Literature What are we learning

Language ArtsMrs Catlett

Subject (front side)

bull Simple subjectmdashis the key noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about

bull Compound subjectmdashis made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verbndashWho or what is the sentence talking

about

Subject (Back side)

bull Examples

bull Simple subjectndashSarah went to the store

bull CompoundndashSarah and Susan went to the store

Predicate(front side)

bull Simple predicatemdashis the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence

bull Compound predicatemdashis made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subjectndashWhat is the subject (who or what) doing

in the sentence

Predicate (Back side)

bull Examples

bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store

bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school

was cancelled

Noun (front side)

bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people

bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized

bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense

bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic

Noun (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Common noun

ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun

ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace

Concrete noun

Abstract noun

Verb (front side)

bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object

mdashthat answer the question what Or whom

bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom

bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Subject (front side)

bull Simple subjectmdashis the key noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about

bull Compound subjectmdashis made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verbndashWho or what is the sentence talking

about

Subject (Back side)

bull Examples

bull Simple subjectndashSarah went to the store

bull CompoundndashSarah and Susan went to the store

Predicate(front side)

bull Simple predicatemdashis the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence

bull Compound predicatemdashis made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subjectndashWhat is the subject (who or what) doing

in the sentence

Predicate (Back side)

bull Examples

bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store

bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school

was cancelled

Noun (front side)

bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people

bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized

bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense

bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic

Noun (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Common noun

ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun

ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace

Concrete noun

Abstract noun

Verb (front side)

bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object

mdashthat answer the question what Or whom

bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom

bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Subject (Back side)

bull Examples

bull Simple subjectndashSarah went to the store

bull CompoundndashSarah and Susan went to the store

Predicate(front side)

bull Simple predicatemdashis the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence

bull Compound predicatemdashis made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subjectndashWhat is the subject (who or what) doing

in the sentence

Predicate (Back side)

bull Examples

bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store

bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school

was cancelled

Noun (front side)

bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people

bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized

bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense

bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic

Noun (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Common noun

ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun

ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace

Concrete noun

Abstract noun

Verb (front side)

bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object

mdashthat answer the question what Or whom

bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom

bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Predicate(front side)

bull Simple predicatemdashis the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence

bull Compound predicatemdashis made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subjectndashWhat is the subject (who or what) doing

in the sentence

Predicate (Back side)

bull Examples

bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store

bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school

was cancelled

Noun (front side)

bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people

bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized

bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense

bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic

Noun (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Common noun

ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun

ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace

Concrete noun

Abstract noun

Verb (front side)

bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object

mdashthat answer the question what Or whom

bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom

bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Predicate (Back side)

bull Examples

bull Simple predicate (verb)ndashSarah went to the store

bull CompoundndashSarah ate and showered before school

was cancelled

Noun (front side)

bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people

bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized

bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense

bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic

Noun (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Common noun

ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun

ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace

Concrete noun

Abstract noun

Verb (front side)

bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object

mdashthat answer the question what Or whom

bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom

bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Noun (front side)

bull Common nounmdashnames a general class of people

bull Proper nounmdashspecifies a particular person place thing event or idea Proper nouns are always capitalized

bull Concrete nounmdashnames an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense

bull Abstract nounmdashnames an idea a quality or a characteristic

Noun (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Common noun

ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun

ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace

Concrete noun

Abstract noun

Verb (front side)

bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object

mdashthat answer the question what Or whom

bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom

bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Noun (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Common noun

ndashHer aunt took her to the storebull Proper noun

ndashHer aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace

Concrete noun

Abstract noun

Verb (front side)

bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object

mdashthat answer the question what Or whom

bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom

bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Verb (front side)

bull Action verb tells what someone or something is doingbull Transitive verb is followed by a direct object

mdashthat answer the question what Or whom

bull Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what Or whom

bull Linking verbs links or joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Verb (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Action verbtransitivedirect object

ndashAdam jogged homebull Action verbintransitive

ndashAdam jogged in the direction of his home

Linking verb

The trucks were red

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Sentences (front side)

bull Simple sentencemdashhas only one main clause and no subordinating clauses

bull Compound sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses

bull Complex sentencemdashhas at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses

bull Compound-Complex Sentencemdashhas two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Simple sentence

ndash The bananas were ready to be pickedbull Compound Sentence

ndash Zach studied for his test and Sarah stayed home sick

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Sentences (Back side)

bull Examplesbull Complex Sentencesubordinate clause

ndash Because they did not study for the test these students are going to fail the test

bull Compound-Complex Sentence

After a long weekend Carla and Sarah returned to college but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

The Simple SentenceA simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb)

I live in San Francisco

Subject

Verb

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Compound Sentence

You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by usinghellip

- a semicolon- a coordinating conjunction- a transition

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together

She works in the city but she lives in the suburbs

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Using a Semicolon

Independent Clause Independent Clause

I love living in the city there are so many things to do

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Using a Coordinating ConjunctionIndependent Clause coordinating conjunction Independent Clause

He couldnrsquot watch the show so he decided to tape it

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Coordinating Conjunctions

Logical Relationship Coordinating Conjunction

Addition And

Contrast But yet

Choice Or nor

Cause For

Result So

>

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

FANBOYS

bull For Fbull And Abull Nor Nbull But Bbull Or Obull Yet Ybull So S

Another way to remember these ishellip

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

CAUTIONDo NOT use a comma every time you use the words and or but nor for so yet Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses

Independent Clause

No comma- not an independent clause

The necklace was beautiful but expensive

Simple Sentence

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Using a Transition

Independent Clause transition Independent Clause

I love San Francisco however I hate the traffic

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Click here to see lists of transitions

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

John cannot set up his typewriter

because the wall has no outlet

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Example- Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause

She will go to school in the city

until she finds a jobIndependent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

When I first moved to the city

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets

Complex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)

bull Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other

bull ExamplendashWe go to the park whenever Mom lets

us

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)

bull after although asbull as if as long as as soon asbull as though because beforebull if even though in order thatbull since than thoughbull so that unless untilbull when whenever wherebull whereas wherever whetherbull While

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Relationship TransitionAddition Moreover

FurthermoreIn additionbesides

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Contrast However On the contraryIn contrast On the other hand

Result or Effect Consequently AccordinglyThus HenceTherefore As a result

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ReinforcementEmphasis IndeedIn fact

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Exemplification For exampleFor instanceIn particular

Time Meanwhile (at the same time)Subsequently (after)Thereafter (after)

Relationship Transition

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Clauses vs phrases (front side)

bull A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

bull A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Clauses vs Phrases(back side)

bull Types of phrasesndash Prepositional phrasendash Verbal phrasendash Participle phrasendash Appositive phrasendash Infinitive phrasendash Gerund phrase

bull Types of clausesndash Subordinate clause

bull Adjectivebull Adverbbull Noun

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Adjective Phrases

bull Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun

bull Example The servers at the new restaurant are courteous (phrase modifies servers)

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Adverb phrase

bull Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb

bull Example The servers dress with a flamboyant flair (modifies dress the verb)

bull Example The restaurant is popular with young people(modifies popular an adjective)

bull Example The restaurant opens early in the morning (modifes early an adverb)

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Infinitive (phrases)

Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb Infinitives are often used as nouns

Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning

Example To write is Alicersquos ambition

To write a great novel was Alicersquos ambition

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Participle Participial phrases

Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun

Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaningrsquo

Participles end in -ed --ing or en

Example His playing skill improves daily

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Gerund (phrases)

Gerund is a verb from that ends in ndashing and is used a a noun

Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing

Example Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Adjective Clause

bull An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence

bull Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Adjective Clause

bull Example The Aqua-Lung which divers strap on holds oxygen

Try these

1 Road maps which show roadways can be fascinating

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Adverb Clause

bull An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence It tells how when where why or under what conditions the action occurs

bull Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Adverb Clause

bull Example After we won the meet we shook hands with our opponents

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Noun Clause

bull A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it they he she etc)

bull Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6) who(ever) whose whom(ever) which(ever) where(ever) when(ever) and that

bull They also begin with how(ever) if whether why what (ever)

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Literary Elements

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Plot Graphic Organizer

Introduction

Event(s) leading up to climax

Event(s) leading up to climax

Climax

Event(s) after the climax

Event(s) after the climax

Resolution

Ris

ing A

ctio

n

Falling A

ction

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

AllegoryA story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas For example in westerns the sheriff represents the good and the outlaw represents evil

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

AlliterationThe repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in ldquoPeter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppersrdquo

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

AllusionA reference to something or someone often literary For instance if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said ldquoUse the forcerdquo that would be an allusion to Stars Wars The verb form of allusion is to allude

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

AntagonistA major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ArchetypeA character who represents a certain type of person For example Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awayrdquo

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

AtmosphereThe overall feeling of a work which is related to tone and mood

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Blank verseUnrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Characterization The means by which an author establishes character An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ClimaxThe point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ConflictThe elements that create a plot Traditionally every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters society andor nature)

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ContrastTo explain how two things differ To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

CoupletsA pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem Shakespearersquos sonnets all end in couplets

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

DenouementThe resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolvedmdashin other words tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Dramatic MonologueA poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows but who does not say anything

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ElegyA poem mourning the dead

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

End rhymeRhyming words that are at the ends of their respective linesmdashwhat we typically think of as normal rhyme

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

EpicA long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashfor example Homerrsquos The Odyssey

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

FableA story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the charactermdashfor example The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what it says For example you can call someone who is very angry ldquosteamingrdquo Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears you were using figurative language

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as ldquoIrdquo

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ForeshadowingA technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Free VersePoetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

GenreA kind of style usually art or literature Some literary genres are mysteries westerns and romances

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

HyperboleA huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funniest guy on the planetrdquo or ldquoThat baseball card is worth a zillion dollarsrdquo

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Iambic pentameterTen-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed For example ldquoWith eyes like stars upon the brave night airrdquo

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ImageryThe use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks sounds feels smells or taste Most of the time it refers to appearance For example ldquoThe young birdrsquos white feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime skyrdquo

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Internal rhymeA rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHersquos King of the Swingrdquo

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

IronyLanguage that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Literal LanguageLanguage that means exactly what it says

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

LyricA type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It often tells some sort of brief story engaging the reading in the experience

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

MetaphorA comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as ldquoHersquos a rockrdquo or ldquoI am an islandrdquo

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

MeterThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

MonologueA long speech by one character in a play or story

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

MoodThe emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

MythA legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean such as ldquobuzzrdquo

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ParadoxA seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the best of times It was the worst of timesrdquo

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ParodyA humorous exaggerated imitation of another work

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

PersonificationGiving inanimate object human characteristics For example ldquoThe flames reached for the child hovering in the cornerrdquo

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

PlotThe action in the story

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ProseWriting organized into sentences and paragraphs In other words normal writingmdashnot poetry

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ProtagonistThe main character of a novel play or story

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

PunThe use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings For example ldquoNoticing the bunch of bananas the hungry gorilla went ape

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

QuatrainA four-line stanza

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Rhetorical QuestionA question not meant to be answered such as ldquoWhy canrsquot we just get alongrdquo

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

SarcasmLanguage that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if itrsquos raining outside and you say ldquoMy what a beautiful dayrdquo

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

SatireA work that makes fun of something or someone

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Sensory imageryImagery that has to do with something you can see hear taste smell or feel For example ldquoThe stinging salty air drenched his facerdquo

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

SimileA comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom as hungry as a wolfrdquo or ldquoMy love is like a roserdquo

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

SoliloquyA monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

SonnetA fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

StanzaA section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it a verse ldquoparagraphrdquo

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

SubplotA line of action secondary to the main story

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

SymbolismThe use of one things to represent another For example a dove is a symbol of peace

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ThemeThe central idea of a work

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ToneThe authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For example a tone could be pessimistic optimistic or angry

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

VoiceThe narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first second or third person

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Dramahellip

bull hellipis a story told in front of an audience

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Elements of Drama

bull Playwright-the author of a play

bull Actors-the people who perform

bull Acts-the units of action

bull Scenes-parts of the acts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Elements of Drama

bull Characterization-playwrightrsquos technique for making believable characters

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Dramatic Speech

bull Dialogue-conversation between or among characters

bull Monologue-long speech by one single character (private thoughts)

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Stage Directions

bull Found in brackets [ ]bull Describe scenery and

how characters speakbull C Center Stagebull L Stage Leftbull R Stage Rightbull U Upstage or Rear bull D Downstage or

Front

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Theater

bull Where a play takes place

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Set

bull Construction on the stage that shows timeplace

bull Could be called Scenery

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Props

bull Small movable items that the actors use to make actions look real

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

FICTION

bull Writing or story created from the imagination not presented as fact though it may be based on a true story or situation

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

NONFICTION

bull literature that is not fictional

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

What is ldquoinformational textrdquo

bull Informational texts are nonfiction texts that explain or convey information Some examples arendash Textbooksndash Encyclopediasndash Newspapersndash Magazinendash Web sitesndash pamphlets

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

BROCHURE

bull Pamphlet or booklet that describes or advertises something

Examples of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ATLAS

bull A collection of maps in book form

Examples of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

THESAURUS

bull A book of synonyms sometimes including contrasting words

Examples of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

ALMANAC

bull A publication usually an annual containing useful facts and statistical information

Examples of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Features of Informational Texts

bull It is important to be able to recognize features of informational textshellipndash Headingsndash Sub-headingsndash Indexndash Table of Contentsndash Glossaryndash Graphic Features (photographs diagrams

illustrations)ndash Captionsndash TopicMain Ideandash Supporting Details

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

Headings and Sub-headings

bull Titles of sections using bold print different font sizes and colors

bull These headings and sub-headings help to organize the text into sections

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

INDEX

bull a list of items (as topics or names) given at the end of a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

bull A table of contents usually headed simply Contents is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

GLOSSARY

bull a collection of specialized terms with their meaning

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

GRAPHIC FEATURES

bull a graphic representation (as a picture map or graph) used especially for illustration

The Mona Lisa by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world

graphic feature

caption

Features of Informational Texts

CAPTIONS

bull the heading especially of an article or document the explanatory comment or designation accompanying a pictorial illustration

APPLE

Features of Informational Texts

AUDIENCE

A reading listening or viewing public

Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text

Features of Informational Texts

CITATION

bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work

bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography

Features of Informational Texts

FACT

bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true

OPINION

bull a judgment one holds as true

Writing

Main Idea

bull Main Idea - is like the heart

of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the

text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea

ma

General Versus Specific

bull The main idea is a general one

bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones

bull Which word is the most general

Potato or Vegetable

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

AUDIENCE

A reading listening or viewing public

Sometimes it may be important to understand who the intended audience is especially if you are creating informational text

Features of Informational Texts

CITATION

bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work

bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography

Features of Informational Texts

FACT

bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true

OPINION

bull a judgment one holds as true

Writing

Main Idea

bull Main Idea - is like the heart

of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the

text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea

ma

General Versus Specific

bull The main idea is a general one

bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones

bull Which word is the most general

Potato or Vegetable

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

CITATION

bull A citation is a reference to a work such as a book or a journal article - it provides the necessary information needed to locate the work A book citation provides the author title publisher publication place and year of a work

bull Citations often appear at the end of the work in the form of a bibliography

Features of Informational Texts

FACT

bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true

OPINION

bull a judgment one holds as true

Writing

Main Idea

bull Main Idea - is like the heart

of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the

text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea

ma

General Versus Specific

bull The main idea is a general one

bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones

bull Which word is the most general

Potato or Vegetable

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

FACT

bull A piece of information that can be shown or demonstrated to be true

OPINION

bull a judgment one holds as true

Writing

Main Idea

bull Main Idea - is like the heart

of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the

text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea

ma

General Versus Specific

bull The main idea is a general one

bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones

bull Which word is the most general

Potato or Vegetable

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

OPINION

bull a judgment one holds as true

Writing

Main Idea

bull Main Idea - is like the heart

of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the

text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea

ma

General Versus Specific

bull The main idea is a general one

bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones

bull Which word is the most general

Potato or Vegetable

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

Writing

Main Idea

bull Main Idea - is like the heart

of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the

text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea

ma

General Versus Specific

bull The main idea is a general one

bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones

bull Which word is the most general

Potato or Vegetable

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

Main Idea

bull Main Idea - is like the heart

of the text or a paragraph bull It is the controlling idea bull All the other supporting details in the

text or within a paragraph should tell us more about the main idea

ma

General Versus Specific

bull The main idea is a general one

bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones

bull Which word is the most general

Potato or Vegetable

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

General Versus Specific

bull The main idea is a general one

bull The supporting ideas in the passage are specific ones

bull Which word is the most general

Potato or Vegetable

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

What about the topic

bull The topic is the general subject of a reading passage

bull To find the topic just ask yourself ldquoWho or what is this passage aboutrdquo

bull The topic can be expressed in a word or a phrase WHO

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

Supporting Details

bull Supporting details prove the value of the main idea What are they here

Homeless people have many problems In winter itrsquos hard to stay warm and it gets too hot in summer Itrsquos also hard to keep things safe without a home Worst is the lack of privacy

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS

SUPPORTING DETAILS

bull Examples and illustrations to the topic sentence or main idea of a piece of writing

• Literature What are we learning
• Subject (front side)
• Subject (Back side)
• Predicate(front side)
• Predicate (Back side)
• Noun (front side)
• Noun (Back side)
• Verb (front side)
• Verb (Back side)
• Sentences (front side)
• Sentences (Back side)
• Sentences (Back side) (2)
• The Simple Sentence
• Compound Sentence
• Compound Sentence (2)
• Using a Semicolon
• Using a Coordinating Conjunction
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• FANBOYS
• CAUTION
• Using a Transition
• Complex Sentences
• Example- Complex Sentence
• Complex Sentences (2)
• Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side)
• Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side)
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Clauses vs phrases (front side)
• Clauses vs Phrases(back side)
• Adjective Phrases
• Adverb phrase
• Infinitive (phrases)
• Participle Participial phrases
• Gerund (phrases)
• Adjective Clause
• Adjective Clause (2)
• Adverb Clause
• Adverb Clause (2)
• Noun Clause
• Literary Elements
• Plot Graphic Organizer
• Allegory A story in which the characters represent abstract q
• Alliteration The repetition of first consonants in a group of
• Allusion A reference to something or someone often literary
• Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist in a
• Archetype A character who represents a certain type of person
• Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds as in ldquoDays wane awa
• Atmosphere The overall feeling of a work which is related to
• Blank verse Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentam
• Characterization The means by which an author establishes cha
• Climax The point at which the action in a story or play reache
• Conflict The elements that create a plot Traditionally ever
• Contrast To explain how two things differ To compare and con
• Couplets A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from
• Denouement The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the
• Dramatic Monologue A poem with a fictional narrator addressed
• Elegy A poem mourning the dead
• End rhyme Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respecti
• Epic A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figuremdashf
• Fable A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as
• Figurative Language Language that does not mean exactly what
• First Person Point of View The point of view of writing which
• Foreshadowing A technique in which an author gives clues about
• Free Verse Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme
• Genre A kind of style usually art or literature Some litera
• Hyperbole A huge exaggeration For example ldquoDanrsquos the funnie
• Iambic pentameter Ten-syllable lines in which every other syll
• Imagery The use of description that helps the reader imagine h
• Internal rhyme A rhyme that occurs within one line such as ldquoHe
• Irony Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he
• Literal Language Language that means exactly what it says
• Lyric A type of poetry that expresses the poetrsquos emotions It
• Metaphor A comparison that doesnrsquot use ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquomdashsuch as
• Meter The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the
• Monologue A long speech by one character in a play or story
• Mood The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
• Motif A theme or pattern that recurs in a work
• Myth A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers
• Onomatopoeia The use of words that sound like what they mean
• Paradox A seeming contradiction For example ldquoIt was the b
• Parody A humorous exaggerated imitation of another work
• Personification Giving inanimate object human characteristics
• Plot The action in the story
• Prose Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs In ot
• Protagonist The main character of a novel play or story
• Pun The use of a word in a way that plays on its different mea
• Quatrain A four-line stanza
• Rhetorical Question A question not meant to be answered such a
• Sarcasm Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just h
• Satire A work that makes fun of something or someone
• Sensory imagery Imagery that has to do with something you can
• Simile A comparison that uses ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo For example ldquoIrsquom
• Soliloquy A monologue in which a character expresses his or h
• Sonnet A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter Differ
• Stanza A section of poetry separated from the sections before
• Subplot A line of action secondary to the main story
• Symbolism The use of one things to represent another For ex
• Theme The central idea of a work
• Tone The authorrsquos attitude toward his or her subject For exa
• Voice The narrative point of view whether itrsquos in the first s
• Dramahellip
• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Drama (2)
• Dramatic Speech
• Stage Directions
• Theater
• Set
• Props
• Informational Texts
• FICTION
• NONFICTION
• What is ldquoinformational textrdquo
• BROCHURE
• ATLAS
• THESAURUS
• ALMANAC
• Features of Informational Texts
• Headings and Sub-headings
• INDEX
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• GLOSSARY
• GRAPHIC FEATURES
• CAPTIONS
• AUDIENCE
• CITATION
• FACT
• OPINION
• Writing
• Main Idea
• General Versus Specific
• What about the topic
• Supporting Details
• SUPPORTING DETAILS