layer hens:
BroilersBroilers
TurkeyTurkey
Concentration in genetics industryConcentration in genetics industry
PIC: World‘s largest pig breeder
+
ABS: World‘s largest cattle breeder
+
Sygen: World‘s largest shrimp breeder
=
Genus plc
Monsanto‘s livestock businessMonsanto‘s livestock business
Cattle: Cattle:
sorted semen Decisive™
performance evaluation in 170 US dairies
Pig: Pig: Closed herd system
Access to pig genome through Metamorphix
Patent applications in 160 countries
Concentration in genetics industryConcentration in genetics industry
MONSANTO
pigs
CARGILL
cattle
HUBBARD(Grimaud Group)
poultry
METAMORPHIX
buys Celera in 2002 and thus gainsaccess to proprietary genome data on
cattle, pigs and chicken.
Metamorphix then enters exclusive license contracts with
major genetics companies.
CELERA
Craig Venter's company analyse the human genome
and the genome of cattle, pigs and chicken.
A SPIDER IN THE LIVESTOCK GENOMICS WEB
WILLMAR
poultry
MAIN GENETICS COMPANIESIN GLOBAL LIVESTOCK BREEDING
PIGTURE GROUP (NL)Pig Breeder's Co-operative
KOEPON HOLDING(NL)
NUTRECO(NL)
Europe' s largest feed producer
breeding division: Euribrid
GENUS (UK)
world's largest animal genetics
company PIC
world's first in pig genetics
ABSworld's largestcattle breeder
CATTLE
PIG
POULTRY
Mother companySubsidiary
TOPIGSworld's third in pig
genetics
MONSANTO (US)world's first in GMO seeds
SEMEX(CAN)
ALTA Geneticssecond in cattle
DANSIRE(DK) PHW (D)
world market leader in poultry genetics (white egg layers,
broilers and turkeys)
GRIMAUD Group (F) second in avian genetics
AVIAGENmarket leader in
broilers and turkeys
HENDRIX GENETICS(NL)world's first in brown egg layers
HYPORworld's second in pig
HYBROworld's fourth in broilers
HYBRID world's second in turkey
TYSON (US)world's largest processor of chicken and red meat
PIGS-OnlineCOBB-
VANTRESS
HUBBARD
Livestock Genetics CompaniesConcentration and proprietary strategiesof an emerging power in the global food economySusanne Gura
Liga für Hirtenvölker und Nachhaltige Viehwirtschaft e.V.
League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development
EU 7th Research Framework ProgrammeEU 7th Research Framework Programme
Knowledge Based Bio-EconomyKnowledge Based Bio-Economy
55 billion € over 7 years55 billion € over 7 years
7 themes, incl. Livestock biotechnology7 themes, incl. Livestock biotechnology
Farm Animal Breeding and Reproduction European Technology Platform Farm Animal Breeding and Reproduction European Technology Platform