Literature Review(1)

By Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)

Bro.Francis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)

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Define the concept Literature Review Discuss some sources of Literature Review Explain the importance of review of related

literature Explain the limit and review of Literature Explain the different approaches of

referencing, citation and direct quotes Conduct literature review


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• According to Owolabi.J(2006), literature review is the gradual process which the researcher uses to search out, read, digest and critically evaluating previous works of scholars related to the problem under investigation

• In order to understand your study, you need to familiarize yourself with what other scholars have done in your proposed topic/study


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In literature review, you are getting full knowledge of the area of your interest

Literature review is chapter two of the research proposal


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Definition:• Systematic identification and location of

documents concerning information related to the research problem.

• Mugenda & Mugenda(199:29) reports that the reviewing of literature involves:– The systematic identification– Location and analysis of documents containing

information related to the research problem being investigated.


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Summary and analysis of previous researches showing how they are linked to the present study.

Re+ view=look again at what others have done in areas that are similar, though not necessarily identical to one’s own area of investigation.


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A thoughtful thematic review of any historical, theoretical and methodological issues you are dealing with

Written discursively telling your readers which academic conversation you are taking part in and why.


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Historical issues-what past work has been done in this area?

Methodological issues: how have others tackled similar(or even very different) problems?


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Integrative◦ Drawing conclusions from many separate studies

Theoretical◦ Present different theories to explain a certain

phenomenon, comparing breadth, consistency and predictions

Methodological◦ Examine research methods that have been

applied to particular problem.


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It can reveal to you sources of data you never thought of.

Without an effective literature review, the rest of the research work will be shallow, substandard and naive and will most certainly duplicate work that has already been done

It can introduce you to eminent scholars It can increase your confidence in your selected

topic It can reveal investigations similar to yours and

it can now show how other scholars handled methodological and design issues.


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Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study

avoid unnecessary and unintentional duplication of others researchers' projects-It will help to contribute to knowledge

Helps to summarize the results of previous studies in order for you to use them as data base for your findings.

You can learn from other researchers’ mistakes and avoid making the same


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It may suggest further research questions for you.


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Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic

Shows how the prevailing ideas fit into your study

How your study agrees or differs from them It may reveal data sources of that you may

not have known to have existed It can reveal methods of dealing with

problematic situations


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It can help you interpret and make sense of your findings and ultimately help you to tie your results to the works of those who have preceded you.


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Identify key issues to be addressed by the literature review i.e◦ Clarify the research topic◦ Relationships between variables◦ Be specific on the problem the literature should

address Identify sources of information

◦ Books, articles, professional papers


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Analyze critically the articles identified Create an outline of the review

◦ Use objectives Write review of literature

◦ Use objectives here Reviewing should be critical

◦ This means not taking things at the face value and adopting a questioning attitude.


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You might need to ask the following questions of the things you read:◦ What claims and arguments are being made?◦ Are the arguments logically consistent(do they

make sense)◦ What evidence is cited in support?◦ What source(primary and secondary have been

used?◦ What objections may be raised?◦ How does the study fit into the field of research?


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Compare and contrast varying theoretical perspectives on the topic

Show how approaches to the topic have changed over time

Describe general trends in research findings Identify discrepant or contradictory findings

and suggest possible explanations for such discrepancies'

Identify general themes that run throughout the literature


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The literature review does not simply;◦ Show that nothing has been written about the

topic◦ Show your awareness of the big names in the

field◦ Provide a summary of all the literature about the

topic◦ Simply occur at the beginning of the research

process◦ Occur once all relevant material have been

searched or copied.


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Must; Organize information and relate it to the

thesis or research question you are developing

Synthesize results into what is and isn’t known

Identify controversy when it appears in the literature

Develop questions for further research

Bro.ncis Ibanda(MBA,PGDHR,BBAM,MABE)

Tel.0703826155,0753521891

Be critical; you are not recording or describing other peoples work, you are providing a critique by pointing out the strengths & weaknesses of other research & evaluating other studies, theories etc with reference to your study.


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Avoid temptation to include everything Must plan and clearly define the topic and

research objectives Start with the most recent studies because

they rely on new discoveries in knowledge Indicate any thought that comes to your

mind eg what don’t you understand, points you disagree/agree with etc


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A number of questions especially from graduate students are asked:◦ How wide or narrow should the literature be ie

when should some body stop reviewing ?


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A reasonable of references in literature review would be;◦ Undergarduate review: 15-20 titles◦ Masters thesis 50+ titles◦ Doctoral thesis: 80+ titles


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Harried review of literature in order to get started on the research project

Overconcentration on secondary sources Overconcentration on the findings and

overlooking valuable information on methods and measures.

Overlooking other sources such as; news papers, and popular magazines which often contain articles on education topics.


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Do not conduct a hurried review for fear of overlooking important information

Do not rely too heavily on secondary sources

Many people concentrate only on findings from journals when reviewing literate. Endeavor to read about the methodology used

Bro.Francis Ibanda(MGDHR,BBAM,MABE)

Tel.0703826155,0753521891

It is important to check daily newspapers because contain very educative and current information educative


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Primary Source: Primary source is direct description of any

occurrence by an individual who actually observed or witnessed the occurrence

A review of literature should be based on primary sources as much as possible because information from secondary source may be altered by writers.


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Original work by the person who conducted the study

Eye witness Original documents Periodicals (journals, dissertations/thesis,

conferences papers)


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Secondary Source:These include any publication written by the

an author who was not a direct observer or participant in the events being described.◦ Books◦ Reports◦ News papers◦ The print journals


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Grey literature Internet References quoted in the book


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Literature review leads to the development of the literature review chapter which may include;◦ Introduction◦ Theoretical review◦ Conceptual frame work(some times in chapter

One or two◦ Actual review objectives

&objectives………………….


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Abstracting the references Locating, reviewing, summarizing and classifying

reference Seven steps

◦ Read the article abstract◦ Skim the entire article◦ Record complete bibliographic information◦ Summarize the article◦ Identify thoughts about the article you believe

important◦ Indicate direct quotes properly


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Be familiar with the library before beginning the literature review

Make a list of key word or phrases to guide your literature search. Family conflict, family violence or abuse, family dissolution.


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Differences between Quantitative & Qualitative reviews◦ Quantitative reviews are typically conducted in

initial stages of the study◦ Qualitative are ongoing throughout the entire

study reflecting the need to understand data as it is collected, interpreted and synthesized.


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It is an important part of literature of your review Referencing the work of others is an important

academic convention because it emphasizes that you are ware of the historical development of your subject.

It shows that you recognize that your research builds on the works of others.

The goal is to allow readers to find your source Most institutions have preferred system of

referencing Whatever system preferred/adopted has to be

consistent


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Create bibliography as you go along to avoid having to retrace the material at the final write up stage

The system preferred at UMU is the Harvard system

The references should be presented in alphabetical order.


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For books◦ The author’s or editor’s name (or names)◦ year the book was published◦ title of the book◦ edition ◦ city the book was published in◦ name of the publisher


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Example:◦ Berkman.R. (1994): How to Uncover Expert

Information on any subject, Harper Perennilla, New York.

Two or More Authors Example

◦ Moir,A & Jessel,D.(1991),The real difference Between Men and Women, Mandarin,London


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Adair, J. (1988) Effective time management: How to save time and spend it wisely, London: Pan Books.

Book with two authors◦ McCarthy, P. and Hatcher, C. (1996) Speaking

persuasively: Making the most of your presentations, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.


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Journal Article◦ the author’s name or names ◦ The year in which the journal was published ◦ The title of the journal ◦ The page number/s of the article in the journal ◦ As much other information as you can find about

the journal, for example the volume and issue numbers

HuffmanProcessing Proteins for use as a food ingredient,LM.(1996),. Food Technology , Vol 50 no. 2 pp 49-52


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Conference Paper◦ Bohrer, S.,Zielke,T. & Freiburg, V.(1995),

“Integrated obstacle detection frame work for intelligence cruise control and motorways”. IEE intelligence Vehicles Symposium,Detroit,MI,Piscataway,pp 256-281


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News Paper article◦ Orungo S. “Malnutrition among Ugandan children”

The Daily Monitor 9 May,2012 P.32 Direct quote from a book or journal

article with one author◦ When organizing our time, Adair (1988: 51) states

that ‘the centerpiece will tend to be goals and objectives’.


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Chapter, essay or section of an edited book◦ Helse,D.R.(1970) Problems of Path Analysis and

Causal Inference.In Borgatta,E.F.& Bohrnstedt(Eds), Sociological Methodology(pp 38-730. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass)


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Television Program(Hypthetical)Oketch,Julius.(producer). 2012,)October 8).

Career choices among Ugandans. Kampala: NTV


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For electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left if it is available, but also record:◦ The date you accessed the source◦ The electronic address or email◦ The type of electronic resource (email, discussion

forum)


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Example:◦ Global Business Corporation(on line) (cited 1

September 2012) .Available from www.globuscorp.co.uk/faq.index.htl)

In the text, ◦ (Global business Corporation 2004)


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If no date is provided;◦ Write the article(nd)

To quote the bible◦ Just quote directly ie Psalm85:5) but should not

quoted in the reference


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Use only the name of the author followed by the year of publication. Eg Berry &Williams(1987) found a positive relationship between income and satisfaction with quality of life

Foot notes◦ References which appear at the bottom of the

journal, book or article◦ Provides additional information


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c Copyright

Chap.chaps Chapter, chapters

et al. Used when more than two authors eg. Kikuulo et al,2005

Ibid As cited above(using the same author in the next paragraph)

Ed eds Editor, editors

p., pp Page(s)

Vol,vols Volume(s)


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It can be conducted objectives by objectives, research questions by research questions or according to reaesrch hypothesis.


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2.1 Literature Review2.2 IntroductionIn this chapter, the works of the past researchers

will be summarized and only those pertinent ideas relevant to this study will be highlighted. As such areas which were not sufficiently covered in the past studies will be identified and only those in line with the objectives of the study will be captured.

The literature review will be conducted in accordance with the objectives and citations made in each objective indicating the research gaps that the study intends to fulfill


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2.3 Overview of Remuneration and Motivation

2.4 Conceptual Framework2.5 Review of Related Literature2.5.1 Basic Salary and Motivation of Lecturers2.5.2 Housing and Motivation of Lecturers2.5.3 Health Scheme and Motivation of

Lecturers


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Basic Salary & Motivation of LecturersCombs.M(2000) defines basic salary

as…..while Saleemi and Bokongo(1997) defines basic salary as………. According to Gamal(2001), basic salary is……….These definitions agree that basic salary is…………. However, the authors ignore…………..(mention weaknesses/failures/gaps).

Note: Relate salary and motivation while reviewing.


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Summary: Here the researcher ties the main issues revealed in the literature and present a composite picture of what is known to date. A summary is a recapitulation of the main issues of the review.


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Note: This section can be presented as a series of

short paragraphs that identify three or four short comings and discuss how past researchers overlooked or by passed it.

Use words like argues, asserts, affirm, contends, agrees, while, however while conducting your literature review.


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Literature Review(1)

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