Lithium Ion Batteries: Going the Distance (Feb 2011)
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Transcript of Lithium Ion Batteries: Going the Distance (Feb 2011)
Lithium Ion Batteries : Going the DistanceGoing the Distance
Axeon Technologies Ltd, Dr Allan Paterson 17th Feb 2011
Plan
Introduction to Axeon
Products - Automotive
Lithium Ion Cell Chemistry
Currently Available Technology
3
Future Developments?
Role of Nano-technology
R&D Projects / Collaborations
Case Study
Axeon : The CompanyAxeon : The Company
About Axeon
Axeon designs and manufactures advanced
lithium-ion battery systems for a variety of end
market applications:
Automotive (electric and hybrid vehicles)
Energy storage
Cordless power tools
5Axeon Confidential
Cordless power tools
Mobile products
Europe’s largest privately-owned independent
lithium-ion battery systems supplier,
processing over 70 million cells a year
150 professional and 300 production staff
Axeon Locations
6Axeon Confidential
Current locations:
UK, Dundee – HQ, Engineering, automotive production
UK, Birmingham – Sales and engineering office
Poland – volume production, planned automotive production
Germany – European business development, strategic purchasing
Switzerland – Small pack engineering
Italy – Sales office
US, Detroit – Sales Office
Asia - strategic purchasing
Axeon’s automotive experience
Over a million vehicle miles driven since 2007 =
Electric urban delivery vehicle: producing in volume for British manufacturer
Axeon is developing smaller lighter batteries using innovative battery technology
Designing and developing PHEV packs for JLR
7Axeon Confidential
miles driven since 2007 = 20MW of batteries shipped
Volume production; conversion
of Peugeot vehicles for the leading British vehicle converter. Range includes cars, people carriers and vans
HEV sports car: developing leading-edge technology for premium European manufacturer
Product Areas
Energy Storage
Micro-generation (~10-15KWh)
Community energy storage (25-100KWh)
Utility level (MW)
Niche solutions (e.g. hybrid ferries)
Power Tool
8Axeon Confidential
Power Tool
High volume, low cost manufacture
A-rated supplier to Bosch
Mobile Power
Solutions for applications that require advanced
electronics
Bespoke solutions
Complete solution
9Axeon Confidential
Cell sub component production and test
Cell Electroactive “Ingredients” e.g. Coatings
Cell Raw Materials/process e.g. Lithium Carbonate
Cell Assembly and test
Battery Assembly and test
Battery pre conditioning
Battery Supply Value Chain
Inform
Responsible
Support
Axeon Value Proposition
Partnership Strategy
Technology
Academic research
Cell suppliers (see next
10Axeon Confidential
slide)
Governments
Participation with
relevant industry
bodies
Our cell partnerships are key
Axeon, which is cell-agnostic, has
relationships with all major suppliers of high
capacity Lithium cells
Local staff & agents assigned to cell audit
All suppliers subject to on-site quality audits
All cells subject to in-house qualification
11Axeon Confidential
All cells subject to in-house qualification
Verification of supplier specifications
Environmental testing
Cycle testing
Abuse testing
Lithium Ion Cell ChemistryLithium Ion Cell Chemistry
“Rocking chair” Lithium Ion Battery
13Axeon Confidential
Negative Electrode Electrolyte Positive ElectrodeGraphite Li+ ions
& SeparatorLiCoO2
Issues : Expensive, Toxicity, Cycle life, Power
Research concentrated on replacing LiCoO2
LiFePO4 [LFP] / LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 [NCM] / Other?
LiMn2O4
Cell Chemistry - The Challenges
Future Development Requires…..
Reduce cost – materials (raw and synthesis)
Improve safety – short circuits, thermal runaway.
Cycle life – 1000s for EV, cycle life 10,000s for HEVs
Calendar life - 10 years (transport)
14Axeon Confidential
Calendar life - 10 years (transport)
Power Density – HEV, PHEV
Energy Density – PHEV, EV, load leveling
� Materials Chemistry Challenges
Main contender cell chemistries
Cell level
Energy
density /
Wh/kg
Cell level
Energy
density /
Wh/l
Durability
Cycle life
(100 %
DoD)
Price
$/Wh
(Estimate)
Power
C-rate
Safety
Thermal
Runaway onset
LiCoO2 170-185 450-490 500 0.31-0.46 1C 170oC
LiFePO4
EV/PHEV
90-125 130-300 2000 0.3-0.6 5C cont.
10C pulse
270oC
LiFePO4
HEV
80-108 200-240 >1000 0.8-1.2 30C cont.
50C pulse
270oC
15Axeon Confidential
NCM HEV 150 270-290 1500 0.5-0.58 20C cont
40C pulse
215oC
NCM EV/PHEV 155-190 330-365 1500 0.5-0.58 1C cont
5C pulse
215oC
Titanate vs
NCM / LMO
65-100 118-200 12000 1-1.7 10C cont.
20C pulse
Not susceptible
NCA 95-120→190 280 >1000 0.45-0.6 4C cont
10C pulse
200oC
Manganese
Spinel EV/PHEV
90-110→160 280 >1000 0.45-0.55 3-5C cont 255oC
Example - Lithium Iron Phosphate
LiFePO4 remains attractive for Automotive
Electrochemical Performance
Cycle Life / Power capability
Enabled by new Nano-materials
Nano-particulate agglomerates – Fast diffusion
Doped / Carbon coated to make better conductor
16Axeon Confidential
Safety
No oxygen release
Avoid thermal runaway
Issues
Cost / cycle life for Ultrahigh Power application
Materials Chemistry Challenge → New Advanced Battery Materials
High Power Density HEV – Future? → “Nano-Materials”
High surface area – Internal = Meso-porous materials
External = Nano-tubes/wires
Cell Chemistry - Future Developments
Nano-
rods/wires
TiO (B) C-Coated
Mesoporous LiMn2O4
17Axeon Confidential
Next generation nano-phosphates – Li-[Transition Metal]-Phosphates {Mn/Co/V}
Hurdles– cost, energy density
Advanced Surface coatings SiO2 , RuO2, etc
20nm
TiO2(B) C-Coated
LiMnPO4
Alternative Battery Chemistries
High Energy Density EV – Future ? →
Lithium Transition Metal Oxide CathodesE.g. Layered xLi2MnO3• (1-x)LiMO2
An electrochemically inactive (Li2M'O3) component is integrated with an
electrochemically active (LiMO2)component to provide improved structural and
electrochemical stability.
High energy density, High cell voltage, Long cycle life.
Alloys of Li with Silicon (Si) or Tin (Sn)
Nexilion, Sony Corporation (C/Sn/Co))
18Axeon Confidential
Nexilion, Sony Corporation (C/Sn/Co))Amorphous Alloy - Very high energy density / capacity
However very large volume expansions that need to be accommodated
Limited size/capacity cells produced commercially so far
New Improved Electrolyte - Higher operating voltages
The use of high V cathodes limited by the solvent oxidation >4.4 V vs. Li/Li+.
Requires new electrolytes → Ionic liquids show most promise.
Poor conductivity limits rate capability.
Lithium-Air Batteries – High Energy Density?
Potentially 10 x Energy Density compared to current Li-ion tech
Use of porous cathode, small % catalyst allows rechargeability
Hurdles – cycle life, rate capability.
“Battery 500” project : IBM, UC Berkeley and five US National Labs
Electric vehicle battery that gives up to 500 miles per charge
IBM believes its nano-scale semiconductor fabrication techniques can
19Axeon Confidential
IBM believes its nano-scale semiconductor fabrication techniques can
increase the surface area of
the lithium-air battery's
electrodes by 100 times.
⇒ achieve range goal
2 year feasibility study
Lithium-Air Schematic
Dispense with intercalation cathode use O2 from air!
Li2O2
Dis-charge
20Li anode Electrolyte Composite porous cathode
O2
charge
Li+Li+
Lithium-Air Schematic
Dispense with intercalation cathode use O2 from air!
Li2O2
Charge
21
Li+Li+
O2
Charge
Li anode Electrolyte Composite porous cathode
Li-Air – The Challenges...
Many Issues Remain :
Cyclability
Oxygen Selective Membrane , Suitable Electrolyte,
Recharge Potential / Hysteresis
Rate Capability
22Axeon Confidential
Electrolyte stability
How long to commercialisation....10years?
Cell Chemistry – Commercial Availability?
LiMnPO4 and LiFexMnyPO4 Na/Li3[M](PO4)2F3(M=Co,V etc)
Li4Ti5O12 Anode + Mn based Nano-titanate anode + Adv 5V Mn based
Li - Nano-silicon / Tin Alloy + high V TMO
Aerogel Li Vanadates
Li / Sulphur
LiFe-Sulphides/Silicates
Secondary Zn-Air
Secondary Li-Air
Ionic liquid Electrolyte
Conversion rxn, e.g Li/Fe3F3
Rela
tive C
ap
ab
ilit
y
23
2015-2020+?
Q42013
Q12011
Q12012
Q22012
Q32012
Q42012
Q12013
Q22013
Q32013
Q22011
Q32011
Q42011
LiFePO4
LiCoO2
LiMn2O4
LiMn1/2Ni1/2O2
LiFePO4(Doped or Coated with RuO2/TiO2. etc)
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 LiwMnxNiyCozO2
LiNixCoyAlZO2
Li2MnO3•LiMn1/2Ni1/2O2 Doped Co,Al,Ti etc
Mn Based Nano+Mesoporous
Li2MnO3•LiMn1/2Ni1/2O2
Axeon 2010 Confidential
Possible current/future cell options
Short Term Medium Term Long Term
City / EV LFP / LiMn2O4
Pouch
NCM / TMO
Pouch/Can Silicon/Tin-alloy
Rechargeable
metal air
systems
Urban Delivery EV
LFP/NCM NCM / TMO
Pouch/Can
PHEV LFP/NCM
Pouch
NCM / TMO
Pouch/Can
24
Pouch Pouch/Can
PerformanceHEV
Small Format
LFP
Small Format
LFP
Advanced Nano-
Material
electrodes
Axeon 2010 Confidential
R&D ProgramsR&D Programs
Relative theoretical energy densities
26Axeon Confidential
Dynamite = 1375 Wh/kgWood = 4000 Wh/kgPetrol = 12000 Wh/kg – highly energy inefficient
Example Axeon Development Projects
OROR
27Axeon Confidential
TSB Project (A)
Development roadmap programmes Consortia Status
TSB (A) - Pouch cell NCM/BMS Axeon, Allied & Ricardo Awarded
TSB (B) - TMO/Si Alloy Axeon, St Andrews University, Nexeon, Ricardo Awarded
Future project (C) - Li-Sulphur battery Oxis Energy, Axeon & others TBD Planned
Cells (D) Testing sample cells now Envia Systems Ongoing
TSB Project (B)
Future Project (C)Cells (D)
+ +
Technology Strategy Board R&D Project (A)
“Advanced High Energy Density Battery and Next Generation BMS”
+
For a 30kWh EV battery, cells alone :
Next Generation, Increased Next Generation, Increased Functionality, Smaller, Lighter, Functionality, Smaller, Lighter,
Cheaper, BMSCheaper, BMS
NCMNCMChemistry Chemistry
Pouch CellsPouch Cells+Small City CarSmall City Car
28Axeon Confidential
For a 30kWh EV battery, cells alone :
⇒⇒⇒⇒ Weight reduced by ~28%compared to LiFePO4
⇒⇒⇒⇒ Volume reduced by ~ 47%
cells alone
Weight / Volume reduction
NCM pouch cells, up to 340Wh/l and 170Wh/kg. Combined with a smaller/lighter Ricardo BMS should
prove to be a highly efficient technical solution.
Increased performanceHigh efficiency, via adaptive BMS capable of dynamic active and passive balancing.
Project Plan
Work Package Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Bench Top
Software
“A” Design
“A” Vehicle
“A” Build / Test
NOW
29Axeon Confidential
“B” Design
“B” Vehicle
“B” Build / Test
“B” Vehicle Test
“A” Certification
TSB (B): Li-M-Si-O / Si Alloy battery for PHEV
Si based alloy based next generation of negative electrodes
High volumetric and specific energy
Problem – particle fracture due to large volume expansion
Fix – Accommodate stress strain of volume expansion via nanostructure
Coupled with Li-TM-Silicate positive electrode
The University of St Andrews
30Axeon Confidential
Coupled with Li-TM-Silicate positive electrode
Overall = High energy density 250 to 300 Wh/kg, low cost.
PHEV Battery Pack construction
Cell Chemistry characterisation
BMS calibration
Pack Engineering and Construction
Further Battery Management System Development
Smaller, Lighter, Cheaper BMS
Q210
Q3 10 Q41 10 Q1 11 Q2 11 Q3 11 Q4 11 Q1 12 Q2 12 Q2 12
Cathode Development
AnodeDevelopment
Scale Up
Cell Fabrication
Project Plan
31Axeon Confidential
BMSDevelopment
Initial BMS Testing
Pack Engineering
ChemistryCharacterisation
Testing / Validation Where We Are Now.
= = = =
St Andrews - Technology
Positive electrodes based on Fe highly attractive (cost and safety).
LiFePO4 operates at 3.4V vs. lithium now used in commercial cells.
Electrochemical activity in Li2FeSiO4 reported. (3V vs Li)
Cheaper raw raw materials.
Difficult to prepare single phase, and structural change on cycling
Poor e- conductivity (analogous to phosphates) and room temp performance
Mn highly attractive: higher potential than Fe-Silicate (~ 4V)
32Axeon Confidential
possibility of removing more than 1 Li (Mn4+ more stable than Fe4+) => High Capacity => High Energy
Remains Inexpensive and safe
Structures related to LISICON
(LIthium SuperIonic CONductor)
materials with all cations tetrahedrally
coordinated by oxygen.
St Andrews - Technology
Alternative synthetic routes give single phase: (e.g. hydrothermal)
Best reported electrochemistry (50oC and low rate)
All require small particles and carbon coating to achieve satisfactory electrochemical performance
This structure type adopted by numerous other transition metals including Mn, Co
Mn highly attractive: higher potential than Li2FeSiO4 (~ 4V)
Remains Inexpensive and safe
possibility of removing more than 1 Li (Mn4+ more stable than Fe4+)
33
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Inte
nsi
ty
2θ / degrees (FeKα1
)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Cap
acit
y /
mA
hg
-1
Cycle number
possibility of removing more than 1 Li (Mn more stable than Fe )
LISICON framework is very flexible – contains interstitial cation sites
Offers a wide range of possible substitutions e.g. Li2+2xM1-xSiO4
Axeon Holdings plc 2009 Confidential
Up to 9x Gravimetric, 3 x Volumetric Energy Density
Silicon Fibres robust to volume change
Nexeon - Technology
34Axeon Confidential
Form pillars on particles without harvesting
Pillared Particles ⇒⇒⇒⇒ Hedgehog particles
Lower cost than graphite
Performance
Tune Capacity (mAh/g) by varying pillar : core ratio
35Axeon Confidential
Optimised Electrochemical Performance
Step change energy storage → 300Wh/kg
ConclusionsConclusions
Summay
Axeon has extensive real world experience of EV and HEV
batteries including a range of cell chemistries and Battery
Management Systems.
Axeon is “Cell Agnostic” but well connected to cell vendors and
participating in joint research and development programs.
Main chemistries and improved derivatives will be around for
37
some time, but new advanced cell chemistries are rapidly
emerging making a step change in energy storage a possibility.
Nano-Technology - Enabler and playing increasing role.
Axeon has a future view of these rapidly developing
technologies backed up by real research and development
programs and real end customer development projects.
Axeon 2010 Confidential
Nobel Court, Tel: +44 (0)1382 400040
Wester Gourdie, Fax: +44 (0)1382 400044
Axeon
Wester Gourdie, Fax: +44 (0)1382 400044
Dundee, DD2 4UH,
Scotland, UK www.axeon.com