Lithostratigraphy of the Pondaung Formation (Eocene) Title...

TitleLithostratigraphy of the Pondaung Formation (Eocene)between Tabyin and Kyauktakha to the west of Pauk, centralMyanmar

Author(s) Suzuki, Hisashi; Maung, Maung; Naing Soe, Aung; Shigehara,Nobuo

Citation Asian paleoprimatology (2006), 4: 75-97

Issue Date 2006

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199769

Right

Type Departmental Bulletin Paper

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University

Asian Paleoprimatology, vol. 4:75-97 (2006) Kyoto University Primate Research Institute

Lithostratigraphy of the Pondaung Formation (Eocene) between

Tabyin and Kyauktakha to the west of Pauk, central Myanmar

Hisashi Suzukil' 2' 3, Maung Maung4, Aung Naing Soe5 and Nobuo Shigehara6

'Geotec GmbH., Ushigase Minaminokuchi-cho 501, Kyoto 615-8045, Japan 'Osaka Gakuin University, Kishibeminami 2-36-1, Suita 564-8511, Japan

3Montanuniversiteit Leoben, Department fir Angewandte Geowissenschaften und Geophysik, Lehrstuhl Prospektion und Angewandte Sedimentologie, Peter-Tunner-

Strafie 5, A-8700 Leoben, Osterreich 4Department of Geology, Loikaw University, Loikaw, Myanmar

5Department of Geology, Hpa An University, Kayan State, Myanmar 6Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan

Abstract Columnar sections of the Pondaung Formation along the Tabyin-Kyauktakha route are

measured and described in detail. The Pondaung Formation of the section is composed of sandstone, siltstone and claystone with minor amounts of coal, acidic tuff and gritty-pebbly

sandstone. The total thickness of the Pondaung Formation along the Tabyin-Kyauktakha route amounts to ca. 1,170 m. While the Lower Member of the Pondaung Formation con-

tains a large amount of claystone and siltstone sequences, the Upper Member of the formation consists merely of sandstone that exhibits trough-type cross bedding frequently. In

contrast to the fossil-bearing Upper Member of the Pondaung Formation in the areas of Pale and Myaing townships, the sandstone sequences of the Upper Member of the Tabyin-

Kyauktakha section were deposited under the high energy sedimentary environment that eliminated the preservation of fossil vertebrates.

Zusammenfassung Entlang des Wegs zwischen Tabyin und Kyauktakha wurden von der kompletten

Abfolge der Pondaung-Formation die Saulenprofile erstellt und detailliert beschrieben. Die Pondaung-Formation besteht hier aus Sand-, Silt- und Tonstein mit geringen

Anteilen an Kohle, sauerem Tuff und kieshaltigem Sandstein. Die Gesamtmachtigkeit der Pondaung-Formation des Tabyin-Kyauktakha-Profils betragt ca. 1.170 m. Wahrend das untere Glied der Pondaung-Formation einen hohen Anteil an Silt- und Tonstein aufweist,

besteht deren obere Glied ausschlieBlich aus Sandstein, in dem haufig trogformige Schragschichtungskorper ausgebildet rind. Im Gegensatz zum Wirbeltiere-fiihrenden oberen

Glied der Pondaung-Formation in den Gebieten Pale und Myaing wurde die Sandstein- Abfolge des oberen Tabyin-Kyauktakha-Profils unter hochenergetischen Sedimentationsbe

75

Suzuki et al.

dingungen abgelagert, im Rahmen derer es zur Uberlieferung von Wirbeltierknochen kaum

kommen konnte.

Introduction

The Eocene Pondaung Formation is widely distributed in central Myanmar, and its geol-

ogy has been studied in some areas. In the areas of Pale and Myaing townships, the Pondaung

Formation consists mainly of fluviatile deposits and yields the well-preserved terrestrial ver-

tebrate fossils (e.g., Aye Ko Aung, 1999, 2004; Aung Naing Soe, 1999; Aung Naing Soe et

al., 2002). On the other hand, the Pondaung Formation in the Minbu district exhibits shallow

marine environments (Shwezettaw area; Aung Khin and Kyaw Win, 1969; Maung Maung,

1994). The area studied in this paper is located along a roadside of Tabyin to Kyauktakha to

the west of Pauk township (Figure 1). Geographically, this area is located about 70-80 km

southwest of the areas of Pale and Myaing townships and about 130-140 km north to north-

northwest of the Minbu area. It is expected that the study area lies in the transitional area be-

tween the fluviatile and shallow marine environments. In addition, the strata of the Pondaung

Formation of the study area dips to the east monotonously, so that the whole sequences from

the base to top of the formation crop out in a relatively narrow area.

Here we describe a lithologic column of the whole sequences of the Pondaung Forma-

tion along the route of Tabyin to Kyauktakha villages to clarify the total thickness and lithos-

tratigraphy of the Pondaung Formation in this area.

Geologic setting

The study area is geotectonically located in the western part of the Inner-Burman Terti-

ary Basin (Figure 1), in which the Cenozoic fluviatile to shallow marine sediments are mainly

deposited (Chhibber, 1934; Bender, 1983). In the Inner-Burman Tertiary Basin some sub-

basins are recognised, one of which is called the north to south stretching Minbu Basin dis-

tributed between the latitudes 20°N and 22°N. The geologic structure of the Minbu Basin is

characterised by the Salin Syncline (Bender, 1983), and the study section is situated on its

western limb.

Along the road between Kyauktu and Pauk (Figure 1) the Eocene to Quaternary forma-

tions are distributed. These formations strike approximately north to south and dip about

40-60° eastwards. The following formations and group are distributed between Kyauktu and

Pauk in ascending order: the Eocene Laungshe Formation, the Eocene Tilin Formation, the

Eocene Tabyin Formation, the Eocene Pondaung Formation, the Eocene Yaw Formation, the

Oligocene Shwezetaw Formation, the Oligocene Padaung Formation, the Oligocene Okhmin-

taung Formation, the Miocene Kyaukkok Formation and the Miocene to lower Quaternary

Irrawaddy Group (Cotter and Clegg, 1938; IGCP National Committee, 1981). Among the for-

mations, the here described section focuses on the Pondaung Formation that is conformably

underlain by the Tabyin Formation and is conformably overlain by the Yaw Formation. The

76

Lithostratigraphy of the Pondaung Formation to the west of Pauk

A B \ to Thn

111(r-t 94-30T

th tosA ca •E Tabyr

\

IpA. Ct

,14'f' KyaulOu(1) o-AKyauktakPauk

(2)0 ''opPau

.7.1rt-1 %.„,It..'5-). i)3kiii

' Yang?,

0 2[K11. Bangkok O

4). LP .,,

. Figure 1. A, Geotectonic map of Myanmar. B, Location map of the Tabyin-Kyauktakha sections. (1) Road section. (2) Section south of the road.

geologic age of the Pondaung Formation are discussed by Aye Ko Aung (1999, 2004) and

Tsubamoto et al. (2000, 2002, 2006 in this volume) in detail based on the studies in the areas

of Pale and Myaing townships, and a Middle Eocene age has been estimated.

Columnar sections between Tabyin and Kyauktakha villages

The geologic columns of the whole sequences of the Pondaung Formation along the

Tabyin-Kyauktakha route are shown in Figures 2 to 18. Two sections were measured, the road

section and the section south of the road (Figure 1). These two sections are connected at the

horizon 670.9 m with the characteristic lithology of the large-scale trough cross stratification

with pebbles (Figures 19 and 20). The total thickness of the Pondaung Formation along the

measured section amounts to 1,167.5 m. Lithostratigraphic characteristics are summarised as

follows.

(1) The Pondaung Formation along the Tabyin-Kyauktakha route is lithologically subdi-

vided into the Lower and Upper Members at the horizon 724.8 m. The thickness of the Lower

Member amounts to 724.8 m and that of the Upper Member amounts to 442.7 m. These two

members cannot be directly correlated with those of the areas of Pale and Myaing townships

(Aye Ko Aung, 1999) because of the lithologic differences.

(2) The Lower Member of the formation is composed mainly of sandstone, siltstone,

and claystone sequences. The minor amounts of coal, acidic tuff and gritty-pebbly sandstone

are also included in the Lower Member. Two thin acidic tuff layers are intercalated only

within the claystone sequences that are accompanied by coal and/or peat beds. These acidic

tuff layers will be the clues to correlate with the Pondaung Formation in the fossil-bearing

Paukkaung area (see Tsubamoto et al., 2002; Maung Maung et al., 2005; Suzuki et al., 2006

77

Suzuki et al.

in this volume).

(3) Sandstone beds with the large-scale trough cross bedding and pebbles are appeared

at the higher horizon of the Lower Member (around horizon 670 m; Figures 19 and 20).

(4) The Upper Member of the formation consists mainly of thick sandstone sequences

that exhibit the sedimentary structures under high energy conditions (e.g., trough-type cross

stratification).

(5) Although the Upper Member of the Pondaung Formation in the areas of Pale and

Myaing townships yields well-preserved fossil vertebrates, the Upper Member of the forma-

tion along the Tabyin-Kyauktakha route yields little vertebrate fossil bones. This is due to the

differences in lithology and sedimentary environment. While the Upper Member of the areas

of Pale and Myaing townships includes thick claystone sequences that yield rich fossil verte-

brates (see Suzuki et al., 2006 in this volume), the Upper Member of the Tabyin-Kyauktakha

route is composed mainly of thick sandstone strata that were deposited under high energy

currents suggested by the trough-type cross stratification. The sandstones deposited under

high energy currents could not make fossil preservation possible.

Acknowledgements

This report is based on the results of the field survey in February 2005. We would like

to express our sincere thanks to U Min Swe (Department of Archaeology, Bagan Branch),

U Win Kyaing (Department of Archaeology, Pyey Branch) and U Zin Maung Maung Thein

(Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University) for organising and supporting our field sur-

vey. Special thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Masanaru Takai (Primate Research Institute, Kyoto

University) and Dr. Naoko Egi (Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University) for helping our

field measurements of lithologic columns and for reviewing the manuscript. We are also very

grateful to the personnel of the Myanmar-Japan (Kyoto University) Joint Fossil Expedition

Team, to the personnel of Ministry of Culture of Myanmar, to Director General U Nyunt Han

(Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Culture of Myanmar), and to the personnel of Em-

bassy of Japan in Yangon (Myanmar) for their guidance and help for our surveys. We would

be grateful to Dr. Matthias Auer (Montanuniversitat Leoben) for his correction of our German

summary. The financial supports were provided by the MEXT Overseas Scientific Research

Fund (09041161, 14405019, 16405018) and by the MEXT Grant-in-Aid for the 21st Century

COE Program (A14 to Kyoto University).

References

Aung Khin and Kyaw Win (1969) Geology and hydrocarbon prospects of the Burma Tertiary Geosyncline.

Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology 2:52-73.

Aung Naing Soe (1999) Sedimentary facies of the upper part of the Pondaung Formation (in central

Myanmar) bearing late Middle Eocene anthropoid primates. p.152-178. In "Proceedings of the

Pondaung Fossil Expedition Team." Pondaung Fossil Expedition Team (ed.) Office of Strategic

Studies, Ministry of Defence: Yangon.

78


Aung Naing Soe, Myitta, Soe Thura Tun, Aye Ko Aung, Tin Thein, Marandat, B., Ducrocq, S., and Jaeger,

J.-J. (2002) Sedimentary facies of the late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (central Myanmar) and

the paleoenvironments of its anthropoid primates. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1:153-160.

Aye Ko Aung (1999) Revision on the stratigraphy and age of the primates-bearing Pondaung Formation.

p.131-151. In "Proceedings of the Pondaung Fossil Expedition Team." Pondaung Fossil Expedition Team (ed.) Office of Strategic Studies, Ministry of Defence: Yangon.

Aye Ko Aung (2004) The primate-bearing Pondaung Formation in the upland area, northwest of Central

Myanmar. p.205-217. In "Anthropoid origins: new visions." Ross, C. and Kay, R.F. (eds.) Kluwer

Academic/Plenum Press: New York.

Bender, F. (1983) Geology of Burma. Gebriider Borntraeger: Berlin. 293pp.

Chhibber, H.L. (1934) The geology of Burma. Macmillan: London. xxviii+538pp.

Cotter, G. de P. and Clegg, E.L.G. (1938) Geology of parts of Minbu, Myingyan, Pakokku, and lower

Chindwin Districts, Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 72:x1+1-136, pls.1-11.

IGCP National Committee (1981) Stratigraphic committee field excursion in the Saw, Tilin and Gangaw

areas. Field excursion no.8, p.1-15, apdx A-D, pertographic descriptions and geological map.

Maung Maung (1994) Petrology of the Shwezettaw—Kyauk-Oo—Ngape Area, Minbu and Ngape townships,

Magway Division. M. Sc. Thesis, Mandalay University, Mandalay. 154 pp., 101 figs., 53 tabs., 1 map.

Maung Maung, Thaung Htike, Tsubamoto, T., Suzuki, H., Chit Sein, Egi, N., Zaw Win, Zin Maung

Maung Thein, and Aye Ko Aung (2005) Stratigraphy of the primate-bearing beds of the Eocene

Pondaung Formation at the Paukkaung area, central Myanmar. Anthropological Science 113:11-15.

Suzuki, H., Maung Maung, Zaw Win, Tsubamoto, T., Zin Maung Maung Thein, Egi, N., Takai, M., and

Shigehara, N. (2006) Stratigraphic positions of the Eocene vertebrate localities in the Paukkaung area

(Pondaung Formation, central Myanmar). Asian Paleoprimatology 4:67-74.

Tsubamoto, T., Egi, N., Takai, M., Shigehara, N., Aye Ko Aung, Tin Thein, Aung Naing Soe, and Soe

Thura Tun (2000) A preliminary report on the Eocene mammals of the Pondaung fauna, Myanmar.

Asian Paleoprimatology 1:29-101.

Tsubamoto, T., Egi, N., Takai, M., Shigehara, N., Suzuki, H., Nishimura, T., Ugai, H., Maung-Maung,

Chit-Sein, Soe Thura Tun, Aung Naing Soe, Aye Ko Aung, Tin Thein, Thaung-Htike, and Zin-Maung-

Maung-Thein (2006) A summary of the Pondaung fossil expeditions. Asian Paleoprimatology 4:1-66.

Tsubamoto, T., Takai, M., Shigehara, N., Egi, N., Soe Thura Tun, Aye Ko Aung, Maung Maung, Danhara, T.,

and Suzuki, H. (2002) Fission-track zircon age of the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. Journal

of Human Evolution 42:361-369.

79

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m) 42.65 21 -

Legend

E=D <> ,=> nodule 20 —

caliche

ripple

40 — / convolute lamination

fining and thining upward

<=> desiccation crack

- I wood chip

mud clast

15 — plane bed

F flute mark

T tool mark 35

burrows

=)<=> lenticular bedding

coal chip

flaser bedding

wavy lamination 10—

pebbly sandstone

30 — bedded sandstone

parallel lamination

/

/ planar-type /// cross stratification

I trough-type cross stratification

5 — tuff coal peat peaty claystone

I 25-

-

claystone

peaty siltstone ' o 0 o

siltstone

very fine-grained sandstone

F T I fine-grained sandstone medium-grained

sandstone F T 0coarse -grained

Tabyin Formation21 -sandstone

—

_0 (17, • conglomerate

Figure 2. Lithologic column of the Pondaung Formation (1). Basal part of the Pondaung Formation. Road section.

80


horizon (m) 107.4 -64- 85.5

85 —

00 -

(t, 105 —

60 —

80 —

100

<=> 55 —

75

95 — =

50—

70

90

45—

65 —

42.65 - 64 - ° 85.5 -

Figure 3. Lithologic column of the Pondaung Formation (2). Road section. Legend is the same as Figure 2.

81

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m) 128.9 I- 150.5 228 .15 T

150 — --A--, 11.5m lack

215 —

125 — ---

145 —

trir 210 — 120 —

----K-c\ / //

140 — _

-

---c-c\ 205 —

115 —

135 —

-

-_-SC-(-5

---<\---\ ——— ———

200.3

----- 46m lack

110 —

130 —

107.4 - 128.9 150.5 -


82


horizon (m) 278 299.5

249 -

calcareous 275 — nodules

grey

245 — 295 —

thinly bedded

calcareous nodules 270 —

grey

purplish 240 —290 grey

purplish grey

265 —

235 — 285 —

262.4- -

8.4m lack

clayey thinly

bedded

230 — 280 —

250 —

228.15 249 - 278 -


83

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m)

321 - 363 390 —

320 —

thinly bedded grey

360 — OP OD manly lenses N23°W 40°E

385 — marly layer

.=^ purplish 315 —

356.6

22.2m lack calcareous lens

yellowish brown 381.6

7m lack

grey sandy

310 — yellowish brown

330 — 111— dark brown grey

<=> 0 C =>

I370 — yellowish b

rown

305 — (=> 0 (=,

325 — grey

II•— purplish

- - bedded, 365 —

thickness 5-20cm

thinly bedded

300 — ors calcareous nodules321 - 363 - = (diameter 10-35cm)

299.5- —


84


horizon (m) 441 - 482.5

r

415 — = _ 482.05-

440 — ---=---14.9m lack

467.15 bedded,

thickness 3-30cm silty

N33°W 46°E

grey 465 — marly nodules (diameter 8-30cm)

D lenticular 1 I 410 — 1 0 0

435 — 1 yellowish - - brown

460 —

micaceous

partly - micaceous 405 —430.5 N1°W 46°E

--,-,5.5m lack

425 —

456.35 ..— 6.7m lack

449.65

N11°W 55°SE thinly bedded,

thickness 1-9cm grey

400 — N45°E 43°SE

420 — 398.7 - I

=---- 5m lack 445 —

bed thickness 4-13cm

Fil greenish grey dark brown

390 — 415— 441


85

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m) 566 - 504.05= I • •587 N8°W 52-58°E

565 — micaceous

gradual change

0 0 585 — CI

= sandy

500 —

N12°W 52°E gradual change

560 —

580 - - • • ••mud clast:

• •tsoevie.r5aclmmm

495 —

— gradual change large scale

555 — trough cross sandystratification

yellowish brown

575 — • •

planar joint • •

mud clast: 552.1 - several mm to 3.5cm

490 — 17m lack

535 =

gradual change 534.6 -

10m lack N12°W 54°E

524.6 -

marly nodule 570 — (diameter 10.20cm) grey

lenticular

grey grey _

485 — grey

Alternating 520.55 - / bouedts wedge

16.5m lack

504.05 1 566 -

482.5 -


86


horizon (m) 610 — N3°W 56°E

632.15 sandstone lens 653 - inclined

micaceous = gradual change 630 —

650 — dark grey

silty

605 — gradual change

micaceous

625 —

624.4

2m lack 645 —

622.4 yellowish

brown 600 —

599.1

2.5m lack 620 —

596.6

c) ED cylindrical nodule

595 — 640 — 1.2m lack

CD — gradual change

1 silty N25°W 41°E

o calcareous nodules = (diameter 9-18cm)

contain ° granules 615 —

gradual change

590 — 635 — yellowish brown

587 - 610 —632.15 -


87

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m)Road section Section south of road 674 - 695 7-

small scale cross stratification cation

* ° • • trough-type GPS ° ° ° ° ° cross stratification

670 — o subangular to 0 ° ° o ° with pebbles 0 subrounded pebbles

• • smaller than 2-3cm

trough-type 690 ° 0 cross stratification

0 with pebbles

silty

/ //

,

665 —

685 —

411111

•

interbedded with siltstone seam b

rownish grey )

OD //dark grey silty ) taper off

dark grey N8°W 53°E

660 —

680 —

1 1 I 655 —

- 675 —

653 - 674 -

Figure 10. Lithologic column of the Pondaung Formation (9). Road section and section south of the road. Two sections are correlated by the gritty to pebbly sandstone horizon with trough-type cross stratification. Legend is the same as Figure 2. GPS-position of the outcrop with asterisk of the road section was measured as 21°27'3.5"N, 94°17' 58.4"E.

88


horizon (m)

716 - 737 - 758-

715 - -

dark grey 735 -

755 -

p

blueish grey

1

largeesscales.I.atifi_ 710 -

cation-

730 -

750 -

0., ,..

intercalation E cU of claystone

mud draped, _

=

705 - cu Qom.,

-

;-11 cu-

E

clayey,peat patches y,745 — with 0Qom.,

greenish grey- 4Z

a)

cu

0 700 -/ large scale. cross stratifi-

cation

720 - '.-

-

silty, brownish grey 740 -

- intercalation of claystone with peat patches

small scale cross stratification

695 - 716 737

Figure 11. Lithologic column of the Pondaung Formation (10). Section south of the road. The boundary between the Lower and Upper Members is levelled at the horizon 724.8 m. Legend is the same as Figure 2.

89

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m)

779 - 800 821 silty,

greenish grey 820 —

thick bedded

775 —

795 —

815 —

770 —

intercalation 790 — of claystone

810 —

mud drapes on trough plane

intercalation of claystone 765 — and peat

785 —

-- fossil wood 805 —

760 —

780 —

758 - 779 _, 800

Figure 12. Lithologic column of the Pondaung Formation (11). Section south of the road. Legend is the same as Figure 2.

90


horizon (m)

842 863 884

light grey

840 —

860 —

880 —

dark to brownish

grey

835 —

855 —

875 —

light grey

830 —

850 —

870 —

brownish grey

825 — massive, light grey

845 —

865 —

821 - 842 863


91

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m)

905 — 926 947

925 —

945 —

dark grey

yellowish brown

900 —

920 —

940 —

895 — dark to

brownish grey mud drapes 915 — on trough plane

- - 935 —

890 —

910 — yellowish brown

- - 930 —

massive, light grey

885 —

884 905 926


92


horizon (m)

968 - 989 1010

yellowish brown

965 —

- 985 —

- 1005 — yellowish brown small scale

trough cross — — stratification

960 —

- 980 —

yellowish brown 1000 —

955 —

- 975— large scale

thinly trough cross laminated stratification

995 — peat patches

950 —

silty, light grey

970 —

- 990 —

947 - 968 989


93

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m)

1031 - 1052 1073

1030 —

- 1050 —

1070 —

with mud drapes

1025 — yellowish brown, with

mud drapes - 1045 — and concretion

large scale trough cross 1065 — stratification

yellowish brown, with

concretion 1020 —

1040 —

- 1060 —

dark grey

1015 —shale

- 1035 —

yellowish -1055 — brown,withlargescale

concretiontrough cross stratification

1010 — 1031 1052


94


horizon (m)

1094 - 1115 1136

vertebrate fossil 1135 — fragments

1090 —

1110 —

<>

1130 —

0.5m lack

1085 —

1105 —

1125 —

1080 —

1100 —

1120 —

0 ,=) (=>

1075 —

1095 —

1073 — 1094 1115


95

Suzuki et al.

horizon (m)

1157 is 1

1155 —

silty claystone and clayey shale

are interbedded

1150 —

Yaw Formation 1167.5

1145 —

silty 1165 —

(=> (=> c)

— — —

1140— CD 0 CD

sandy

6 1160 -

- - • .

=== gritty

(:::> 0 c---)1

1136- 1157

Figure 18. Lithologic column of the Pondaung Formation (17). Uppermost part of the Pondaung Formation. Section south of the road. Legend is the same as Figure 2.

96


Y' •''.VI,-:. ...'

-

% .. -•"' '' i.L., I

'-`

' ..

.1. i+. . A -

-, ...

..

.,.., .

i

.• A'

.et.

• •

, f''

:-

. .m• r=7 . ,. c. • 1111W.- ..

•

. . --

...- ..

..•, .., •

Figure 19. Sandstone with the large-scale trough-type cross stratification. Horizon around 670 m. Road section.

" ' ',-1.- - ' ', • -•; - -' - ;71114K7 - - '' '46. - ,;,. --. .,,. ..4 ::.. ,,,,,...-, - • •....- .• • ,_ .,.. p..... ..,_ . . .. .......„.., 0.4- , . . .., . . .-ie. ...i .•;.,.. ,-..okr.,....„......, - • .1. • 14.. - ':' 7•1144.' -.... . . . ' .7,1".. ' '"-". r'..• -...":.. . 1•'; ... •• ' '`

• . * ... '. „IF? .e114, , .. .. . ' lii.l.. ' . • r•r" ' .- ..-... .

- A.( .. . .., . ,•.. • - ''' " ' ''' • fi.' ',-- -. .r.:1 , - . ' , .. , : .." • if` ":- ". 4...-.1. . :.'re+lr - -P.- 4' ,--ric ;••'''; - ' • ' . . - • -1. ,-4.. . -r-b),i-'' ..'" Allr %.,.... .. .., 0.•• : Azt,..... ._ .. ....e.....iiier.4.3,er• , .... . •• ... ..,,<:. • ., ..,t. • liiiiht... -4.06Mkillei mILL-4: - •,,,,...., ..

........" . • -..•X..--.:,• • ,,' -.....,, , ..... ....4•••-_,.... • . " -....• .... ..-• .- .-41C • , _FSs....• - ie. '-...,-,,ii,-.7-!.ci.:•-.-;•*_.: .'1.-::••••„1 , - .r....-", • • _ . .46_ . . , ,_ • ..... , • fir' ...„.... ....,,...... . -,,

. . .. ,.. ...1. ,...,....41:.11..,. 17 .7;3i. • • •rkL.. ,. .._ • :r 41.1,0%; .- -,:: ....._ . .: . ....... • w, .5, ot..._,... .. ,:.- vilidoilitg4opriotot .

. f.....: ..._•__A:41....,,,.. ;.i^ . 4.' ir.. 115:1..i* i*C-1164, - ••!--1144.-.4. . --:,...:..-7.

: -- Vr. - • .-

.. . ,...r.,._ ..: .......r ,... .., ,••..,„ - ,.., 7-...,44,..., ,...„,,,.• -... ,, -...._ ..,,,,.. -..,...... ,.._-....,-.,,,„„....... 1 - - L. ' . ,-..4.,4is , -1 ..'-'. .11'' , . .. ' .- , '' . "Mf'le .,7.1- •

....Lei . . . I' . ... '.. ' '' . • , '. d ' • .' ..;, . . —1. . - 4 . . - .....N--L".. -.• • • ' • L k'C'-. . 'Nat. 40 ,,,, . ' . ., • - ,,...''' if.' • • . ' •. r..,4- .t-,1V ,..'.•.' i.1:f • •,-4-4-.....1.,. ..-...;. .;. ;-" •-•:-•%t.:. -;- ...,-., . '- • , *. ' -4 4, . !I P'--.'- .t„...... • ,-,- ,.-?_ . . .. •,10 4.'!;*7 •• ...eit ,. ,.': 'F. ''- 4.1;? +L:` -.' ''')§,14-'‘ .*.itie-''''',,, 24 '.;;,-,41'• '; . , —••• „.. . ..t :r. .. F. ii;fr.. ..;, . ;.:•-._ .. ,.• ‘.11.-,;, . .,1` `...:.',;-X i'4.L.A..j„'",,_ • .... r-411;•:.--4..r..',../: .0.A•r:42,;.7-7..-1-'7 . -:... • ..., - -;': ,44',.,. I --' -..7. ......-- s...,4:: , ,--t- . ' '":. . ':F•':,-!r,, 32:1 -0- jp.:;., ',:,- - - . - -4 Ar.V; . ..: ... - ' 'J.:- • .., :'.. .. si .11,0.-V-, ••••••• , .• .• . 4.--11.4,7,,...;,. ,•,?i , • .. ;:. ..... '',.. • -: - _,,,,,F• :.,. `lin ..4,01...:,-.. -...,..;....:.•.- 7 • '.0, f - - '-f- --- ,. .kier.'-‘41-, ` .1%-.--.... .16.6„ ,V--. ., ....-- :..,- --. ' .-X .441 1....,-.1r,...,,o•-.: .. '• -•_ Air .1,-." ,... . *I'll'''. • '.' - ' • .- • ,-, .•, .....-....- doi....,‘ •

.. _ .. . ,,,, ... . .. __._ .,....ii; fir..,., • dip •• .. q ,,,. 5r,21-1,:... - , ....iv , "-V.:, ...-, ,-._•.,' -17 — - - : , • • ...,,,AT-t. - . . • - - . - . 7: . 3.:-- .. -- .' - ",.."- ._ •

.......... .1, ...1) - • ..- p Ti. ....• • + • . . . -...:. ••• . .1'04 . . • :Ilr''. . 7 4 .....!.-4 - .':•24.-ii. -,......4....-'.-.- .-:-....... - • ' - - -7.- r fr. ."-' . .., • . . t. ,,-, is'. ; - - : .: •.,-,44 F".. ..t. .-: f' ...'. `..)klikir:i! — ' -2'404-..- 1-::--,,.. . . . ..„-- . 4 '..• .... 1,....: . .,9 §,,, 4-,,- - • Ll :1 . -,7-. 4 '' -... . • • " ' ' :,,:. - •itir-. .; .. ..,. ... jt .. .,....:,.., _....._ k % . ..X ;qr.:: '1.'', • .•"•'-.1. '..'2'....... '...:7• • . ' L • . '1 .1".. .. I. • •• ''' ' . '.1.i.-.. ' - -, -•• -, ' +,' ..•'` .'s • .' 1-- '-` ' - :-.',' ' 3 , . ' ' -''''-' •

Figure 20. Several mm to 3 cm pebbles on the trough plane of the sandstone (Figure 19). Horizon around 670 m. Road section.

97

Lithostratigraphy of the Pondaung Formation (Eocene) Title...

Documents

Transcript of Lithostratigraphy of the Pondaung Formation (Eocene) Title...