LITHOSPHEREHYDROSPHERE MINERALSINLAND WATERS ROCKSOCEANS SOILCRYSOPHERE PERMAFROSTENERGY RESOURCES...
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Transcript of LITHOSPHEREHYDROSPHERE MINERALSINLAND WATERS ROCKSOCEANS SOILCRYSOPHERE PERMAFROSTENERGY RESOURCES...
CHAPTER 6: LITHOSPHERE & HYDROSPHERE
LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHEREMINERALS INLAND WATERSROCKSOCEANSSOIL CRYSOPHEREPERMAFROST ENERGY RESOURCESENERGY RESOURCES POLLUTION & DEGRADATIONPOLLUTION & DEGRADATION
THE LITHOSPHERE
A hard shell of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the topmost part of the Upper Mantle.
Contains minerals and rocks that are essential to the development of human civilization. It is the source of building materials, metals, and precious stones.
On average, only 100 km thick (Earth’s radius = 6300 km)
THE LITHHOSPHERE - MINERALS Solid inorganic substances with clearly
defined composition and properties 4000 minerals are known to exist on Earth Classification:Geologists classify minerals according to 4 distinct properties – 1) colour (idiochromatic & allochromatic)2) transparency (transparent, translucent, & opaque)3) hardness ( 1 to 10)4) streak (powder it leaves behind when rubbed)
THE LITHOSPHERE - MINING
Geologists who wish to mine for minerals must:
1) Locate2) Extract (mine the ore)3) Separate
Quebec mines:Gold, Copper, Zinc, Nickel, & Iron
THE LITHOSPHERE - ROCKS Rocks are heterogeneous solids composed of
many minerals. Rocks don’t have clearly defined Physical or
Chemical properties. TYPES OF ROCKS:Igneous – formed when magma cools and solidifiesSedimentary – formed by the accumulation and compaction of debrisMetamorphic – former igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been transformed by heat or pressure
THE LITHOSPHERE - ROCKS USES OF ROCKS:
ROCK TYPE USESGRANITE INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS Ornamental stoneDIORITE INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS Ornamental stonePUMICE EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS Building materials,
cosmetic industryBASALT EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS Insulation, floor tiles,
road construction SANDSTONE SEDIMENTARY Building materialsLIMESTONE SEDIMENTARY Cement, building
materialsGNEISS METAMORPHIC Building materialsMARBLE METAMORPHIC Interior design,
decorative objects
THE LITHOSPHERE - SOIL Soil comes from PARENT ROCK Over time, frost, wind, and rain wear
down the rock on the surface of the Lithosphere. This disintegration leads to the formation of lithosol (a soil consisting mainly of large rock fragments). This mixes with organic matter from decomposing plant and animal residue. The mixture sets off a series of complex physical and chemical reactions that eventually produces SOIL.
THE LITHOSPHERE - SOIL Soil Horizons are differentiated layers
running roughly parallel to the surface of the ground
SOIL HORIZONS:1) Organic Matter2) Topsoil3) Subsoil4) Fragmented Parent Rock5) Unaltered Parent Rock (page 192)
THE LITHOSPHERE - SOIL Organic matter – layer containing mostly
HUMUS (decomposing plant and animal residue)
Topsoil – a mixture of HUMUS and WATER-SOLUABLE MIINERALS (supports plant life)
Subsoil – composed of small particles (deep roots draw nutrients)
Fragmented PARENT ROCK – disintegration of the underlying parent rock
Unaltered PARENT ROCK – this layer is the starting point for soil formation
THE LITHOSPHERE - SOIL
Three conditions must be met for soil to be fertile enough to support plant life:
1) sufficient amount of minerals (water – soluble nutrients
2) adequate moisture3) proper soil pH (balanced)
THE LITHOSPHERE - PERMAFROST Permafrost is ground whose
temperature has been 0°C or lower for atleast two years.
Found in polar regions and high altitudes
Active Layer – can thaw and grow plant life with a brief growing season (until refreezing)
Makes agriculture impossible and construction difficult
A rise of just a few degrees can soften the ground
THE LITHOSPHERE – ENERGY RESOURCES Energy resources:
Fossil Fuels – Oil, Natural Gas, Coal
- forms liquids and gases from marine organisms that died and were buried in sand and silt
- forms solids from terrestrial plants and trees that once grew in swamps 1 - Fossil Fuels result from the
transformation of organic residue
THE LITHOSPHERE – ENERGY RESOURCES 2 - Uranium – radioactive element
that occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust
3 - Nuclear Energy – the energy stored in the bonds between he particles in the nucleus of an atom.
4 - Geothermics – the energy that comes from the internal heat of the Earth
THE LITHOSPHERE – POLLUTION & DEGRADATION The energy of tomorrow?
Must be RENEWABLE Must be AFFORDABLEMust be CLEAN
Pollutants – Soil DepletionContamination
THE HYDROSPHERE
The Hydrosphere is the Earth’s outer layer of water, uniting water in all three states:
- liquid- solid- gas
97% salt water (Oceans & Seas) 3% fresh water (21% groundwater,
rivers, lakes, etc – 79% glaciers)
THE HYDROSPHERE – INLAND WATERS Inland Water – all the freshwater
bodies found on the continent, uniting rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
Watershed – an area of land whose lakes and rivers all empty into the same larger body of water. (Quebec has 3 – Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay, St. Lawrence River)
THE HYDROSPHERE – INLAND WATERS
What effects water flow within Watersheds?
1) Topography – shape, slope, and terrain of the area2) Geology – type, depth, and structure of the rock3) Climate – rain or snowfall, winds, and temperature4) Vegetation – density and diversity5) Development – Agricultural, Industrial, or Urban
THE HYDROSPHERE - OCEANS Oceans – Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and
Southern Ocean waters are moved by currents that
carry them all over the world. Two important parameters in the study of oceans:
* temperature and salinity Closer to coast line lie smaller and shallower
seas Temperatures range from 4°C at the bottom
of the ocean to 26°C at the surface near the equator
THE HYDROSPHERE - OCEANS
FACTORS affecting temperature:Depth – influences temperature because sunlight rarely reaches 200m in depth causing a rapid drop in temperature.The Seasons – Water loses heat more slowly than land so the change is less pronouncedLatitude – Surface temperatures reach 25°C or 26°C at the equator and between 12°C and 17°C in temperate zones
THE HYDROSPHERE - OCEANS
SALINITY – a measure of the amount of salt dissolved in a liquid (Oceans 3.4% -3.7%)
Salt does not EVAPORATE and therefore become concentrated in the oceans
Near the poles, melting ice ( adds Fresh Water) dilutes the salt content 3%
Near heat and drought areas (Water evaporates more quickly) increase Salt percentage 4%
THE HYDROSPHERE - OCEANS
CIRCULATION – the water in the ocean is in constant motion. Waves and tides on the surface and ocean currents in its depths.
OCEAN CURRENT – the movement of seawater in a certain direction
OCEAN CIRCULATION – the combined effect of all currents that move across the oceans
THE HYDROSPHERE - OCEANS SURFACE CURRENTSDriven by the wind mostly to a depth of 400m
SUBSURFACE CURRENTSDriven by deep currents to a depth of 800m and density of water (colder = less buoyant = sink)
THERMOHALINE CIRCULATIONSurface and subsurface (Hot & Cold) form a huge “Conveyer Belt” to move water all around the world and to transfer heat and regulate all of Earth’s climate
THE HYDROSPHERE - OCEANS
THE HYDROSPHERE - CRYOSPHERE
CRYOSPHERE – consists of all the frozen water on Earth’s surface
PACK ICE – composed of the ice floating on the oceans near the North & south pole
Approx. 12 million square kilometers 200814 million square kilometers 200516 million square kilometers 1979 GLACIERS – a mass of ice on land, formed
by compressed snow
THE HYDROSPHERE – ENERGY RESOURCES HYDRAULIC ENERGY – the energy that
can be derived from moving water WATERFALLS AND RIVERSHYDROELECTRIC DAMS – converts a river’s hydraulic energy into electrical power
WAVES AND OCEAN CURRENTS TURBINES – Buoys in the ocean that converts an ocean’s current or waves into electrical power
THE HYDROSPHERE – POLLUTION & DEGRADATION
HUMAN ACTIVITIESDomestic, Industrial, Agricultural, or Navigational CHEMICALSFactory discharge, Atmospheric Contaminants LIVING ORGANISMSFertilizers, Pesticides, Phosphorus, Mercury THREATS AT SEAAccidental spills, Dumping, HydroCarbons