Livehood Security through Sustainable Agriculture...

21 Days National Training Course (NTC-2019)

onLivehood Security through Sustainable Agriculture,

Livestock Husbandry, and Allied Enterprise

Feb- 25-March 17, 2019Govt. Degree College Baramulla, J&k

National Training Course -2019

Training compendium

National Training Course-2019

21 Days National Training Course (NTC-2019)

On Livelihood Security through Sustainable

Agriculture, Livestock Husbandry, and

Allied Enterprises

Feb 25- March 17, 2019

Venue: Govt. Degree College Baramulla, J & K, India.

193103

Organized By National Agriculture Development Co-operative Ltd.

Established Under Self Reliant Co-operative Act, 1999

Under Government Control (Ministry of Cooperatives) (Registration No: RCS/J & K/2234-Agri, PAN: AAEAN5696E)

In Collaboration with

Govt. Degree College Department of Sheep Department of Agriculture – Agro-Environmental Developmental

Baramulla, J & K. Husbandry – Kashmir Kashmir Society (AEDS), Uttar Pradesh.


About the National Training Course (NTC-2019)

Agriculture, livestock husbandry and allied sectors plays an important role inthe livelihood of the farming community by providing support in the form ofcritical inputs, contributing to health and nutrition of households,supplementing income, offering employment opportunities, and finallychanging the socio-economic status of the farming community. Conduciveagro-climatic conditions of the Jammu & Kashmir state provide enormousscope and potential for Agriculture, livestock husbandry and allied sectors.However, lack of knowledge/awareness of the people act as a deterrent inluring people for taking business ventures in the field of agriculture, livestockhusbandry and allied sectors. Hence, there is a dreadful need to first identifythe factors responsible and subsequently to address the identified criticalpoints so as to ensure the sustainable development through agriculture,livestock husbandry and allied sectors. This National Training Course (NTC-2019) will facilitate to bring the change in the lives of the common masses ofthe region by providing professional, skill based and job oriented trainings,cum awareness programmes etc. in the field of agriculture, livestockhusbandry and allied sectors.


• About the Organizations

• National Agriculture Development Co-operative Ltd. was established under Self-Reliant Cooperative Act-1999 andis registered Cooperative Society vide Registration No: RCS/J & K/2234-Agri, PAN: AAEAN5696E, Dated: 30-05-2018by Registrar, Co-operative Societies, J & K with a mission to promote, disseminate and mutual exchange of scientificinformation of Agricultural Science among the scientific diaspora and stakeholders. The members of the societyalready organized a number of training, awareness programs, International Conference (WRIAST-2018) etc. Thesociety was primarily established to serve as a bridge for communication between agriculture scientists, extensionworkers and farmers. Blending of the influences of these three, bring an effective result in the doubling of farmer’sincome. Needless to say, the National Agriculture Development Co-operative Ltd. desires to have your co-operationin order to develop atmosphere conducive to aware farmers about innovative agriculture practices to yield bestresults for the progress of the farming community.

• Govt. Degree College Baramulla, situated at a distance of 51 Km towards north-west from the summer capital ofSrinagar, is a premiere institution of higher learning in Kashmir, which over the last six decades has been impartinghigher education to the people of this region. The college is located in the lap of a hillock, 4 Km ahead of main townon Srinagar-Uri National Highway road Baramulla. Over the years the college has produced men and women ofeminence who have been contributing towards upliftment of the society in various spheres of its activities.

• The college has been re-accredited with Grade ‘A’ by NAAC Bangalore on September, 2015 with CGP of 3.01. Thecollege has also been conferred the status of College with Potential for Excellence CPE by University GrantsCommission from 2016 for a period of five years.

• The institution apart from the routine teaching activities has a lot to offer to its students for all round developmentof their personality. Students are encouraged to participate in curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricularactivities. Symposia, debates, discussions, seminars, dramas and competitions on different areas of social, culturaland academic importance are organized. Inter and Intra-college competitions are conducted, wherein the studentsare exposed to multifold cultures and Ideas. The College offers Bachelors general courses in Science, Humanities,and Business Studies. Add-on-courses are available to the Bonafide students in Apiculture, Data Care Management,Social work and Still Photography. The college is connected to EDUSAT on the national beam maintained by ISROand state EDUSAT also. The College Library is fully automated having 44120 Books and 12500 Reference Booksthrough which the students are benefited and issue and return of Library Books is being done through Computers.

• The college has been in forefront in organizing various conferences and workshops so that effective disseminationof contemporary knowledge takes place and the academia of this region are benefited.

• National Training Course-2019

• Agro-Environmental Developmental Society (AEDS), Rampur (Utter Pradesh) is a scientific organization which is registeredunder the Societies Registration Act 21, 1860. The prime objective of the organization is to promote the scientific awarenessand sustainable development of agro- environment for the welfare of human being. The society is committed to explore thescientific development across the world and has taken initiative to provide a platform to the scientists, researcher, policymakers and scholars to solve and discuss various issues relating to agricultural and environmental development in the fieldof Biological Sciences, Plant Science, Agricultural Science and Engineering, Soil and Agricultural Microbiology, Agronomy,Vegetable Science, Fruit Science, Floriculture and Landscaping, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Nematology, Seed Science andTechnology, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Food and Industrial Microbiology, Dairy Science, Food Science, PoultryScience, Aquaculture, Oil Science, Agro-forestry, Wild life, Veterinary Science, Biotechnology, Biodiversity, Earth Science,Land Use and Management, Environment and Ecology, Climate Change, Environmental Microbiology, EnvironmentalMicrobiology, Environmental Science, Marine Science, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Toxicology and HealthHazards, Environmental Pollution and Management, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation and all the allied fields ofAgriculture and Environment.

• Department of Sheep Husbandry came into existence in the year 1962 with the main objective of promoting sheep and goatdevelopment in the state having sufficient scope and potential owing to bountiful pastures and meadow lands presentingnutrient grasses and herbage for the pastoral activities. The department so established was headed by a Director with aDeputy Director for each Jammu and Kashmir divisions. In early seventies a major expansion took place with the creation ofjoint Directors, Deputy and Assistant Director level officers.

• In the year 1982, the Department of Sheep Husbandry was bifurcated into two parts and accordingly two separateDepartments of Sheep Husbandry one for Kashmir and another for Jammu came into existence. As a result of thisbifurcation, the sheep husbandry sector got sharp focus at provincial level. The Department of Sheep Husbandry Kashmir,having its area of operation in Kashmir Division comprising of ten districts of Kashmir Valley and two districts of Ladakh,witnessed vast organizational expansion.

• At present, the Department has a staff organization consisting of various subject matter specialists and two major lineorganizations one looking after the farms and the other field extension activities. Each organization is headed by a JointDirector. In the area of farm management, the Joint Director (Farms) is assisted by senior level officers to run the nine farmsestablished so far in Kashmir Division. Similarly, to implement and monitor various field programmes /activities, the JointDirector (Extension) is assisted by eight District Organizations each headed by a District Sheep Husbandry Officer and 10Sheep and Wool Development Organizations.

List of Organizers and Technical Staff

S. No. Name and Address

Role in the Training Programme

1 Prof. Fazal Rahim Beigh, Principal, Government Course Director

Degree College Baramulla.

2 Mr. Tariq Ahmad Chalkoo, Department of Physics, Organizer

Government Degree College Baramulla.

3 Mr. A. Majid Chalkoo, Associate Professor, Course Coordinator

Department of Botany, Government Degree College

Baramulla.

4 Dr. Parvaiz Ahmed Reshi, Jr. Scientist cum SMS Course Coordinator

(Animal Science), SKUAST-Kashmir.

5 Dr. Ved Prakash Yadav, Assistant Professor, Course Coordinator

Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur,

Rajasthan.

6 Dr. Masood Ur Rahman, North Campus, University of Assistant Course Coordinator

Kashmir.

7 Mr. Adil Ahmad, Librarian, Government Degree Convener

College Baramulla.

8 Mr. Javid Ahmad Kumar, North Campus, University of Assistant Convener

Kashmir.

9 Dr. Rayees Ahmad Shah, North Campus, University of Organizing Secretary

Kashmir.

10 Dr. Zahida Rashid, SMS (Agronomy), KVK, Ganderbal, Co-Organizing Secretary

SKUAST-Kashmir.

11 Er. Fahim Nazir Shora, JTA, North Campus, University System Engineer

of Kashmir.

12 Er. Fayaz Ahmad Mir, North Campus, University of Assistant System Engineer

Kashmir.

13 Mr. Imtiyaz Ahmad, Government Degree College Computer Operator

Baramulla.

14 Mr. Shabir Ahmad Bhat, Government Degree College Cameraman

Baramulla.

15 Mr. Zahoor Ahmad Wathloo, Government Degree Assistant Cameraman

College Baramulla.

16 Mr. B. A. Kanna, Government Degree College Electrician

Baramulla.

17 Mr. Muzaffar Parray, Government Degree College Electrical Assistant

Baramulla.

S. No. Name and Address

Role in the Training Programme

List of Participants 1. Aaqib Javid, Government Degree College Baramulla.

2 .Aashaq Hussain Dar, Research Scholar, Department of LPM, G. B. Pant University of Agricultural Sciences.

3 .Akshaya Ghintala, Teaching Associate (Agricultural Extension), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nohar, Hanumangarh.

4. Arti, Ph.D. Research Scholar, DESM Division, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

5 .Bharti Sao, Ph.D. Scholar , Indira Gandhi College of Agriculture and Research Station, Raipur, C.G.

6 .Binish Qadri, ICSSR Doctoral Fellow, Department of Economics, Central University of Kashmir.

7. Chandrapal Singh Solanki, Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Jashpur, IGKV Raipur, (C.G.).

8 .Danish Majeed Najar, Government Degree College Baramulla.

9 .Danish Sarfaraz Khan, Government Degree College Baramulla.

10. Dechin Choskit, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Plant Pathology, SKUAST-Jammu.

11 .Deepak Kumar, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Agronomy, SKUAST-Jammu, (Jammu & Kashmir).

12. Dheeraj Kumar, Student, Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.

13. Dr. (Miss) Preeti Lakhani, Ph.D. (Animal Physiology), ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

14 .Dr. Amit Kumar, R . Associate, Department of Animal Production, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT,Udaipur.15 .Dr. Anchal Keshri, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

List of Participants

16. Dr. Andleeb Rafiq, Division of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, F.V.Sc & AH, Shuhama, SKUAST-Kashmir.

17. Dr. Anjum Ahmad, Technical Assistant, Barrister Thakur Chhedilal College of Agriculture & Research station, Lodhipara,Sarkanda, Bilaspur, (C.G.)

18. Dr. Anshuman Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and AnimalSciences, Banaras Hindu University.

19. Dr. Anubha Madavi, MVSc. Student, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

20. Dr. Arun Mourya, Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and AnimalHusbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, MP.

21. Dr. Ashiq Hussain Lone, Lecturer, Department of Botany, Government Degree College Beerwha.

22. Dr. Ashutosh Sharma, Teaching Associate (Agricultural Extension), Rani Laxmi Bai Central Agriculture University, Jhansi,Uttar Pradesh.

23. Dr. Astha Gupta, Assistant Professor, Department of Agroforestry, Institute of Agricultural Science, Bundelkhand University,Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh).

24. Dr. Banakar P S, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

25. Dr. Banakar P. S., Ph.D. Research Scholar (Animal Nutrition), ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

26. Dr. Bhavna Aharwal, Ph.D. Scholar, Department of LPM, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur,NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

27. Dr. Biswajit Roy, Associate Professor (LPM), College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, MP.

28. Dr. Chhatarpal Singh, President of Agro Environmental Development Society, Majhra Ghat, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh.

29. Dr. Chikkagoudara Kotresh Prasad, Ph.D. Research Scholar (LPM), ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

30. Dr. Danveer Singh Yadav, Assistant Professor, Department of LPM, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, NDVSU,Jabalpur, MP.

31. Dr. Digvijay Singh, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

32. Dr. Dinesh U. Lokhande, Professor, Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, Mumbai Veterinary College, MaharashtraAnimal & Fishery Science University.

33. Dr. Ganganpreet Kaur Bhullar, Senior Research Fellow, DES & M, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

34. Dr. Govind Mohan, Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

35. Dr. Hamsa N, Senior Research Fellow, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, GKVK, UAS, Bangalore.

36. Dr. Howal Sanjay Digambar, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,Haryana.

37. Dr. Kedare Gopal Madhav, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,Haryana.

38. Dr. Lokhande Dinesh Uddhavrao, Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, Mumbai VeterinaryCollege, Mumbai.

39. Dr. Madhushree, A., University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

40. Dr. Mangla Ram Bajiya, Research Fellow, Division of Entomology, SKUAST-J, Main Campus Chhatha, Jammu.

41. Dr. Mohd Aurif Wagay, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of LPM, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

42. Dr. Muzaffar Ahmed Naik, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of LPM, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

43. Dr. N. V. Goutam, Subject Matter Specialist, KVK, Raipur, (C.G.)

44. Dr. Neeti Lakhani, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

45. Dr. Prajwalita Pathak, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

46. Dr. Rahul Shehar, Assistant Professor, Department of LPM, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, MP.

47. Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Field-cum-Lab Assistant, Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu, Chatha.

48. Dr. Ram Dev Yadav, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

49. Dr. Ramandeep Kaur, Assistant Professor (Agriculture Entomology), Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab.

50. Dr. Rashmi Choudhary, Assistant Professoe, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.

51. Dr. Ravi Prakash Pal, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

52. Dr. Rayees Afzal Mir, Associate Professor, Glocal School of Agricultural Sciences, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, (UP).

53. Dr. Rebeka Sinha, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

54. Dr. Revanasiddu Deginal, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Genetics & Breeding, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

55. Dr. Rubia Rasool, Division of Agronomy, SKUAST-Kashmir, (Jammu & Kashmir)

56. Dr. Saleem Yousuf, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of AGB, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

57. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

58. Dr. Shahid Hassan Mir, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

59. Dr. Shamim Gul, Agriculture Extension Assistant, Department of Agriculture Production-Kashmir, Government of Jammu & Kashmir.

60. Dr. Sharma Amit Nathmalji, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

61. Dr. Shashank C. G., Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Physiology, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

62. Dr. Shoukat Ahmad Rather (Ph.D. Genetics & Plant Breeding), S/o: Ab Rashid Rather, R/o: Hakripora Pulwama, J & K.

63. Dr. Showkat Aziem, Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Forestry & NR HNB, Garhwal University.

64. Dr. Simranjeet Kaur, Assistant Professor (LPT), Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Punjab.

65. Dr. Sushil Kumar Yadav, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

66. Dr. Sushil Kumar, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Genetics & Breeding, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

67. Dr. Syed Maqbool Geelani, Lecturer, Department of Environment & Water Management, Govt. S. P. College, Cluster University , M. A. Road, Srinagar.

68. Dr. Tariq Ahmad Malik, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

69. Dr. Vandana Kumari Leitanthem, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

70. Dr. Varinder Singh, Senior Research Fellow, Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

71. Dr. Vidya Vishwasrao Tayde, Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Ambajogai. VNMKV, Parbhani.

72. Dr. Vineeth M. R., Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

73. Dr. Yadav Girish Udhavrao, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery and Radiology, Mumbai Veterinary College, Mumbai.

74. Dr. Yankam Shivkumar Ramrao, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Dairy Extension, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

75. Ekta Sharma, M.Sc. Student, Division of Agricultural Extension Education, SKUAST-Jammu

76. H. D. Vinaykumar, Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

77. Javid Ahmad Ganie, Government Degree College Baramulla.

78. Lokesh Patil, Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, GKVK, UAS, Bangalore.

79. Mohammad Irfan Rather, Research Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SKUAST-Kashmir.

80. Mohd Ishfaq Bhat, Research Scholar, Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, GBPUAT, Pantnagar.

81. Mr. Arghyadeep Das, Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

82. Mr. Avinash, M., University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka.

83. Mr. Chandan Kumar Rai, Ph.D. Scholar, Dairy Extension Division, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

84. Mr. Dibakar Panda, Research Scholar, Department of Plant Protection, Palli Siksha Bhavan, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal.

85. Mr. Harish Menpadi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka.

86. Mr. Karthik, C. S., Research Scholar, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Best Bengal.

87. Mr. Manish Kushwaha, Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

88. Mr. Phool Singh Hindoriya, Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

89. Mr. Prashant Maratha, Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Agriculture Extension Education, Career Point University, Kota, Rajasthan.

90. Mr. Shakeel Ahmad Samoon, Assistant Floriculture Officer, Department of Floriculture Kashmir, (Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir).

91. Mr. Venkatesh, C. S., University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

92. Ms. Jagruti Das, Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

93. Ms. Sheetal Yadav, Assistant Professor (Education), Pacific University, Udaipur, Rajasthan.

94. Ms. Vijay Laxmi Yadav, Student, Department of Agronomy, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

95. Mudasir Hassan, Research Scholar, Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture-Wadura, SKUAST-Kashmir.

96. Naseer Ahmad Mir, Government Degree College Baramulla.

97. Neha Lakra, Ph.D. Scholar (Agricultural Economics), Indira Gandhi, College of Agriculture and Research Station, Raipur, C.G.

98. Pritansha Bhagat, Ph.D. Scholar (Entomology), Indira Gandhi College of Agriculture and Research Station, Raipur, C.G.

99. Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, SKUAST-Jammu, Chatha.

100. Ranjeet Singh Bochalya, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Agronomy, SKUAST-Jammu, (Jammu & Kashmir).

101. Shahid Akbar Lone, Government Degree College Baramulla.

102. Shani Raj, M.Sc. (Ag.) Student (Vegetable Science), Barrister Thakur Chhedilal College of Agriculture & Research station, Lodhipara, Bilaspur, C.G.

103. Shrija Sinha, Ph.D. Resaerch Scholar, Dairy Extension Division, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.

104. Shubhendu Roy, M.Sc. (Ag.) Student (Ag. Entomology), Indira Gandhi College of Agriculture and Research Station,Raipur, C.G.

105. Shweta Bijla, Ph.D. Research Scholar, DESM Division, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana,

106. Stanzin Yangsdon, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Agricultural Extension Education, SKUAST-Jammu.

107. Vikash Kumar, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Dairy Extension Division, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,Haryana.

108. Vishal Kumar Gupta, Ph.D. Scholar (Genetics and Plant Breeding), Indira Gandhi College of Agriculture andResearch Station, Raipur, C.G.

109. Yudhishther Singh Bagal, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Agricultural Extension Education, SKU

110. Aijaz Nazir, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Agronomy, SKUAST Kashmir

Dr Balbir Singh Suprintendent

District Veterinary

Hospital Baramulla

Breeds of Dairy cattle Cross bred cattle in India

1. Name : Jersey Crossbred

2. Crossbred

3. State: All India

4. Purpose: Food -Milk

5. Milk yield per lactation

(kg:1749-2147)

1. Name : Holstein Friesian

Crossbred.

2. Crossbred

3. State: Hilly and Temperate

Regions (All India)

4. Purpose: Food -Milk

5. Milk yield per lactation

(kg:3000-3500)

1. Name : Thariparkar (WhiteSindhi, Grey Sindhi, Thari)2. Indigenousbred3. State: Gujarat, Rajasthan(Thariparkar Animals are Foundalong the Indo-PakborderOvering Western Rajasthan andupto Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.4. Purpose: Food -Milk5. Milk yield per lactation(kg:1749-2147)

1. Name : Sahiwal (Lambi Bar, Lola,Montgomery, Multani and Teli)2. Indigenousbred3. State: Punjab, Rajasthan4. Purpose: Food -Milk: Dung -Manure5. Milk yield per lactation(kg:2325-2750)

1. Name : Red Sindhi (Malir(Baluchistan), Red Karachi andSindhi)2. Indigenousbred3. State: the ogriginal breedingtract is in Pakistan but someorganised herds are availble inorissa tamil nadu,bihar, kerala andAssam states of india.4. Purpose: Food -Milk:5. Milk yield per lactationFemale Male (kg:1840-2600)

JUDGING THE DAIRY CATTLE

Dairy Character -

The physical evidence of milking ability is evaluated. Major consideration is given to general openness and angularity while maintaining strength, flatness of bone and freedom from coarseness. Consideration is given to stage of lactation.

The physical evidence of milking ability is evaluated. Major consideration is given to general openness

and angularity while maintaining strength, flatness of bone and freedom from coarseness.

Consideration is given to stage of lactation

Ribs – wide apart Rib bones are wide, flat, deep, and slanted toward the rear

Thighs - lean, incurving to flat, and wide apart from the rearWithers - Sharp with the chine prominentNeck - long, lean, and blending smoothly into shoulders. A

clean-cut throat, dewlap, and brisket are desirableSkin - thin, loose, and pliable

Body Capacity - 10% The volumetric measurement of the capacity of the cow is

evaluated with age taken into considerationBarrel - long, deep, and wide. Depth and spring of rib increase toward the rear with a deep flankChest - deep and wide floor with well-sprung fore ribs blending into the shoulders The barrel receives primary consideration when evaluating

Body capacity

Udder

The udder traits are the most heavily weighted. Major consideration is given to the traits that

contribute to high milk yield and a long productive life. Udder Depth - moderate depth relative to the hock with adequate capacity and

clearance. Consideration is given to lactation number and age. Teat Placement - squarely placed under each quarter, plumb and properly

spaced from side and rear views Rear Udder - wide and high, firmly attached with uniform width from top to

bottom and slightly rounded to udder floor Udder Cleft - evidence of a strong suspensory ligament indicated by adequately

defined halving Fore Udder - firmly attached with moderate length and ample capacity Teats - cylindrical shape and uniform size with medium length and diameter Udder Balance and Texture - should exhibit an udder floor that is level as viewed

from the side. Quarters should be evenly balanced; soft, pliable and well collapsed after

milking.

Dairy Farm Site Selection Criteria for dairy farming site selec?on Soil Type Elevation Topography Sunlight Protection from wind Marketing Durability Labour Accessibility Surrounding

Principles Of Housing The need for livestock housing is important from the

point of animal health, welfare and comfort, hygiene , efficient and economical use of labour . A suitable house is essential to make best use of the, efficient environment

Proper housing contributes animal comfort, good sanitation and efficient farm work

Animals are protected from cold winds, sun scorches and rain

FloorComfortable floor is constructed by making the earth surface hardThe floor is constructed of bricks laid in cement mortar to secure cleanliness and permanency of suitable slope of one in 60 is provided towards gutter for removal of manure and for effective drainage

Floor should be non-slippery, durable, impervious to water and urine and easily cleaned Gutter has to be 30 cm wide and 10 cm deep that may facilitating proper drainage It is recommended minimum slope of two percentA feeding trough of 60 cm, width is provided the back of the trough has to be 125 cm above the floor so that animals may not throw the fodder outsideCommon water trough of 120 cm length and 60 cm wide has been suggested for cows

Housing for Calves

DAIRY CALF MANAGEMENT (Weaned calves) As soon as the calf is born the colostrum feeding to the new born calf should be

done without any delay (with in one hour).

the umbilical cord of the new born calf should be cleaned with tincture iodine and the excess of the umbilical cord hanging out should be cut and open end tied with a clean cord.

colostrum feeding is done @10% of the calf ‘s body weight.

The milk feeding to the new born calf should always be done in the morning and evening .

Deworming of the calves on 7th day & after 21st day should be done based on their body weight.

The calves are fed with a good quality calf starter (Conc.feeding) by 1 to1.5 months of age after gradually reducing the quantity of milk fed to the calves from 1/10th to 1/15th & 1/25th of its body weight.

Calves are fed with good quality dry fodder during the same period of its age. This will hasten the development of rumen.

Calves above four months of age are to be vaccinated with FMD vaccine and a booster dose should be given after 21 days without fail.

Heifer Management The heifer should attain the breed able body weight of 250-300 kgs. in 12-14

months in exotic breed and in 18 months in cross breed.

To achieve this they have to be fed with a good quality concentrate of mineral supplements and fodder (Green & dry) as prescribed in the feeding schedule

They must receive an adequate supply of energy, protein, minerals and salt to keep growing, to show heats and to conceive. Feeding 1-2kg of grain ration per head per day will meet these objectives.

The heifer is the herd should always be having a potential to perform higher than that of the lactating herd ―herd improves‖ as today heifer tomorrow‘s cow.

Heifers with low potential, based on visual appraisal or on their pedigree can be removed at a younger age.(Culling)

Other routine management practices like dehorning (at the age of 4 months) removal of super mammary teats (by 8 month of age) is to be carried out.

Dairy Cow Management

The main objective of the dairy cow management should be to reach peak yield and persistency according to her genetic potential.

Total dry matter intake is a major factor that limits milk production in cows with the genetic potential to be high producers.

Dry matter intake may not exceed 1.5% of the body weight immediately after calving but can reach 3.5 to 4% of body weight by 12-15 weeks of lactation in cows fed with good quality forage.

A balanced concentrate feed, fed to the dairy cows should contain moisture – 11% (Max) crude protein 20% (Max) crude fat 2.5% (Mini) crude fibre 8% (Max) Acid insoluble ash 4% (max) TDN 68% (min) ; salt 1% Mineral mixture 2%, Urea – 1.5% (max).

There should be an unlimited supply of clean drinking water – with continuous access is recommended.

The daily requirement of dairy cattle and buffaloes are calculated based on daily dry matter intake. Cattle generally eat @2-2.5 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight. As a thumb rule up to 4-5 liter milk yield no concentrate is needed if sufficient green fodder is available.

If a cow giving 10 lit milk with approximately 400 kg body weight then give 20-25 kg greens, 3-4 kg dry fodder and 5 kg concentrate

Dry Cow Management Animals who have completed 300 days in milk and above 7 months (222 days) of

pregnancy are selected for drying . Drying of animal is done by adopting gradual increase of gap in milking frequency i.e

switching over from 2 times milking to one time milking and then once in 2 days, once in 3 days, and so on till the udder shrinks & then teats are plugged by infusing intra –mammary antibiotics .

During the process of drying the quantity of concentrate is also reduced . Separate dry Cows from lactating cows. Restrict energy intake to 85 to 90%of requirements during dry period, if the cows are in

good condition. Selenium supplementation may reduce the incidence of retained placenta Provide a clean, well bedded area for calving In preparation for parturition, about 10 days before calving, the diet of pregnant cows

should be gradually shifted to free – choice good quality hay, and concentrate. Feeding should begin so that an equivalent to 1% Body per day is being consumed at parturition

This is gradually increased to peak levels about three to four weeks after Calving. Each cow should be placed in well –bedded maternity box-stall(12ftX12ft) for at least six

days before calving

Dr. Peerzada Ishtiyak AhmadAssistant Professor

Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST Kashmir

Email: [email protected]

ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING OF

GENETIC RESOURCES

12

22

30

31

70

640

0 200 400 600 800

Personal care

Herbal supplements

Agricultural seeds

Food and beverage

Biotechnology

Pharmaceutical

Source: Based on ten Brink, 2017

• Global herbal market is estimated at US$71.19 billion (HexaResearch, 2017) & the demand is likely to increase more than US$5trillion by 2050.

• Similarly, global nutraceutical, cosmoceutical & biopesticidemarket is estimated at US$ 117 billion, 42.4 billion and 1.3 billion respectively (Agarwalet al. 2013).

• Over 9000 plants have known medicinal & commercial applications in various cultures and countries (Fransworth and Soejarto, 2001) and more than 2500 species are traded in international market (SAWTEE, 2005).

• In India, about 1178 medicinal plant species are in trade, out of which 242 species have a demand of more than 100 metric tons/year (NMPB, 2018).

Facts:• Forest crime is estimated to be around $ 30-100 billion annually. (FAO

2018).• 75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost• 75% of the world’s fisheries are fully or over exploited• 1/3rd of reef-building corals around the world are threatened with

extinction• Over 350 million people suffer from severe water scarcity • Loss of species and ecosystem (45-250 species loss per day !)

• 1992 and came into force in 1993 (196 Members as Partners)

• Conservation of biological diversity• Sustainable use of its components • Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising

out of the utilization of genetic resources

•2010 and came into force in 2014•Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing

Aichi Biodiversity Target 16

Target 2.5

Target 15.6

Biological Diversity Act 2002

Biological Diversity Rules 2004Biological Diversity Rules of the States

Guidelines on Access to Biological Resources and Associated Knowledge and Benefits Sharing Regulations, 2014

National Biodiversity Target 9: Access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization as per the Nagoya Protocol are operational, consistent with national legislation.

National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP)

Institutions Established by

National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) Central Govt.

State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) – 29 State Govt.

Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) – 60,000

Elected local bodies

Decentralised system through institutional structures

Key focus of BD Act 2002• To protect sovereign rights over biological resources • To stop misappropriation of biological resources

and associated knowledge (Bio-piracy)• To regulate access & use of Biological resources and

associated knowledge • To ensure sustainable utilisation and equitable

benefit sharing• To provide legal recognition & support to the

Biological resources and associated traditional knowledge

BMCSBB

NBA

Form

No.

Purpose of application By whom

I Access to Biological Resources

and/or Associated Traditional

Knowledge for Research,

Commercial Utilization, Bio-Survey

etc.

Non- Indian, NRI, Foreign entity or

Indian entity having non-Indian

participation in share capital or

management

II Transferring the Results of Research

to Foreign Nationals, Companies,

NRI’s for Commercial Purpose.

Any Indian/non-Indian or entity to

any non-Indian, NRI, foreign entity or

Indian entity having non-Indian

participation in share capital

III

Seeking for Intellectual Property

Right

Any Indian/ Non-Indian or entity

IV Third Party Transfer of Accessed

Biological Resources and Associated

Traditional Knowledge

Any person who obtained approval of

NBA in Forms I, II or III to Indians/

Non-Indians or entities

Access Applications

Benefit sharing component

Annual Gross ex-factory sale of product Benefit sharing component

Up to Rupees 1,00,00,000 0.1 %

Rupees 1,00,00,001 up to 3,00,00,000 0.2 %

Above Rupees 3,00,00,000 0.5 %

If applicant himself commercializethe process/product/innovation

0.2 – 1.0% of Annual Ex-factory gross sale(minus govt. taxes)

If applicant assigns / licenses theprocess / product / innovation to athird party for commercialization

3.0 – 5.0 % of the fee received in anyform. And 2.0 – 5.0 % of Royalty

1. Commercial Utilization:2. Transfer of results of research , the benefit sharing obligati-on is 3.0 to 5.0% of the monetary consideration.

3. Intellectual Property Rights :

Benefit sharing componentAlternative option for commercial utilization:

• Where the trader sells the biological resource purchased by him to another trader or manufacturer,

- if he is a trader – the buyer to pay 1.0 to 3.0% of the purchase price.- if he is a manufacturer – the buyer to pay 3.0 to 5.0% of the purchase price.

• If the buyer submits proof of benefit sharing by the immediate seller in the supplychain, the benefit sharing obligation on the buyer shall be applicable only on that portion of the purchase price for which the benefit has not been shared in the supply chain.

• In cases of biological resources having high economic value such as sandalwood, red sanders, etc. - the benefit sharing may include an upfront payment ofnot less than 5.0%, on the proceeds of the auction or sale amount, as decidedby the NBA or SBB, as the case may be.

• If the sale is through auction, the successful bidder or the purchaser shall pay theamount to the designated fund, before accessing the biological resource.

Exemptions under the Act• Act provides exemption of certain activities from its purview :

– To local people and community for free access to usebioresources within India.

– To growers and cultivators, vaids and hakims (practitioners oftraditional medicinal systems) to use bioresources.

– To biological resources, normally traded as commodities notifiedby the Central Government under section 40 of the Act.

– To collaborative research through government-sponsoredinstitutes subject to conformity with guidelines and approval ofthe Central / State Governments.

– To access value added products.

– For research by Indians in India.

Normally Traded as Commodities (Sec.

40)• Section 40: Pursuant to Central

Government notifying any item including biological resources normally traded as commodities under this section, the same becomes exempted from the purview of the Act

• Such exemption is available only when the notified item is normally traded as commodity. When the same item is used as a resource in a process or for the development of a product, such item is not exempted and shall be treated as a biological resource, the access and obtainment of which is regulated by the provisions of this Act

Functions of BMCSection 41(1):

Every local body shall constitute a BMC

within its area for:

• Promoting conservation

• Sustainable use

• Documenting of biological diversity

(PBRs)

• Advise on any matter referred to it by

the SBB or NBA for granting approval,

to maintain data about the local

vaids and practitioners using the

biological resources

• May Levy charges by way of

collection of fees from any person for

accessing or collecting any biological

resource for commercial purposes

falling within its territorial jurisdiction

Constitution of BMCs (Section 41)

Chairperson (1)

Members (5)

Secretary (1)

Action Plan

• Each BMC shall prepare an

Action Plan, drawing

information validated in the

PBR

• Technical Support Group

(TSG) shall guide in the

preparation of the action

plan

• The Action Plan may include

in addition to conservation

of bio resources;

1. Training needs for the

personnel of the BMC

2. List of potential items for

consideration for

registration as

Geographical Indicators

(GI)

Financial Resources

BMCs fund generation is

through:

1. Receipts (grants & loans) from NBA, SBB and State Govt.,

2. Funds from raising donations,

line departments of Government

of India & State Governments,

Central & State Boards,

institutions and corporate bodies

3.Reciepts from fee, license fee,

levies, royalties and other

receipts

Start up fund may be obtained

from NBA & SBB

• Section 42:

• Grants to LBF from State Government

• Section 43:

• Constitution of LBF where any

institution of self – government is

functioning

• Section 44:

• Use of LBF in the conservation and

promotion of biodiversity in the areas

falling within the jurisdiction of the

concerned local body and benefit of

the community in so far is consistent

with the conservation of biodiversity

Local Biodiversity Fund (LBF)

s.no

Name of the SBB No. of agreement signed/ approval granted

Amount

1. Andhra Pradesh 9 (Red sanders, biotech, etc) 1.14 Crs

2. Telangana 11 (bacterial, fungi) 1.87 lacs

3. Karnataka 96 (Pharma, Nutra, Cosmetcs & ors.)

20.47 lacs

4. Gujarat 61 (Agri., Ayurved., Oil) 88.10 lacs

5. Uttarakhand 21 1.49 crs

6. West Bengal 13 (Ayurvedic & plywood) 30.00 lacs

7. Maharashtra 31 ayurvedic companies registered and paid ABS

7.60

8. Madhya Pradesh 2 0

9. Tripura 09 ( NTFPs, Gandhaki and Bamboo other forest produce)

1.37 crs

ABS from State Biodiversity Boards

Introduction

Alstroemeria “ is commonly known as peruvain lily.Alstroemeria belongs to family Alstroemeraceae . It is animportant cut flower and occupies global position withintop ten cut flowers.

The crop has a premium potential as a cut flowerbecause it needs relatively low temperatures for growthand development .

The crop is gaining popularity in Indian flower marketdue to its long stem flowers , prolonged vase life andvarious colour and shades of petals.

CultivarsThe important cultivars as per their flower colour are .

Red:- Carmen, King, red Sunset , cardinal

Pink :- Capitol , Fiona, Olympic ,Rito, Trident.

White:- Amanda, Monalisa, White Wings

Yellow:- Canaria, Eleaner, Friendship,Orchid.

Lavender:- Barbara, Butterfly, Jupiter.

Bronze:- Butterscotch .

Orange:- Harlequin, Sunrise.

Cultivars of alstroemeria

Alestomeria hybrid AlestomeriaCultivar

Appearance of First cymes in Alestroemeria

Propagation

The most common method of propagation for cutflower production is by rhizome division . Formultiplication of rhizomes of Alstroemeria ,growing media consisting of cocopeat + peat (1:1V/V) and sand+ Soil+ FYM (1:1:1 V/V) were bestfor propagation . Micropropagation is also asuccessful method for mass multiplication.

Planting of Rhizomes

Rhizomes of Alstroemeria are divided and uniform and healthy rhizomes are selected. Single Rhizome plantation is done and six rhizomes per bed of 1m2 at a spacing of 30x45cm are planted.

Alstroemeria crop in full bloom under polyhouseconditions

Climate

Temperature:-

For better plant growth and quality flowerproduction , the optimum day and nighttemperature during growth period should bemaintained between 18-22C” and 12-16C” respectively.

Light:-

Light hastens flower production. In general about13 hours of photo period is required for flowerinitiation.

Cultural Operations

Irrigation:- Alstroemeria are grown under slightly dry conditions.Water should be applied through drip irrigation. Excess watercauses Root rot .Optimum humidity about 80-85 percent should bemaintained.

Soil:- Alstroemeria Rhizomes should be planted in loose, welldrained medium which should be sterilized to prevent soil bornediseases. Chemically the growing medium Is sterilized using formalinin the ratio of 1:7(formalin :Water).

Weeding & Hoeing:- Fortnightly weeding & hoeing is necessary toget better quality & stout crop.

Staking:- Three to four layers of supports are required for stakingthe Plants.

Mulching:- Mulching with polythene sheet or dry grass has beenfound beneficial as in winter it increases soil temperature and insummer it reduces soil temperature. It also reduces population ofweeds.

Harvesting

The flowers (cymes) are harvested when color appears onfist flower or when four to five flowers are open in thecluster. To overcome the problems of poor flower openingand leaf yellowing the flowers (Cymes) are not harvestedtoo prematurely.

Harvesting Stage in Alestoemeria

Post Harvest life analysis of Alstroemeria

Relative Economies

The relative economics is calculated by takingrental value of land, cost of cultivation and costof fertilizers as total expenditure subtractedfrom total income which In turn gives net incomeand latter on calculated as benefit cost ratio fordifferent treatment combinations.

Diseases

Botrytis (Botrytist cinerea) .The symptoms includeblight, leaf spots, tuber rot and finally damping off of theyoung seedlings. It prevails during high humidity .It can becontrolled by following cultural practices such asrestricted watering, improved ventilation , preventcondensation of water drops on flowers.

Pythium (pythium SPP) It effects juvenile tissues andcauses rotting . It is managed by sterilizing the growingmedia and drenching with copper fungicides.

Rhizoctonia (R.Solanii) .It also attacks small as well asmature plants and causes rooting of roots. It is managedby drenching with carbendazin @0.1% or thiram @0.2%.

Insects:- Aphids , white files and spider mites are themajor pests in Alstroemeria . Aphid and white files can becontrolled by spraying Rogor or metasystox@2ml/Lit .Formite control metacid @0.1% or Dicofol @2.1% should besprayed.

Disorders:- Flower abortion or blasting may occur due tolow light or when roots are damaged by excessive salts orover watering . Therefore, precautionary measures shouldbe taken to control the disorder.

.

MAJOR FLOWERS AUCTION CENTRES AROUND THE WORLD TOP TEN COUNTRIES IN FLOWER

PRODUCTION

Rank Country Rank Country

First Flora Holland, Netherlands First Netherland

Second Ota Floriculture Auction Co. Ltd., Japan Second USA

Third Landgrad, Germany Third Brazil

Fourth Veilling Holambra, Brazil Fourth Sweden

Fifth International Flower Auction Bangalore, (IFAB)Ltd., Bangalore Fifth Denmark

six MB Flores,Belgium six Malaysia

Seven Taipei Flowers Auction Co. Ltd. Taiwan Seven India

Eight Ontario Flower Growers Co-operative, Canada Eight Switzerland

Nine FloraMax Flower Auctions, New Zealand Nine Cambodia

Ten FloraBella, Italy Ten Australia

eleven Dubai Flower Centre, UAE eleven UAE

Showing major flower auction centers and major flower producing countries in world

Country 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Thailand 113 218 382 456

Netherland 302 332 371 329

China, people’s Rupublic 63 93 82 100

Italy 11 18 32 55

United Arab Emirates 45 39 31 13

United States of America 13 17 30 22

Spain 9.7 12 29 22

United Kingdom 20 19 28 16

Israel 19 29 20 19

South Africa 2 4.7 17 5

Others 87 75 100 96

Total 686 857 1122 1134

(Value in Million Rs)

Import of Flowers (to India)

EXPORT OF Flowers (India)-2016-17S.No. Country Qty

(in MT)

Value

(Million)

1 USA 3765 992

2 UK 2473 688

3 Germany 2444 625

4 Netherland 1811 580

5 U Arab Emts 1441 345

6 Canada 749 179

7 Singapore 1314 161

8 Italy 555 161

9 Japan 366 148

10 Australia 285 138

11 China P Rp 495 127

12 Malaysia 508 118

13 Poland 329 90

14 Saudi Arab 529 75

15 Spain 186 66

Total 17,250 4.493

THANKS

Dr. Parmeet SinghSenior Scientist and Head

KVK Shopian, Directorate of ExtensionSKUAST-K

Weed Concept Scenario andManagement Prospects indifferent ecosystems

Flow of Presentation:

➢Weeds, Why Weeds and Brief History

➢Statistic of Herbicide Usage, Losses etc

➢Available Options of Management

➢Points to be considered before management

➢Some Weed Glimpses

➢Herbicide Usage Concerns and Remedies

➢Advances in weed Sciences

➢Research on Bioherbcides

Weed is anUnwanted plant ?Undesirable Plants?Obnoxious Plants?

“A weed is a plant growing where it is not desired.”

JETHRO TULL IS FATHER OF WEED SCIENCE

Weeds CompeteWith the crop for:

Essential growth materials

Water, Nutrients, Light, Space

Source for other problems

Insects, disease, nematodes

Removal/ Labour drudgery

Wasted human capital

Brief HistoryJethro Tull : Horse Hoeing Husbandry

Edward H. Faulkner : Plow mans’s Folly

Masanobu Fakuoka : One Straw Revolution

Dravid R. Montgomery : Dirt- Erosion of Civilization

Crop losses-Pests

37%

12%

29%

22%

Insects

Rodents ,storage pest& Others

Weeds

On an average 20% of the crop yield is lost due to pests

Diseases

(Annual monetary loss: Rs.107,000 Crores)

Source:Working Subgroup on Plant Protection, Planning Commission, 2018) NCIP

M

Insecticide29%

Herbicide47%

fungicide 6%

Other pesticide

18%

De et. al., 2014

Worldwide Consumption of Pesticides

Consumption of Pesticides in India

Insecticide

51%

Fungicide

20%

Herbicide

23%

Other6%

Punjab11%

Haryana5%

WB5%

Maharashtra11%

MP and CG8%

UP15%

AP24%

Other21%

State wise Distribution of

herbicides

DWSR, 2014 and Agarwal, 2014

ref.pptx

Major problem weeds in Indian agriculture

Crop lands: Phalaris, Echinochloa, wild rice, Ageratum, Cyperus, Cynodon, Parthenium

Non-crop lands: Parthenium, Lantana, Mikaina, Mimosa, Ageratum, Saccharum, paragrass

Water bodies: Water hyacinth, Salvinia, Hydrilla, Alternanthera

Parasitic weeds: Orobanche, Striga, Cuscuta, Dendropthoe

Preventive

Mechanical

Cultural

Manual

BiologicalChemical

Bio-technological

WEED CONTROL METHODS

PREVENTIVE METHOD

➢ Use weed-free crop seed➢ Use well decomposed manure

➢ Clean machinery/implements➢ Inspect nursery stock/transplants

➢ Remove weeds near irrigation ditches, fence rows, rights-of-way etc.

➢ Prevent reproduction of weeds

➢ Use screens to filter irrigation water➢ Restrict livestock movement

CULTURAL METHODS

❖ Crop rotation

❖ Stale seed bed

❖ Crop competition

❖ Selection of crop cultivars

❖ Optimum planting date

❖ Optimum planting geometry

❖ Selective stimulation of crop

❖ Use of ‘live mulches’ or smother crops

❖ Intercropping

Physical

Chemical

➢Handweeding➢Implements➢Mechinical weeders, dredgers cutters etc

➢Fumigants➢Sensitizers➢Herbicides➢Pre, Post, Preplants, Selective, Non Selective

Ecological consideration in Weed Management.

Understand how weeds invade .

How weeds continue to exist inspite of good control measures..

How the ecosystem functions.

Introduce system approach in IWM

Important Points for any management practice

➢Identification

➢Biology, Morphology and

Phenology

➢Mode of Action of Herbicide

➢Selectivity of Herbicide

KASHIR NAME Abij

ENGLISHNAME

SORREL

SCIENTIFICNAME

Rumex spp

KASHIR NAME Hoon wushak

ENGLISHNAME

Wild oat

SCIENTIFICNAME

KASHIR NAME Chai gass

ENGLISH NAME Common sand jhons wort

SCIENTIFIC NAME Hypericum perforatum

KASHIR NAME NAGAM NOUR

ENGLISHNAME

SCIENTIFICNAME

Stellaria Media

shahteer Fumaria vailantii

Chiram Renunculis

arvensis

Herbicide usage concerns

➢ Health Concern

➢ Shift in weed Flora

➢ Herbicide resistance

➢ Environmental Concern

To overcome the problem,

➢ Environmentally safe

➢ Targets specific

➢ Economical

➢ Having new modes of action

➢ Effective in low concentrations

Products of plant origin is an ongoing process.

Dynamics of the Soil Seedbank

Reducing seed inputs by preventing flowering and seed production

Advances In weed Management in Crops and Cropping system

➢ Weed Mapping- US and Isreal

➢ Remote Sensing

➢ Geographic Information Sytem

➢ Simulation Modelling- Australia and Germany

➢ Encapsulated bioherbicides- US

➢ Participatory Weed Research- US and EU

➢ Herbicide Tolerant Crops- US

Plant Based ingredients used

➢ Neem Cake

➢ Dry leaves

➢ Rice and Wheat straw water

➢ Mustard Straw water

➢ Essential Oils

➢ Non edible Oil cakes

Research Glimpses

Essential Oil Encapsulation or entrapment is the solution

OBJECTIVES

➢ Preparation of stable formulation ofEssential Oils extracted from C. viminalisby (encapsulation of EOs) using naturalpolymers (Gums and Malto-dextrins).

➢ Exploration of herbicidal potential ofabove formulations against selectedweeds.

Why Callistemon viminalis ?

1. High presence of volatiles in leaves of C. viminalis.

2. Availability of large Biomass with allelopathic

effect.

3. Plant-produced phytotoxinleptospermone are derived

from Callistemon sp. used in commercial herbicide.

4. Antimicrobial properties of oil and

defence against microbial attack on the plant.

1&2 Anonymous (1992), 3.Bhowmik et al., 2003, 4. Oyedeji et al., (2009)

c.v.pptx

S.No RT Name of the compound KI %Young Type

1 6.83 α-Pinene 1014 23.63 MH

2 7.079 α-Thujene 1020 0.99 MH3 10.065 β-Pinene 1098 0.63 MH4 12.77 α-Phellandrene 1155 3.29 MH5 13.027 β.-Myrcene 1173 0.47 MH6 14.35 (-)-Limonene 1191 5.97 MH7 14.686 Eucalyptol (1-8 cineol) 1198 45.54 OM

8 16.67 γ-Terpinene 1240 0.48 MH9 17.91 o-Cymene 1266 1.78 MH

10 18.46 UN 1274 0.57 OM11 30.9 β-Linalool 1551 -- OM12 32.285 2-Norbornanol 1583 -- OM13 32.521 (-)-Terpinen-4-ol 1588 0.58 OM14 33.015 Caryophyllene 1600 0.45 SH15 35.155 L pinocarveol 1653 -- OM

16 35.872 UN 1662 0.69 OMMH: Monoterpenes Hydrocarbon, OM: Oxygenated monoterpenes SH:

Sesquiterpenes Hydrocarbons OS: Sesquiterpenes Oxygenated

List of Compounds identified in the C.viminalis Essential Oils

• β cyclodextrin• GumArabic and Maltodextrin mixture

✓Biodegradable

✓Cheap

✓Emulsifying properties and semi permeable innature (Turchiuli et al., 2005).

✓Cyclodextrins and Maltodextrins also establishedpolar interactions by formation of hydrogen bondbetween the hydroxyl groups of starch and essentialoils (Fernandes et al., 2014).

Selection of Polymer

What Encapsulation do:-Suppress Volatility

Transformation into powdered

form

Increased water

solubility

Increase physical

and chemical stability

Sustain release of essential

oils Essential oil encapsulation/entrapment

Preparation of EOs encapsulates

Gum Arabic and Maltodextrins mixture by spray drying (Carneiro et al., 2013).

Preparation of emulsions of GA and MD in DW (1:1)

Drop wise addition of EO in closed system

homogenization

Spray Drying

Powdered formulation of GAMD and EOs

Gum Arabic and Maltodextrins

Powdered form polymer basedbioherbicide formulation inprepared Ultimately

1. Extraction of Essential oils from C. viminalis

Encapsulation efficiency and Physico-chemical characterization of EOs Encapsulates

1. The prepared encapsulates of the C. viminalis EOs wereanalyzed in terms of their➢ Percentage yield➢ Percentage encapsulation efficiency

2. The physico-chemical characterization of preparedencapsulates was in terms of their➢ Particle size (Particle Size Analyzer)➢ Morphology (SEM Analysis)➢ Thermal stability (TGA)➢ GC-MS study of the n-hexane extracts of

encapsulates

Experimental setup for the phytotoxicity analysis of EOs encapsulates of GAMD against E. crus-galli L and P.minor and crop seeds

Table 1. Effect of different treatments on shoot length, root length and fresh weight of test weeds.

Treatments quantity Echinochloa cruss galli Phalaris minor

Shootlength(cm)

RootLength

(cm)

FreshWeight

(μg)

Shootlength

(cm)

RootLength

(Cm)

FreshWeight

(μg)

Absolute Control -- 4 a 3 a 5 a 3 a 2.5 a 3 a

Essential Oil 20 μg /cm2 4 a 3.2 a 4.5 a 2.8 a 2.4 a 3 a

GAMD 100 μg

/cm23.5 a 3.1 a 4.5 a 2.8 a 2.5 a 3.2 a

GAMD –Eo Encapsulate(4%) as basal

100 μg

/cm22 d 1.5 d 2.8 d 1.5 d 1.2 d 2.1 d


100 μg

/cm21.2 e 1.1 e 1.4 e 1.2 e 1.0 e 1.2 e

GAMD –Eo Encapsulate(4%) at 4 DAS

100 μg

/cm22.8 c 1.8 c 3.1 c 2.0 c 1.5 c 2.5 c


100 μg

/cm22.0 c 1.6 c 3.2 c 2.9 c 1.8 c 2.2 c

Table 2. Effect of different treatments on shoot length, root length and fresh weight of test cropseeds.

Treatments quantity Rice Wheat

Shootlength(cm)

RootLength

(cm)

FreshWeight

(μg)

Shootlength

(cm)

RootLength

(Cm)

FreshWeight

(μg)

Absolute Control -- 3.2 a 3.1 a 4.5 a 3.5 a 2.5 a 3 a

Essential Oil 20 μg /cm2 3.2 a 3.2 a 4.5 a 3.8 a 2.4 a 3 a

GAMD 100 μg

/cm23.5 a 3.1 a 4.5 a 3.8 a 2.5 a 3.2 a


100 μg

/cm23.5a 3.5a 4.3a 3.5 a 2.4 d 3.1 a


100 μg

/cm23.2 a 3.6a 4.4 a 3.2 b 2.0 b 3.2 e


100 μg

/cm23.5 a 3.2 a 4.1 a 2.9c 2.5b 3.3 a


100 μg

/cm23.3 a 3.5a 4.2a 2.0 d 1.8 d 3.2a

Table 3. Effect of different treatments on APX and GPX antioxidant enzymes

Treatment

Treatment details APX (U min-1g-1 FW ±SE)

GPX (U min-1g-1 FW ±SE)

Ech. Cruss-galli

Ph. minor Ech. Cruss-galli

Ph. minor

T1 : Absolute Control 3.8 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 0.1 14.3 ± 0.2 5.2 ± 0.1T2 : Essential Oil 3.9 ± 0.2 1.5 ±0.1 14.8 ± 0.1 5.2 ± 0.1T3 : GAMD 3.8 ± 0.2 1.7 ±0.1 16.6 ± 0.3 5.8 ± 0.2T4 : GAMD –Eo Encapsulate

(4%) as basal6.1 ±0.2 3.3 ± 0.2 35.8 ± 0.2 22.3 ± 0.1

T5 : GAMD –Eo Encapsulate(8%) as basal

6.6 ± 0.2 3.6 ± 0.2 42.3 ± 0.2 28.8 ± 0.1

T6 : GAMD –Eo Encapsulate(4%) at 4 DAS

4.5 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.1 28.3 ± 0.1 18.5 ± 0.2

T7 : GAMD –Eo Encapsulate(8%) at 4 DAS

5.1 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 0.2 30.2 ± 0.1 19.6 ± 0.1

Summry and Conclusion:

➢ Ecology, Biology and Phenology are priority before management

➢ Threshhold limts species wise is should also refine management practices

➢ 4 Rs should be followed

➢ Allelopathic properties should be exploited formaking bioherbicides in the form of encapsulates.

➢ Integrated management practice is always best to maintain sustainability

Thank You

Dairy & Dairy Cattle And Schemes

Introduction

DR IMTIYAZ RESHIPh.D Medicine

Vety Assistant Surgeon Department Of Animal Husbandry

Dairy Cattle

Breeds

Holstein

Dominate the industry

⚫ +90% of the dairy cattle in the US

Officially known as Holstein-Fresians

From Netherlands and Northern Germany

Typically black and white in color

Total milk solids % are lower

Solids refer to milk fat solids found in milk. These are used to determine quality and use of the milk produced by that breed of cattle

Holstein

Jersey

2nd in popularity

Developed on the island of Jersey, off the coast of France

Coat color ranges from light tan to almost black

Ability to efficiently convert feed to milk

Lower body maintenance needs

Amount of milk produced per cow is lower

Total solids %- highest of all breeds

Jersey

Brown Swiss

3rd most popular

Originated Switzerland

Normally brown to gray

Similar to Holsteins in size

Known for ability to produce milk in hot climates

2nd in milk production

Total solids % in middle of all breeds

Brown Swiss

Ayrshire

Red and white

Milk production midrange of all breeds

Total solids % low

Originated Ayr district of Scotland

Ayrshire

Guernsey

Developed Island of Guernsey (coast of France)

Medium sized red and white breed

Golden Guernsey milk lower in total solids then Jersey milk

Deep yellow/golden milk due to beta carotene (precursor to vitamin A)

Guernsey

Dairy Cattle Industry Most difficult to manage

High producing dairy cows bred to give large amounts of milk that can overwhelm the animal without proper management

Value of dairy products exceeded $37 billion nationally

Most labor intensive

⚫ Milking 2-3 times a day, 7 days a week

Dairy Cattle IndustryRank in Production- top 5

⚫California

⚫Wisconsin

⚫New York

⚫Pennsylvania

⚫Idaho

Dairy sector is concerned with milk and milk products.

Initially a shy sector

Pasteurisation technique and refrigeration facility helped this sector to grow big.

The growth of dairy sector in India

Initially a rural cottage industry.

-----Here production area was very near to the consumption area.

Then semi-commercial dairying started when military dairy farms and co-operative milk unions were established.

-----This allowed delivering milk over regular routes in the cities.

Present status of dairy development

Primary catalyst –NDDB and its cooperative model.

NDDB had implemented ‘operation food’ programme in 1970.

The programme was implemented in different stages.

Result of initial implementation of this programme is large dairy infrastructure.

Flaws of O.F project of NDDB

The OF project focused mainly on most potential milk producing areas.*

Did not address the needs of many other areas of dairy sector.*

Modifications on O.F project

Focus on areas where O.F project was not focused yet.

Integrated and broad strategy to develop dairy sector addressing maximum possible areas in concern.

Strengthening cooperatives on Anand milk cooperative model.

Anand model of milk cooperative

Primary cooperatives are federated into district cooperative milk unions.

District cooperative milk unions further joined to form state cooperative dairy federations.

These cooperatives form part of the National Milk Grid

Current scenario

India is the largest producer of milk in the world (87 million tons)

Near self sufficiency in milk and milk products

Marginal and small households will continue to be the major producer of milk in future

Current growth rates of 4-5% in milk production per annum

Current scenario

Sustained rise in per capita income and urbanization are fuelling rapid growth in demand for milk.

The per capita availability of milk is 226 grams per day.

The world average of 285 grams per day

The minimum nutritional requirement is 280 grams per day as per Indian Council of Medical Research.

Management

Management Sections

Housing

Milking

Nutrition

Breeding

Newborn and Young Calves Housing Individual stalls, inside or outside

⚫ Better ventilation outside

Less respiratory disease

At 8 weeks, heifers normally grouped with other heifers of similar age

Separate heifer growing barn

Open front sheds are also popular

Traditional Housing: One year +

⚫ Tie-stall barns- tied to individual stalls during milking and the rest of the day released into pasture at night in summer

⚫ Free-stall housing- allow cows to enter and leave as they wish. Feed bunk at center. Milked in tie-stalls or a milking parlour

Traditional Milking

⚫ Parlour System- cows come to the milker.

⚫ Group enters at a time- udders at chest level for milker in a pit. All cows washed and milked at same time. Increase # of cows a person can milk per hour

⚫ Robotic Milking system- reduce milking labor requirements. Allow cows access 24 hours a day. Sensors

Robotic Milker “anatomy”

Calf Care/Nutrition

⚫ Starts within 24 hours of birth

Colostrum- first milk

⚫ Calves are weaned immediately after receiving colostrum

⚫ Cows returned to the milking herd after parturition

⚫ Parturition- giving birth in cows

⚫ Replace milk with water gradually

⚫ 12 weeks to 1 year- fed a grain mix

Heifer Nutrition

⚫ Heifer: Female who has not given birth yet (1 to 2 years old)⚫ After breeding, heifers fed free-choice, high-quality forage

Grain mix may be added to ensure proper development and provide minerals and vitamins since farmer is “hoping” heifer is preg

High protein food allows for cow to “carry” her calf nutritionally

Lactating Dairy Cows⚫ Lactating: producing milk

⚫ Lactating cows require high quality food to sustain good milk production

⚫ Normally lasts about 10 months

⚫ Nutritional needs dependent on body size and milk production

⚫ Cows are “dry” (milking stopped) about 60 days before the next expected calf

Dry cow: not producing milk. This is a “rest” period

Dry Dairy Cattle

⚫ Cows are “dry” (milking stopped) about 60 days before the next expected calf

Dry cow: not producing milk. This is a “rest” period

⚫Dry cows fed a diet of forages. Not high quality

⚫Often fed grain to provide vitamins, minerals and salt

Breeding⚫ First to adopt artificial insemination on a large sca

le

⚫ Most dairy cows are a result of artificial insemination

⚫ Artificial insemination (AI)- placing of sperm in the reproductive tract of the female by means other than that of the natural breeding process

⚫ Producers using AI release cows to watch for standing heat at least twice a day

⚫ Standing heat- animal will “stand” and accept being mounted as a sign of being ready to mate

Breeding After Heat is detected:

Animal will be separated and AI-ed with chosen semen⚫ Based on the mother’s cow “defec

ts”, appropriate semen will be chosen from a stockpile/bank to improve the next generation (her calf) Example: Too high in the tail, bull s

emen from a bull with a lower tail head would be used to ensure the calf has a low tail head.

Efforts for genetic upgradation of Milch Animals

• A special Embryo Transfer Technology project is being implemented at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana in collaboration with Animal Husbandry Deptt., Punjab with the financial assistance from Punjab Dairy Dev. Board.

• (With Embryo Transfer Technology, 7 Calves have born, 13 cows are pregnant and 90 embryos are frozen.)

• LNG Containers are supplied on subsidy to the Dairy Entrepreneurship training pass-outs.

• Dairy Training courses are being conducted by Animal Husbandry Deptt.

Govt. of India’s Intervention needed

• Major share of the milk is produced by the landless, marginal farmers and backyard ventures. The institutional finance is not available to this segment for want of land security. A new innovative scheme is needed for their help.

• Silage making and community silage making needs to be promoted in a big way.

• Dairy farm income may be exempted from Income Tax on the pattern of agriculture income.

• Crop loan is available for agriculture bearing 7% rate of interest, whereas there is no such facility in dairy farming although dairy is the most potential alternative to agriculture. This facility may be extended to dairy sector as well.FORTUNATELYRECENTLY :KCC

• Commercial dairy farms need incentive on Fodder harvestor, silage cutter, TMR Wagon, Milking machine, milking parlour etc for the mechanization of dairy operations.

• There is a need for a diversified product portfolio of milk products as most of the milk products being produced are traditional ones. Funds should be made available to the Universities for undertaking research to develop new milk products.

DEDS

DAIRY ENTREUPREUNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT SCHEME.

DR.RAKSHANDA ANAYAT SKUAST (KASHMIR)

TOMATOBotanical name: Solanum lycopersicumFamily: SolanaceaeChromosomal number: 2n=24Origin: Peruvian and Mexican regions.

INTRODUCTION Tomato is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetable in world.

Its many forms are adopted to wide range of soils and climate.

It has many other uses tomato seeds contain 24% of oil is used as salad oil and in the manufacture of margarine.

Green tomatoes are also used for pickles and preserves.

History • In 1828 Britishers introduced tomato to India through Royal

Agri- Horticultural Society, Calcutta and afterwards it spread to other

parts of the country. • In 16th century Italians and Romans started use of tomatoes. • Father of tomato : Dr. C. M. Rick • Linnaeus 1753 placed the tomato under the genus ‘Solanum’ and

gave Solanum Lycopersicon. • In 2005-2006 the scientific name of tomato was changed to

Solanum Lycopersicum

Origin and distribution: • Evidences first tomato cultivation was compiled and evaluated by Jenkins(1948). • First known record of tomato is in the year 1554 in south America. • Cultivated tomato originated from Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Domesticated place of tomato lies in Mexico. • The ancestor of cultivated tomato is cherry type (Lycopersicon esculenta var cerasiformae - cherry tomato). • From Mexico is distributed to Spain, Europe, Britain, France etc.

Common Names • Tomate (Spain, France)

• Tomat (Indonesia)

• Faan ke’e (China)

• Tomati (West Africa)

• Jitomate (Mexico)

• Pomodoro (Italy)

Nutrients in tomatoes • Tomatoes contribute to a healthy ,well balanced diet.

• In tomato total sugar content is 2.5% in ripe fruit and ascorbic

acid varies from 16-65mg/100g of fruit weight, total amino acid is 100-350mg/100g of fruit weight. • Composition of tomato fruit per 100g of edible part • Minerals - 0.6g Nicotinic acid - 0.4g • Vitamin A - 320I.U oxalic acid - 2mg • Vitamin C - 31mg phosphorus - 36mg • Thiamine - 0.07mg Iron - 1.8mg • Riboflavin - 0.01g Calcium - 20mg

Health Benefits Of Tomatoes •Tomato is one of the versatile crop in the world because

of its

fast and wide climatic adaption and it is universally treated as

“protective food”.

Pigmentation in Tomato:• Red color is due to lycopene. • Yellow color is due to carotenoid

antioxidants • Tangerine is due to pro-lycopene.

• At temperature below 100C tomato did not develop red or yellow colour where as at temperature between 10-250C,red and yellow pigments developed and finally red colour was suppresed above 300C. • If the temperature lower than 300C was restored, red colour again developed and at the temperature above 400C,lycopene was destroyed and no red colour development took place.

Area and production: •According to NHB

•The leading states are - AP, KN,MP, Orissa, Gujarat.

Area Production Productivity

WORLD 4.81mha 162mt 33.8t/ha

INDIA 8.80lakh ha 182 lakh t 20.7t/ha

KARNATAKA

0.57lakh ha 19 lakh t 33.2t/ha

Export Demand:

•Pune, Bangalore, Nasik and Amaravati are major exporting

areas.

•The European markets prefers red color, cherry tomato.

•The Gulf markets prefers oval/ round, medium sized

fruits.

Importers: Pakistan, UAE, Bangladesh, Nepal, Oman.

Taxonomy:

•Tomato belongs to family solanaceae and genus lycopersicon.

The genus include 12 species,all native to south america.

•Muller (1940) divide the genus lycopersicon into sub genus

Eulycopersicon (red fruited) and Eriopersicon(green fruited

type).

•Bailey (1949) classified tomato into two species,L.esculentum

and L.pimpinellifolium.with 9 botanical varieties 5 cultivated and 4wild

https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tomatoproductiontechnology-180709162158/95/tomato-production-technology-15-638.jpg?cb=1531153604&imgrefurl=https://www.slideshare.net/AnandaMurthyHC/tomato-production-technology&docid=4zi8uZZw4DAowM&tbnid=30BR6kMWK2jn1M:&vet=10ahUKEwjO8M_N6YDhAhWaYisKHRewA-kQMwhyKCQwJA..i&w=638&h=479&bih=837&biw=1670&q=lycopersicon%20var.grandifolium%20picture&ved=0ahUKEwjO8M_N6YDhAhWaYisKHRewA-kQMwhyKCQwJA&iact=mrc&uact=8

3.L.esculentum. var. cerasiformae 4. L.esculentum. var. validum

5.L.esculentum .var.pimpennelifolium

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https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=https://c8.alamy.com/comp/X4EK9F/garden-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-var-pimpinellifolium-lycopersicon-esculentum-var-pimpinellifolium-lycopersicon-pimpinel-X4EK9F.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/lycopersicon-esculentum-var-pimpinellifolium.html&docid=LFWQ2FQNaNeBVM&tbnid=can6vO25h8fgaM:&vet=10ahUKEwjO45a844DhAhVVXCsKHQR9AkUQMwg-KAAwAA..i&w=1300&h=956&bih=837&biw=1670&q=L.esculentum.%20var.%20commune%20%20%20pictures&ved=0ahUKEwjO45a844DhAhVVXCsKHQR9AkUQMwg-KAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8

WILD TOMATOESFruit of L. cheesmanii (LA0166) [photo H. Teppner]

WILD TOMATOESL. ParviflorumFruit, foliage and flowers

WILD TOMATOES

L. chmielewskii

L. hirsutum

L. pennellii

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

Cultiavted tomato is an annual herb

Roots: Tap root system having depth of

50cm or more.

Stem: Growth habit is erect.Plant height is

2-4 m. The stem is solid, coarse, hairy and

glandular.

Leaf: leaves are compound pinnatifid with

small leaflet. The petiole is long clasping.

The main leaflet is shortly stalked,5 to 7cm

long, ovate to oblong with margin irregularly toothed.

FRUITS

•Fleshy berry, globular to oblate in shape and 2-15 cm in

diameter.

•The immature fruit is green and hairy.

•Ripe fruits range from yellow,orange to red.

•It is usually round, smooth.

FLOWERS:

•flowers are borne in small forked raceme cyme.

•They vary in numbers from 5 to 12 each flower is borne on short

pedicel which is constricted at the middle

•flowers are pendent,perfect,hypogynous.

Seeds:Numerous, kidney or pear shaped. They are hairy, light

brown 3-5mm long and 2-4 mm wide.

ACCORDING TO THE GROWTH HABIT,TOMATO IS

CHARACTERIZED BY TWO TYPES DETERMINATE TYPE

AND INDETERMINATEDeterminate

· Bushy in nature.

· Self- topping occurs.

· Flower cluster occurs at every node.

· Early maturity can be seen.

· Staking is not required.

Indeterminate

· Erect in nature.

· Self- topping does not occurs.

· Flower cluster occurs at every 3rd node.

· Late maturity can be seen.

· Staking is required.

VARIETIES:

Selection of varieties

High yield.

Free from cracking.

Disease resistance.

High percentage of no. of fruits.

Good shelf life & TSS.

IMPROVED VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS

VARIETIES HYBRIDS

Arka Vikas Meghali Arka Ananya

Pusa Ruby Roma Arka Rakshak

Arka Ahuti Sankranthi Arka Samrat

Arka Sourabh Nandi

Arka Ashish Vybhava

Arka Abha

Arka Alok

Arka vikas

Arka shreshta

Selection of tomato varieties have been in plenty suitable almost

all parts of the country. Some of the sought after varieties are

given below.

Sioux- Highyielding dwarf, spreading

Pusa red plum- Table variety, determinate (IARI)

Pusa early dwarf- Suitable for kharif and rabi(IARI)

Co-1- Semi spreading dwar, fruits in cluster (TNAU)

Co-2- Mutant of Co-1.

S-12- High yielding, variety from PAU

PKM-1- Round fruits with green shoulder

Pusa Ruby- Indeterminate, flat fruits (IARI)

Pusa Gaurav- Good for processing (IARI)

Selection of tomato varieties have been in plenty suitable almost

all parts of the country. Some of the sought after varieties are

given below.

Sioux- Highyielding dwarf, spreading

Pusa red plum- Table variety, determinate (IARI)

Pusa early dwarf- Suitable for kharif and rabi(IARI)

Co-1- Semi spreading dwar, fruits in cluster (TNAU)

Co-2- Mutant of Co-1

.

S-12- High yielding, variety from PAU

PKM-1- Round fruits with green shoulder

Pusa Ruby- Indeterminate, flat fruits (IARI)

Pusa Gaurav- Good for processing (IARI)

Paiyur 1- Suitable for rainfed cultutre

Arka Saurabh- Semideterminate, round fruits; good keeping

quality (IIHR)

Arka Vikas- High yielding table variety

Arka Ahuti- Oblong fruits, TSS 5.4% (IIHR)

Arka Ashish- Determinate oval fruits; tolerant to DM (IIHR)

Arka Abha- Determinate; bacterial wilt resistant (IIHR)

Arka Meghali- Rainfed' thick flesh.(IIHR)

Sakthi- Resistant to Bacterial wilt (KAU)

HS 101- Determinate; dwarf spreading, good for winter

season(HAU)

•Hisar Anmol- Tolerant to leaf curl virus, determinate (HAU)

•SL-120- Semideterminate, root-knot nematode tolerant (IARI)

•S-12- Dwarf bushy plants (PAU)

•Pant Bahar- Bushy and much branched (GBPU)

•NDT-1- Indeterminate, large fruits.

•NDT-120- Determinate, good for processing.

•Solan gola- From Himachal (YSPU)

•Pusa Divya- Indeterminate F1 hybrid, profusely branched,

round, yield 35 t/ha.

HS 102- Early variety (HAU)

HS 110- Late, table purpose variety, (HAU)

Hisar Arun- Extremely early, large fruits (HAU)

Hisar Lalima- Determinate, early, ;large fruit

(HAU)

Hisar Lalit- Semi determinate, root-knot

nematode

tolerant(HAU)

Varieties suitable for rainy season:

Pusa Ruby,. Arka vikas, Arka Meghali, Megha

Varieties suitable for processing:

Arka ahuti, Arka Sourabh, Arka Ashish

Varieties resistant to ToLCV:

Nandi, Sankranti, Vaibhav, Arka Rakshak

Varieties resistant to bacterial wilt:

Arka alok, Arka Abha, Arka shresta, Arka abhijith

Variety suitable for nematode resistace:Arka Vardana

varieties resistant to abiotic stresses:

•Pusa Sheetal-low temperature;

•Pusa hybrid 1- High temperature.

•Pusa Sadabahar- high and low

temperature region.

• IAHS BANGALORE RELEASED HYBRIDS

1) Rashmi: Tolerant to fusarium and verticillium wilt.

2) Rupali: For high temperature.

3) IAHS-88.2: Tolerant to fusarium, verticillium and root knot

nematode.

4) Naveen: Fresh market.

5) IAHS-88-3

6) Karnataka

7)Rajani

8) Vaishali

9) Sweet heart

10) Maruraj

11)Gram wonder

• MAHYCO Seeds: MTH 4, Sadabahar, Gulmohar.

• Bejo Sheetal pvt.Ltd- Meenakshi, Talstoi

VARIETIES SUITABLE FOR PROTECTED

CULTIVATION

•All indeterminate varieties are suitable for protected

cultivation:

•Pusa Ruby

•Pusa Sel. 120

•Angurlata

•Pant Bahar

•Pant T-3

•Hissar Lalit

•Arka Abha

•Pusa Divya

CULTIVARS IN SOME COUNTRIES OF THE

WORLD

Prima – Tomato cultivar from Hungary suitable for

High density

planting

Poncu (1987) from Romania suitable for canning

Verlioka reported from Moscow

Red Rose reported from Hongkong : It has excellent

taste and

resisitance to bursting and cracking ie : excellent

transport qualit.

Climate:

• Warm season crop.

• Optimum temperature required for its cultivation is 20°C - 24°C

• Optimum temperature of 15°C -20°C for fruit setting.

• The temperature below 16°C and above 27° C are not

desirable.

• Ideal temperature for development of red and yellow colour is

18°C -25ºC.

Lycopene which is responsible for red colour , is highest at

21°C-24 °C while the production of this pigment drops off

rapidly above 27 °C.

Soil:- It grows well in all kinds of soil. For early crop, a sandy

loam soil is the best,for higher yield heavy soils rich in organic

matter are preferred.The pH should be 6.0 – 7.0.It is moderately

tolerant to acid soil(pH 5.5)

Disinfection of soil

•Control of Phytophthora, Pythium, RKN

•Soil solarization

•Methyl Bromide

•Disinfection of soil

•Control of Phytophthora, Pythium, RKN

•Soil solarization

•Methyl Bromide

•Formalin

Seed rate:

For nursery Raising

OPV :300-400 g/ha.

Hybrids : 125 – 175g

Time of planting:

Tomato can be grown in any season as it is a day

neutral plant. Three crops are taken in areas which are

not affected by frost.

•Kharif crop transplanted in July,

•Rabi in October- November months.

•Seed treatment:Seed is treated with fungicides like

Captan or Cereson or Thiram 2g/kg of seed.

Seasons:

Seed sowing in the plains is done thrice

during the year.

1) For rainy-autumn crop: The seeds are

sown in the monthof June and July.

2) For autumn-winter crop: Seeds are

sown in the month ofSep-Oct.

3) For spring-summer crop: Seeds are

sown in the month ofJan-Feb.

In hills the seeds sowing depend upon

the elevation of the

place.

On lower hills, seeds are sown at Feb-

March while on the

higher hills in the months of March and

April.

LAND PREPARATION AND PLANTING

•FYM @ 25t /ha is applied before

the last ploughing.

•Neem cake @ 100 kg is applied

before last ploughing.

•Raised beds of 120 cm width

NURSERY BED PREPARATION

The land is first ploughed with soil turning plough

followed by 4-5 ploughings with country plough or

harrow.

Leveling should be done after ploughing and bring the

soil into fine tilth and also provide better drainage

facilities

At the time of soil preparation, raising the planting bed

above ground level facilitates drainage during rainy

season.

MULCHING:

•It is used to increase the temperature,

•Suppress weed growth and

•Conserve soil moisture.Thickness of mulch film

(micron) Increase in yield (%)

25 45-50

Organic mulches like straw can reduce the soil

temperature during summer season however,

plastics are used to increase the soil

temperature during winter season for

maintaining the optimum temperature which is

required for good growth,flowering, fruiting and

quality of tomato

QUALITY SEEDLING PRODUCTION

Protected nursery

Nursery area is covered with 50 per cent shade net

The seedlings are raised in protrays with sterilized cocopeat

100 g of hybrid tomato seeds is required to produce seedlings

for 1 ha

25 - 30 days old are ready for transplanting

PLANTING TIME

seedlings are ready for transplanting between 4 – 5weeks after

seeding in nursery beds. seedlings should be hardened before

transplanting. This is done by witholding watering for 4-5 days

so as to reduce available moisture to 20%.

• The transplanting of seedlings are done in January-February

and July-august for taking two crops in a year.

• High hills - March – October.

• Spacing : 60×45 cm mostly under drip irrigation system for

efficient use of water and fertilizers for long duration

cultivation of tomato crop.

• Low pressure drip irrigation system can also be used for green

house tomato cultivation.

DRIP IRRIGATION

Frequent irrigation is essential for plant growth, fruiting and yield.

The crop should be irrigated daily.

However during summer more irrigation is required due to higher

surface evaporation.

Drip system is highly economical and produces quality tomato.

Water saving (%) Increase in yield(%)

42 60

Chemicals Common name Doses(mg/litre) Effective

A. 2,Chloroethyl phosponic

Acid Ethephon 200-500 Flowering induction, better

rooting and setting of plants

B. 2,Chloroethyl cycocel 500-100 Flower bud, stimulate

pigment formation and

increase fruit set

C. 2,4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic

acid

2,4-D 2-5 seed treatment, Increase fruit set,

earliness and

parthenocarpy

D. 3 Indole butyric acid IBA 50-100 Increase fruit set

E. 3 Indole acetic acid IAA Foliage spray Increase fruit size and

yield

F.Naphalene acetic acid NAA Spray oil Higher fruit set, yield

Use of growth regulators and chemicals:

Chemicals Common name Doses(mg/litre) Effective

G. Parachlorophenoxy acetic

Acid PCPA 50mg foliar spray Higher fruit set

under adverse

climatic condition

H. 6-4Hydroxy methyl 8 methyl

gibberline

GA 50-100 foliar spray Elongate shoot

growth and

increase fruit yield

CULTURAL PRACTICES OF TOMATOES

•Weeding

•Staking (30 days after planting.)

•Training

•Desuckering

•De-leafing

•Fruit Pruning

WEED CONTROL

The normal method of weed control is to give two hand hoeing in the

first and third fortnight after transplanting and an earthing up

operation during the seasonal fortnight.

The application of pre emergence herbicides like metribuzin at

0.35kg/ha, fluchloraline 1.25kg/ha controls the weed population

andincreases the yield of tomato.

Recently the use of pendimethalin @1.0kg/ha as pre emergence

application at three days after transplanting was found very effective

insuppressing the weeds.

STAKING

In case of indeterminate varieties, the yield and

quality of fruit is improved by staking the plants with

wooden sticks/polythenethreads. Staking not only

increases the yield and improve its quality but also

reduces the infection by fungal diseases.

TRAINING SYSTEMS:

• Single stem

• Two stem

• Three stem

• Spacing: 60 x 45 cm

PRUNING:

Start pruning 30DAT

Prune the plants to two stems by removing the lateral

suckers

Helps maintain balance between vegetative growth

and fruit production

Perform every 8-10 days

HARVESTING

•Harvesting of tomato fruits is carried out either

at breaker stage or at half red depending

upon the market preference.

•First harvest starts at 60 days after planting.

MATURITY INDICES

1.Immature green stage: Fruits are green but have attained the normal size.

The seeds are not fully developed and not covered with jelly like substances.

The fruits are harvested at this stage when they are to be transported over a

long-long distance.

2. Mature green stage: the fully grown fruits with a brownish ring at stem

scar, removal of calyx, light green colour at blossom end changes to

yellowish green and seeds are surrounded by jelly like substances filling the

seed cavity. Harvested for long distance transportation and ripen after

reaching the market

3. Turning stage (breaker stage): 1/4th of the fruit especially at blossom

end shows pink colour. These fruits are harvested for local market.

4. Pink stage: 3/4th of the surface shows pink colour .

5. Hard ripe stage: Nearly all red or pink with firm flesh

6. Over ripe: Fully coloured and soft. Suitable for processing and ensure

desired quality and red colour in product.

GRADING

Tomato fruits are graded based on

1. Colour

2. Size

3. Degree of ripening/stage of maturity

•Pack the fruits separately according to grade before sending them

to market.

• The Bureau of Indian standards has specified four grades, viz.

super A, super, fancy and commercial.

STORAGE

•The tomato can be stored in low temperature and evaporative cool

storage.

•The best storage temperature is from 12° C to 15° C. When stored

at freezing point, the fruits show low temperature injury.

•Mature green fruits can be kept for as long as 30 days at 10° C to

15° C. ripe tomatoes can be kept for 10 days at 4.5 ° C.

•The recommended relative humidity is 85-90 %per cent.

•Tomato can be stored under normal conditions for 7-10 days.

Storage

YIELD

Generally most of the varieties are ready for first picking in 75-

85 DAT.

Yield

(Tonnes/Ha) Open field Green House

50 150

ORGANIC FARMING; PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

Nutrient Efficiency Cause of low efficiency

Nitrogen 30-50 %Immobilization, volatilization, denitrification, Leaching

Phosphorus 15-20%Fixation in soils Al – P, Fe – P, Ca – P

Potassium 70-80% Fixation in clay - lattices

Sulphur 8-10%Immobilization, Leaching with water

Micro nutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B)

1-2% Fixation in soils

Reasons:

• The loss of N through leaching and volatilization creates pollution and has environmental implications.

• 7 million metric tones of potassium are removed annually from soils with an addition of only 1 millionmetric ton.

• 4.1 million ha of agricultural land is affected by salinity.• Indian soils are having a net negative balance of about 8-10 million tones of NPK.

Major Concerns In Agriculture

Declining nutrient use efficiency

Major Concerns In Indian Agriculture

Declining nutrient use efficiency

Emerging multi-nutrient deficiencies

Depleting soil organic matter

Imbalance in fertilizer use

Declining crop response ratio

Negative soil nutrient balance

Major Concerns In Indian Agriculture

13.4

11

8.27

5.84.9

4.1 3.7

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Respo

nse ra

tio (k

g gra

in/kg

NPK

)

Reasons:

• Inadequate and imbalanced fertiliser use

• Increasing multi-nutrient deficiency

• Lack of farmers awareness about balanced plant nutrition

• Poor crop management (Excess fertiliser dose not be the substitute of poor management)

Declining Fertilizer Response - Irrigated Areas

Mining of Indian Soils – Serious Threat

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Added Removed Deficit

Industrial Agriculture is inefficient and wasteful because it consumes and destroys more resources than it produces

Mill

ion

tonn

es p

er y

ear

Emerging Nutrient Deficiencies

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2025

Fo

od

gra

in p

rod

uct

ion

Elements deficient Foodgrain production (Mt)

NFeN

KPZnFeN

MnSKPZnFeN

BMnSKPZnFeN

BMnSKPZnFeN

MoBMnSKPZnFeN

?MoBMnSKPZnFeN

Dying Indian Soils

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1960 1970 1980 1980 1990 2000 2005

•%

of

Org

anic

C

Year

68%

24%

8%

Low

Medium

High AP

60%

24%

16%

Low

Medium

HighPunjab

61%

27%

12%

Low

Medium

HighMP

50%

38%

12%

Low

Medium

High Maha74%

18%

8%

Low

Medium

High West Bengal

73%

24%

3%

Low

Medium

High Karnataka

55%

24%

21%

Low

Med…

High UP

52%

25%

23%

Low

Me…

High

Bihar

Soil Organic Carbon Map

67%

25%

9%

• Organic carbon status in all the major states is low

• West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka are the major states where organic carbon is low

Over All India Organic Carbon

Status

67% of Indian Soil is having lower organic

Carbon

Deteriorating balance in NPK

Deteriorating balance in NPKThe N-P-K ratio worsened acutely in certain states

NPK Ratios across states in India for 2013

EAST SOUTH

Bihar 12.3 : 3.6 : 1 Andhra Pradesh 7.1 : 2.8 : 1

Orissa 6.2 : 2.4 : 1 Karnataka 3.6 : 1.6 : 1

West Bengal 2.9 : 1.6 : 1 Tamil Nadu 3.9 : 1.5 : 1

NORTH WEST

Haryana 61.4 : 18.7 : 1 Gujarat 13.2 : 3.4 : 1

Punjab 61.7 : 19.2 : 1 Maharashtra 3.5 : 1.8 : 1

Uttar Pradesh 25.2 : 8.8 : 1 Rajasthan 44.9 : 16.5 : 1

Jammu and Kashmir 3.7:2:1

GAINS FROM TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVANTIONS

Boosted production

Fast acting pesticides.

High analysis chemical fertilizers.

High yielding fertilizer responsive varieties.

Impacts of technologicalinterventions:

1..Soil fatigue due tointensive cultivation

Pest becoming tolerant to pesticides.4

➢ Deficiency in secondary and micronutrients.6.

Presence of pesticide residue in food material and milk sample.

8.

Stagnation of HYV yield.2.

Decrease in input use efficiency.3

Serious imbalance in nutrient status.

➢ Nitrate contamination in ground water.7.

5

Next option…?

Concept of Organic Farming

Avoid usageof Synthetic

chemicalinputs

Natural and farm

resources

Environment & local farming system

Organic Farming

Biological diversity

Nutrient rich yield

InputsPest control

Organic Farming:

It promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soilbiological activity.

Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system.

It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on managementpractices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony.

Objectives of Organic farming

• To develop a sustainable agriculture system• To develop self-sufficient agriculture system• To work within natural system and cycles.• To encourage and enhance biological cycles

➢The principle of health➢ The principle of ecology➢ The principle of fairness➢ The principle of care

Principles of OF

Why to go for Organic Farming

• Improves soil structure• Low input cost• Natural controls of pests and diseases• Reduction of toxic substances in the environment• Reduction of farm waste• Assisting fight against climate change

• Prevents the soil erosion• Premium quality product• Pollution free approach• Making available all the essential nutrients.

• About one million people suffer from pesticides poisoning.

• 20000 die every year due to the toxic effect of the chemicals used in agriculture.

• The crop loss due to pest is still very large.

Factors of Production

Factor Conventional Organic

seed GMOs, treated Organic source, no GMOs, no chemical treatment

Fertility Chemically-based, high energy input, hazardous, polluting

Manure, compost, green manures,biofertilizers, approved products

Pest management Chemically-based, high energy input, hazardous

Rotations, ecosystem diversity, approved products

Moisture Rain, irrigation, down-stream impacts

Rain, irrigation,in situ moisture conservation

Labor Minimized by inputs Heavy requirements

How to initiate?

• Organic farming may be practiced in crops, commodities and regions where the state has comparative monopoly / advantage.

• For beginners organic farming should be for low volume and high value crops.

World: Growth of the organic farmland and

organic share 1999-2015

Source: FiBL‐IFOAM‐SOEL‐Surveys 1999‐2017

World: Growth of organic agricultural land by

region 2015

Source: FiBL‐IFOAM‐SOEL‐Surveys 1999‐2017

Land area of major countries under organic farming

(IFOAM,2016)

CountryArea under organic

agriculture (ha)Percentage of total agricultural land

Number of organic farms

Australia 17,150,000 3.8 1550

China 1,925,000 0.4 1600

Argentina 30,61,965 1.8 1486

USA 21,78,471 0.5 8493

Italy 1,387,913 9.0 45,115

Brazil 7,05,233 0.3 15,000

Germany 1,047,633 4.8 17,557

UK 5,21,475 3.8 4485

Canada 9,03,948 0.9 3571

France 1,118,845 2.0 11,640

India 7,20000 0.32 44,926

World: The ten countries with the largest numbers of

organic producers 2015

Source: FiBL survey 2017

Organic by continent: Asia

Source: FiBL‐IFOAM‐SOEL 2002‐2017

• Asia is a major exporter oforganic products, but thedomestic market is growingstrongly

• China is the largest marketin the region

• Very dynamic developmentin many countries

• Government support(including for PGS) in manycountries

• Sikkim is the first organicstate

World2.4 Mio

producers35%

in Asia

+1’000

%since 1999

WORLD: ORGANIC PRODUCERS 2015

The country with the most organic producers is India, followed by Ethiopia and Mexico.

The five countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2015

More than 84% of the producers are in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

There has been an increase in the number of producers by morethan 160’000, or over

21% since 2014.

Distribution of organic producersby region 2015

Development of the number of organic producers 1999‐2015

Source: FiBL survey 2017 www.organic‐world.net

Total area under organic certification process (India)

S.No. States Total area in ha Total

Organic In-conversion

1 Delhi 77.3 190.4 267.7

2 Goa 5947.1 1443.67 7390.77

3 Haryana 3585.16 5387.59 8972.75

4 Himachal Pradesh 437.09 139.01 576.1

5 J&K 430.63 182.44 613.07

6 Karnatka 16099.06 35369.398 51468.458

7 Maharashtra 105172.62 45295.12 150467.74

8 Mizoram 18002.27 9857.55 27859.82

9 Punjab 379.84 4883.77 5263.61

10 Utrakhand 16158.86 14906.75 31065.61

WORK DONE IN SKUAST KASHMIR ON ORGANIC

FARMING

➢ Establishment of an Organic Farming Research Centre

➢ Establishment of organic input production units

Organic Nutrient inputs:

• Nitrogen fixers.• Phosphate solubilizers.• Plant growth promoters.• Zinc solubilizers.• Iron solubilizers.• Potassium solubilizers.• Nutrient mobilizers (VAM)• Vermicompost• Enriched Composts• EM• Green manures• Blue green algae• Biodynamic formulations• Soil conditioners

BIOFERTILIZERS

• Preparations containing live cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms

• It involves inoculation of beneficial microorganisms that help nutrient acquisition by plants through fixation of nitrogen, solubilization and mobilization of other nutrients.

• Help crop plants in the uptake of major nutrients by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil

Biofertilizers

N fixing P, K, Zinc Solubilizing /

Mobilizing

AzospirillumAzotobacter

AzollaCyanobacteria

(BGA)

P solubilizingBacillus polymyxa

Frateuria sp.Pseudomonas striata

Aspergillus spPenicillium sp.

Trichoderma sp.

P mobilizing VA-Mycorrhizae

GlomusGigaspora

AcaulosporaScutellospora

etc

Plant Growth Promoting

Pseudomonads sp.Bacillus sp

Importance of biofertilizers

Important components of organic farming and sustainableagriculture.

Atmospheric nitrogen fixation, solubilising , mobilizing nutrients insoil

Stimulating plant growth through synthesis of growth promotingsubstances

Cost effective

Eco-friendly

Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria

❑ SPECIAL FEATURES

✓ Increases the availability of phosphorus by 45 to 60 %.

✓ Improves crop growth by secretion of growth regulators.

(Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria)

❑ SPECIAL FEATURES

✓ Zinc solubilising bacteria are potential alternate for zinc supplement.✓ Zinc solubilizing bacteria solubilize insoluble zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc

carbonate (ZnCO3),zinc sulphite (ZnS), zinc phosphate{ Zn3(PO4)2} and Zinc metal.

✓ These increase the solubility of insoluble zinc sources from about 40 to 80 %.

✓ These play essential role in improving the zinc nutrition of plants.

Methods of Application and Doses

300ml/acre (Mix the seed needed for one acre with biofertilizer and dry for 20 minutes under

shade before sowing)

1000ml/acre (Dip the seedling required for one acre of land in biofertilizer for 20 minutes before

transplanting)

1 litre/acre (Mix PSB with 10 kgs fine FYM or Vermicompost or soil then mix in the field

before sowing or transplantation)

Mix 1 litre with 10 kgs of fine FYM or Vermicompost or soil, out of this apply 100 to

200 grams /tree in root zone.

All horticultural and agricultural crops

Seedling root dipping:

Main field application

Tree

Suitable for crops:

Seed treatment:

Nitrogen fixers

N fixers

Free Living Symbiotic Associative Symbionts/

Endophytes

AzotobacterClostridiumKlebsiella

Cyanobacteria

Rhizobium –PulseAzolla –Anabaena

Frankia – Casuarina(Actinorhizal)

AzospirillumGluconacetobacter

diazotrophicus

RHIZOBIUM

✓ Gram negative

✓ Rod shape

✓ α-proteobacteria.

✓ Possess hydroxyl butyrate granules as

stored food.

✓ They are motile when young, forms nodule

on legume roots on symbiotic relationship.

✓ Secretes extra cellular polysaccharides.

✓ Survive at low temperatures and tolerate

upto 50 o C.

✓ Survive in saline soils

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Image:Beans2.jpg

Nodule formation

Nodulation - Formation of nodules in theroots of leguminous plants

✓ Plant releases some substances into theroot region

✓ Substances are stimulatory to nodule

bacteria✓ Substances may be growth factors or

energy substances✓ initiation of infection

✓Initial contact between bacteria and host –

polysaccharides✓ Binding of cells on the surface of the roots

takes place – Lectin

✓ Rhizobium produces IAA - Stimulatorysubstances – influences root hair curling ordeformation

Stages in the biology of the nodulation process

Azospirillum

✓ Gram negative

✓ Microaerophillic

✓ Vibrio or spirillum

✓ having abundant accumulation of polybetahydroxybutyrate

Species of Azospirillum

Azospirillum brasilense

Azospirillum lipoferum

Azospirillum amazonense

Azospirillum halopreferanse

Azospirillum irakense

Azpspirillum .doebereinerae and

Azospirillum largomobile

Azotobacter

✓ Polymorphic

✓ Gram negative

✓ Form cyst and accumulate poly beta hydroxybutyric acid and produces abundant gum

✓ Secrete plant growth hormone (IAA,GA)

✓ Growth factors (thiamine,riboflavin etc)

✓ Produces anti fungal antibiotics

BLUE GREEN ALGE:• Both free-living as well as symbiotic cyanobacteria (blue green algae)

have been harnessed in rice cultivation.• The benefits due to algalization could be to the extent of 20-30 kg N/ha.• Add growth-promoting substances & vitamin B12.• Improve the soil’s aeration, water holding capacity and add to bio mass

when decomposed after life cycle .AZOLLA:• A free-floating water fern used as Biofertilizer for wetland rice.• Fixes atmospheric nitrogen in association with nitrogen fixing blue green

algae Anabaena azollae.• Known to contribute 40-60 kg N/ha per rice crop

PROMISING AZOLLA CULTURES

A. microphylla

A. filiculoides

Azolla Nursery

Rice - Azolla dual crop

Mycorrhizas

✓Soil-borne ubiquitous fungi

✓Symbiotic association with nearly 90% of the

terrestrial plant species

✓Plants supply C source to the fungi

✓Fungi mobilize minerals and water from the soil

to the host plant

Multi-functional Roles in Soils

Characteristics Functions

1. Physical Aggregates, Structure

2. Chemical Soil fertility (N, P, Zn, B)

Facilitates C sequestration

Alleviates heavy metal toxicity by mycofiltration

3. Biological Enhanced activities

4. Biochemical Biomass C, soil enzymes

6. Above ground Higher biomass & productivity

Nitrogen Nutrition

✓ Hyphal transport of N 30-40% under drought

(Subramanian & Charest, 1999)

✓ Scavenges N similar to heterotrophic organisms

✓ Altered N assimilation pathway of host plants(Subramanian & Charest, 1998)

✓ Tripartite association : Assists in transfer of fixed N from

Rhizobium to the host plant

Phosphorous Nutrition

✓ External hyphal transport of P (20-90%)

✓ Acidification of rhizospheric soil (acid phosphatase activity)

✓ Enhanced P mobility

✓ Highly branched roots

✓ Discovered in 1996

✓ Glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with astrong cementing capacity (Rillig 2004)

✓ Increases soil aggregrate stability which leads to better soilstructure and ultimately better plant production

GLOMALIN

L/O/G/O

Mycorrhizal colonization in crop root

Cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria

ORGANIC PRODUCTS

(Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria)

(Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria)

(Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria)

Vermiwash

L/O/G/O

L/O/G/O

Equipments

L/O/G/O

VERMICOMPOSTING

Introduction

• Vermicomposting is the earth worm mediated process of conversion of biodegradable material in to a valuable compost.

VERMITECHNOLOGY

Vermicomposting VermiwashVermiculture

or wormery

Inter- linked and inter-dependent processes

Earthworms

Natural Bio-reactor

Benefits of vermicompost

o helps better plant growth and crop yield

o improves physical structure of soil.

o enriches soil with micro-organisms

o attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil which,indirectly improves fertility of soil.

o increase water holding capacity of soil.

o enhances germination, plant growth, and crop yield.

o improves root growth of plants.

o enriches soil with plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellic acid.

o it is helpful in elimination of biowastes .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hormone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxins

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberellic_acid

Nutrient profile of vermicompost

Vermicompost contains :1.6% Nitrogen;0.7% Phosphorus;0.8% Potash;0.5% Calcium;0.2% Magnesium;175 ppm Iron;96.5 ppm Manganese;24.5 ppm Zinc

15.5 C:N ratio.

Requirements

Earthworms

Epigeic

Litter and surfacedwelling species( ‘upon the earth’) Soil dwelling or

upper soil surface

( ‘within the earth’)

Endogeic

Deep burrowing species

Anecic

Ex. Eisenia foetida Ex. Octochaetona thrustoni Ex. Lampito mauritii

L/O/G/O

Apporectodea caliginosa

Apporectodearosea

Eisenia foetida

COLD TOLERANT LOCAL VERMICULTURE

L/O/G/O

COMMON COMPOSTS

Mechanizes composting

L/O/G/O

Composting activities in farmers fields

Farmer using Shalimar Rhizobium

Trichograma cacoeciaeTrichograma embryophagumTrichograma chilonisTrichograma brassicaeAnthocorid bugsTrichoderma sp

Biocontrol agent produced

Preparation Salient Feature Pest

Neem Contains many active compounds that act as feeding deterrents and as growth regulators. The main active ingredient is azadirachtin, which is said to be effective on 200 types of insects, mites and nematodes. Dose: Neem oil (2-5%)

Leaf feeding caterpillars, aphids

Neem oil (3-5%) Brinjal aphid, fruit and shoot borer in okra, brinjal, Serpentine leaf miner

Neem cake (250kg/ha) Fruit and shoot borer in okra, brinjal

Nicotine Derived from tobacco. The most common use is in greenhouses and to control soft bodied insects such as aphids and mites.

Aphids, Bugs, Leaf hoppers

Plant Based Insecticides

continued….

Clerodendronplant extract

Application rate: 4-8% Tobacco caterpillar, epilachna beetle

Custard apple (Annonasquamosa) leaf extract + fermented urea

Application rate: 10%+10% Leaf feeders

Hyptis Application rate: 10% Aphids and soft bodied insects

Andrographis Application rate: 10% Jassids, leaf caterpillars

Eupatorium Application rate: 15t/ha nematodes

Vitex Application rate: 5-10% Fruit and shoot borer in okra Cucurbit leaf caterpillars

Lantana + fermented urea

Application rate: 10%+10% Soft bodied insect

• Lack of information.• Shortage of biomass• Nutrient losses (net negative at harvest)• Nitrogen supply• Weed control challenges• Pest and disease problems• Limited inputs (seed, biofertilisers etc)• Low yields• Lack of govt. support.• No strategic policy and infrastructure.

Challenges for OA

challenges continued

• High input costs• Output marketing problems• Certification problems.• Conversion period• Limited financial and extension support.

Apple orchards Total viable bacteria (cfu ×10 6 )

Total Azotobacter(cfu ×10 5 )

Total PSB (cfu ×10 5 )

Total Trichoderma(cfu ×103 )

1. (Baramulla) 74.66(62.66)

46.00(23.00)

27.82(8.60)

22.30(9.00)

2. (Kupwara) 82.00(68.00)

40.12(18.30)

28.33(7.43)

26.20(10.60)

3. (Anantnag) 82.00(73.00)

47.00(21.31)

30.00(9.66)

26.18(12.80)

4. (Pulwama) 87.00(67.20)

43.18(18.24)

28.00(11.66)

28.33(10.70)

Values in parenthesis are the initial values

Soil health status of adopted orchards

Apple orchards Organiccarbon(%)

Dehydrogenase activity(µg TPF/ 24 hr g-1

soil)

Urease activity(mg NH4 -N g-1

soil

Nitrate reductase(μg/ml/hr)

1. (Baramulla) 2.15

(1.86)

69.25

(53.12)

9.15

(8.43)

7.12

(7.24)

2. (Kupwara) 2.24

(1.93)

74.18

(57.45)

11.18

(10.74)

7.28

(7.00)

3. (Anantnag) 2.06

(1.97)

63.43

(37.80)

7.78

(7.26)

8.11

(7.89)

4. (Pulwama) 2.12

(1.99)

70.07

(55.41)

8.15

(7.98)

7.21

(6.03)



Apple orchards Soil respiration activity(mg CO2 /hr/100 gm soil

Soil microbial biomass carbon (mg kg-3 soil )

Soil microbial biomass nitrogen(µg kg-1 soil)

1. (Baramulla) 5.50

(4.30)

120.60

(104.15)

68.15

(49.3)

2. (Kupwara) 5.62

(4.24)

124.53

(116.70)

76.10)

(54.11)

3. (Anantnag) 5.76

(4.21)

120.13

(107.60)

76.16

(52.13)

4. (Pulwama) 6.31

(4.60)

136.80

(122.90)

89.43

(57.90)



L/O/G/O

FARMERS VISITING ORGANIC FARM

Adequate dry matter,semi and fully decomposed OM

organic carbon between 0.8 to 1.5 %.

Total microbial load-bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes >

1x 108/gm soil

LIVE ORGANIC SOIL

3-5 earthworms/cubic feet of soil.Enough quantity of small life forms & insects

Harmful effects of

pesticides

Different classes of pesticides

o Organochlorine pesticudes:• DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloro ehane)• Dieldrin and Toxaphene.• Parathion• Chlordaneo Organophosphate

o Carbamate

o Phenoxy herbicide 2,4-D

o Pyrethroid

o Herbicide

Harmful effects of pesticidesExposure to pesticides both occupationally and

environmentally causes a range of humanhealth problems.

• Immune suppression.• Hormone disruption,• Diminished intelligence,• Reproductive abnormalities,• Cancer,• Early-onset Parkinson’s disease• Memory disorders. Birth defects, depression

etc.

• Pesticide poisoning in human has beenextensively studied and frequently reported inforensic medicine. As per World HealthOrganization estimates (2015) pesticides leadto one million pesticide poisoning cases and20,000 deaths every year globally.

• A study on Malwa region of Punjab showed that theregion is facing an unprecedented crisis ofenvironmental health linked to indiscriminate,excessive, and unsafe use of pesticides, fertilizers,and poor groundwater quality. The region has beendescribed as India’s “cancer capital” due to abnormallyhigh number of cancer cases, which have increased 3-fold in the last 10 years.

State-wise consumption chemical pesticides in India: 2012-13Source: (Devi etal,2017)

S.No

State Consumption in tonns

Per ha consumption(Kgs/ha of gross cropped area)

1. Andhra Pradesh 6500 0.581

2. Arunachal Pradesh 17* 0.080

3. Assam 183 0.065

4. Bihar 687 0.131

5. Chhattisgarh 675 0.144

6. Goa 9 0.069

7. Gujarat 1210 0.117

8. Haryana 4050 1.151

9. Himachal Pradesh 320 0.594

10 Jammu & Kashmir 1711* 2.337

State-wise consumption chemical pesticides in India: 2012-13

S.No State Consumption in tonns


11. Jharkhand 151 0.139

12. Karnataka 1225 0.116

13. Kerala 856 0.413

14. Madhya Pradesh 659 0.044

15. Maharashtra 6617 0.380

16. Manipur 30 0.086

17. Meghalaya 0.032 9*

18. Mizoram 4 0.031

19. Nagaland 16 0.044

20. Odisha 601 0.128

21. Punjab 5725 1.377

22. Rajasthan 1250 0.068

23. Sikkim 3 0.039

State-wise consumption chemical pesticides in India: 2012-13

S.No State Consumption in tonns


24. Tamil Nadu 1919 0.387

25. Tripura 266* 1.039

26. Uttar Pradesh 9035 0.545

27. Uttarakhand 220 0.304

28. West Bengal 3390 0.679

29. Andaman & Nicobar Islands

7 0.467

All India 45619 0.2912

The state of Jammu & Kashmir tops in the intensity of pesticidesapplication with an average level of 2.337 kg/ha, followed by Punjab(1.377kg/ha) and Haryana (1.151 kg/ha).

The lowest use- level on a per hectare basis is in Mizoram (0.031 kg/ha)and Meghalaya (0.032 kg/ ha). Most of the NE states (Sikkim, Assam,Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur). The rest of the states aremedium users of pesticides (100-600 grams/ha)

Fertilizer consupmtion of J&K and Nagaland (thousand tonnes) (Anonymous,2010

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-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-01

0

J&K Nagaland

45.77

51.08 50.5

61.7858.48

56.33

68.78

74.5

17.95 17.1321.6

25.85 24.62

17.16

27.87

24.18

12.49 15.75

3.17 4.636.9

4.75

8.45

12.99

N

P

K

Fertilizer consupmtion of J&K and Arunachal Pradesh (thousand tonnes) (Anonymous,2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

20

00

-01

20

01

-02

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-01

0

20

00

-01

20

01

-02

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-01

0

J&K Arunachal pradesh

45.77

51.08 50.5

61.7858.48

56.33

68.78

74.5

17.95 17.13

21.6

25.85 24.62

17.16

27.87

24.18

12.4915.75

3.174.63

6.94.75

8.45

12.99

N

P

K

Fertilizer consupmtion of J&K and Nagaland (thousand tonnes) (Anonymous,2010)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

20

00

-01

20

01

-02

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-01

0

20

00

-01

20

01

-02

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-01

0

J&K Mizoram

45.77

51.08 50.5

61.7858.48

56.33

68.78

74.5

17.95 17.13

21.6

25.85 24.62

17.16

27.87

24.18

12.49 15.75

3.174.63

6.94.75

8.45

12.99

N

P

K

Fertilizer consupmtion of J&K and Sikkim(thousand tonnes) (Anonymous,2010)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

20

00

-01

20

01

-02

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-01

0

20

00

-01

20

01

-02

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-01

0

J&K Sikkim

45.77

51.08 50.5

61.7858.48

56.33

68.78

74.5

5 5.05

0.44 0.21 0 0 0 0

N

P

K

Improved

Soil

Health

Biodiversity

He

alth

y

cro

ps

Conclusion

Organic

Farming

Thank you

for your attention !

L/O/G/O

Constrains in the livestock sector affecting rural livelihood in Kashmir

Pervaiz Dar

Subject Matter Speciaist

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Ganderbal

Introduction

• The importance of the livestock goes beyond its food

production function. since it plays a multiple role.

• Livestock holdings are more equitably distributed

than land holdings – landless and marginal

communities and women derive livelihoods and

sustenance

• Livestock rearing provides a coping mechanism to

Livestock Scenario of Kashmir

2003 2012 Annual Growth rateMeat 27.0 34.07 2.35%Milk 1414 1630 1.43%

Egg 6370 6715.41 0.53%

Feed and Fodder Shortage

Area under fodder crop Pasture/Grazing Land

2005-06 53,000 hac 128,000 hac

2010-11 53,000 hac 119, 000 hac

Area under fodder production 5% ……………………..Required 12%

Options

• Weed as fodder

• Quality fodder seed availability

• Hydrophonic fodder production

• Algal protein in livestock feed

• Area specific mineral mixture

• Complete feed blocks

• Use of sexed semen and embryos to reduce unproductive livestock population

LIVESTOCK HEALTH SERVICES

Veterinary Hospitals Veterinary Dispensaries

2012 303 1585

2014 262 1290

Way Forward

• Health care monitoring and reporting systems need to be adopted and rooted at the village/the panchayat

• Surveillance and diagnostic infrastructure needs more investment

• Health services to be delivered by the govt. through disease control & eradication mode (minimum of 75

80 % of animals need to be vaccinated

• Timely availability of vaccines for all diseases for all types of livestock

• Immunological infrastructure need improvement & Investment

• Lack of adequate man power to render the vet. services –keeping in view the Veterinary Council Act

• Mechanism to cover Pastoralists needs to be developed

Livestock Breeding Policy-makers and programmes have consistently overlooked traditional systems in favour

1.Gradual erosion of indigenous breeds

2.Majority of population are resource poor and cannot

maintain Crossbreds - ( further aggravating social inequity)

3.Expansion of unsustainable production systems in fragile areas

Enable Policy Framework to Strengthen Livestock Diversity by :

• Breed-specific breeding policy that take into consideration local agro- ecological niches and community requirements

• Focus on “optimising” production rather than “ maximising production “

• Planned breeding programme for development of Indigenous genetic resources

Other issues & concerns • In -spite of livestock contribution to agriculture GDP (in 2009 ) being 31 % - investments are less than 10 %

• Marketing of livestock and livestock products – to be streamlined to benefit small producers

• Credit and infrastructure – lack of appropriate policy and institutions

• Extension services: Our production system is resilient , low external input & extensive (optimally using the variable environ

L/O/G/O

Thank you

Questions??

Sheep Husbandry Kashmir(present status, scope, strategies)

Dr. Jan MohammadVeterinary Assistant Surgeon

Boniyar (Uri)

Why Sheep Husbandry

➢Favourable Agro-climatic conditions

➢Natural endowments including Highland pastures

➢Potential role for socio economic upliftment of many sections of society

➢Acts as sole income generating occupation of chopans, bhakerwals etc

Highland Pastures

➢Gulmarg side : Linenmarg, Butapathri, Churkhadan

➢Sopore side :Gossie,Doothkuth,Nunai, Shalpoot,

➢Boniyar side : Gabiwar, wiji

Inception of Department➢ The department created in 1962

➢ Joint Directorate Extension and JD Farms

➢ JDE implements/monitorsactivities/Schemes in10 districts

➢ JDF run s 10 Govt. Farms

➢ Largest SBF Daksum followed by SBFKralpathri

Govt Farms

➢ Sheep Breeding Farm Dachigam/Khimber, Daksum, Goabal, Kralpathri, Zawoora ,

Hardashiva, Poshnar, Kewa

➢Goat Farm Arin, Dardpora

➢Rabbit Farm Wusan

➢Main aim of Sheep Breeding Farms is to produceGB Rams to be used in field for up gradation andmaintain the breed

Field Extension works➢Free breeding cover for up gradation of

local flocks to increase wool, muttonproduction

➢Veterinary health care at subsidisedcost- Deworming, Dipping, Vaccinationetc

➢Arranging machine shearing for valueaddition

➢Establishing income generating unitsunder different schemes

➢Extension and awareness activities

Important Breeds

➢Kashmir valley➢Karnahi breed➢Gaddi➢Gurezi breed➢Kashmir Merino : Cross between

Australian Merino and local kasmiribreeds aimed at maintaining 75%inheritance

➢Around 70-75% of the total populationnow C/B

Breed wise wool yield

➢Gurezi : 1.25 to 1.5 kg➢Gaddi-800mg➢Kashmir valley -800mg➢Bakerwali -1.6kg

Hand verses Machine Shearing

Advantages of Machine

➢Saves time 4-5 minutes compared to 20-30 /animal

➢Smooth uniform shave compared to rough

➢Less injuries and wounds➢Less stress➢Adds value and fetches more price

Machine Shearing

Origin of Kashmir Merino

Comparating economic traits

Breed Birth weight

Weaning weight

Wt. at 1 year

Wt at 2 years

Remarks

Kashmir valley 1.5 8.5 18 25

Gaddi 1.8 9 17 26

Karnahi 2 9.5 18 27

Gurezi 2.2 9.5 21 27

Kashmir Merino

M F M F M F M F

3.6 3.5 22.4 21.5 42 35.3 53.6 47.7

Other important characteristics

➢One of the finest wool breeds of the world

➢Adapted to the local climatic conditions of the valley

Kashmir Merino Lambs

Local vs K merino

LOCAL VS K MERINO

SHEEP GOAT POPULATION

S.NO Particulars Kashmir Jammu Total

1 Total sheep pop 20.34 lacs 26.38 lacs 46.72 lacs

2 Cross bred 15.38 lacs 18.19 lacs 33.57 lacs

3 Local 4.96 lacs 8.19 lacs 13.15 lacs

4 Goat Population 7.46 lacs 19. 73 lacs 27. 19 lacs

5 Total sheep goat 27.80 lacs 46.11 lacs 73.91 lacs

6 Mutton production 132.00 lac kg 220.00 lac kg 352.00 lac kg

7 Wool production 34.76 lac kg 48.00 lac kg 82.76 lac kg

8 Pashmina 0.50 lac kg 0.50 lac kg

Mutton Scenario


1 Local produce132 lac kg 220 lac kg 352 lac kg

2Supplied from outside

182 lac kg 182 lac kg

3 Total Demand 314 lac kg 220 lac kg 530 lac kg

SLAUGHTER SCENARIO


01No of local produced S/G

Annual 8.50 lacs 14 lacs 22.50 lacs

Per day 2300

40006300

02No of S/G supplyfrom outside

Annual 13 lacs 13 lacs

Per day 3600 3600

03 TotalAnnual 21.5 lacs 14 lacs 35.50 lacs

Per day

5900(say 6000)

4000 9900( say 10000)

Sheep Unitssch 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 total

Msf 50 0 43 59 43 40 15 30 28 50 18 326

rkvy25 28 47 27 22 33 20 11 00 10 0 198

Rkvy25 0 0 0 7 15 20 28 28 32 34 164

10 ewe 0 0 0 60 0 11 0 12 10 0 93

10ewe 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 10 13 13 47

10 doe 26 38 02 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 75

10 doe 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 7 6 17

Nmps38+2 G

0 0 0 16 15 0 0 0 0 0 31

tsp 0 39 78 209 51 123 44 12 137 0 693

Ram SF 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

Idsr 25 0 0 33 104 128 48 0 0 0 0 313

idsr500 0 0 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 8

Mini clstr 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20

54 167 200 462 309 249 126 90 259 71 1987

NEW STRATGIES

➢Fec B gene programme : twinning

➢Star ewe programme :acceleratedlambing through Estroussynchronisation

➢Importation of new breeds like fin breed

Thank you

351

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