LITERATURE REVIEW sravani.doc
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Investigation of causes on Deterioration of Buildings
in Vijayawada and Suggestion of Remedial Measures
Under the guidance of Submitted by
Dr Chava Srinivas !Meher Sravani
"ead of the De#t! $%&'$D&($)
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*BSR*C+
Buildings are man made structures which has components like beams,
slabs, Colums etc..,. Like everything in this world buildings also get
deteriorated. From past few decades the buildings have been constructed
with RCC (Reinforced concrete cement material. !very structure has
been created with huge amount of resources. "e cannot even dream of
recreating the assets out of limited resources. #t is therefore essential to
maintain them in functional condition. $ince, %eterioration of building is
natural phenomenon and has started e&hibiting in large number of
structures a systematic approach is needed in dealing with such problems.
#dentification of causes of deterioration and conse'uent
repairrehabilitation strategy at optimum costs needs a scientific
evaluation and solution. $o in this pro)ect we will consider the sample
points in buildings which were constructed *+- years ago and /%0
tests will conducted at the sample points in the selected buildings and so
that we may conclude that where the building strength lacks, the
structural health and we can suggest the remedial measures for those
deterioration causes and minimi1e the deterioration effects in a structure.
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Introduction+
a 2bout Concrete3 #n this modern !ra, buildings are generally
constructed with concrete. "e all well known that concrete is a mi&ture
of water, cement, aggregates which include coarse and fine. 0he buildings
or structures which have been constructed with reinforcement cement
concrete are comparatively strong than which are constructed with other
materials
4roperties of Concrete
• 5igh compressive $trength
• Low tensile strength
• Low coefficient of thermal e&pansion
• Concrete ha high alkalinity
b 2bout %eterioration3
0he general definition of deterioration is the impairment of usefulness
0he concrete usually gets deteriorated when the surface gets e&posed
to weather ,chemical, water etc..,
#f the structure is given sufficient protection from these factors then
the structure will last for few more decades with low maintenance cost
and ade'uate strengthFactors causing deterioration in $tructures
• Corrosion
• %ue to free1e and thaw action
• 6ver loading
• 5eat
• Lightning %amage
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C 5ow to detect deterioration in a building
• 7isual inspection
• 6uter surface of concrete deterioration can be detected by
testing with a metal hammer
• 0he deterioration of embedded steel can be carried out by
/%0 test using Rebound hammer, 8ltrasonic pulse velocity
test etc..,
• $ample testing is important part of any inspection i.e. core
samples must be drilled and sample tests can be done in
these samples like compressive strength, depth of
carbonation and chloride content.
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,-iterature Review.
*Lee 5iggins, 9ohn 4.Forth,2nne /eville, Rod 9ones, 0revor
5odgsons:Behaviour of crac/ed reinforced Concrete beams under
re#eated and sustained load ty#es;
#nternational )ournal of engineering structures
"hen a reinforced concrete beam is sub)ected to repeated loads then the
deformation in the beam increases. "here when repeated loadings were
investigated concluded the magnitude of the peak applied load is
influential .0his conclusion is reasonable as the upper applied load will
determine the degree of cracking within the section. 6ne of the ob)ectives
of the current research was to e&amine whether an increased no of cycles
due to higher loading fre'uency significantly changes structural response
within tension 1one.
2 $eries of reinforced concrete beams have been tested in
bending under various types. #t has been shown that repeated loading
causes larger deformations in both the tension and compression 1ones of
concrete member when compared to deformations e&perience under
sustained load. 0his results in larger curvature and deflection values for
beams under repeated loads.
-$.L. 4agliolico, R.%oglione,9<.0ulliani:Diagnosis of the surface
layer damage in a $012s reinforced concrete building.
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#nternational )ournal of Construction materials
Causes of degradation causes of the palace of public works located in
$.=iovanni s'uare in 0urin(#taly samples are collected from building and
analysed by mans of scanning electron microscopy($!<,>Ray
diffraction ,0hermo gravimetric coupled with differential thermal analysis
etc..,
0o determine the state of concrete, bricks , steel reinforcement inside the
structure an avg of ? samples were collected in the building .0he
samples were collected from all faces of building. $amples of bricks and
mortars were collect with a scalpel, #ncoherent efflorescence@s were
sampled by means of a brush from brick surface .Black crusts were
removed with a bistouri.>R% analyses and 0=%02 are performed.
Carbonation depth shows the porosity of concrete generally the carbon
dio&ide concentration in air should be -Appm when the concentration
reaches a threshold value of ppm then the concrete structures gets
effected by corrosion and carbonation .0he reinforcing bars are protected
against corrosion by passivtaion.
Continued e&posure of steel to o&idi1ing agents causes the formation of
layers of iron o&ides and hydro&ides having different degree of o&idation
with a much lower density than that of iron. 0his causes a considerable
increase in volume of the surface layer which generates sufficient stressto disrupt concrete cover by cracking and spalling regarding facing bricks
and brick laying mortars the most diffuse degradations were lacunas,
pulverisation ,delaminationetc.., dissolution ad leaching of mortar
between brick courses and the presence of slats inside the masonry.
?$antiago =u1man, 9aime C.=alve1,9ose <.$amcho:Cover crac/ing
reinforced concrete due to rebar corrosion induced by chloride
#enetration.
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#nternational )ournal of C6/CR!0! 2/% C!<!/0 R!$!2RC5
Corrosion of reinforcement bar #s a primary cause in deterioration of
concrete structures which may lead to failure and even collapse .#n any
case the cost of the associated repair and maintenance is enormous.
Chloride induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel is known to be ma)or
cause of premature rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures.
0he #nitial stage is until aggressive specie concentration around the
reinforcement bar reaches a threshold value necessary to trigger active
corrosion
0he 4ropagation stage is in which the rust generation
#nduces tensile stresses in the concrete cover
0he general conclusion that service life ends when steel depassivates on
the first calculation the chloride ingress and transportation studied when
chloride concentration around the reinforcement bar reaches a thresh hold
value
Lue the concrete cracking cover is e&amined through -nd
model. 0he
meso scale approach has been successful for chloride ingress and
transportation and for concrete cracking. #n the initial stage the proposed
finite element model reproduce results of e&perimental tests by means of
a priori parameter estimations acc to the characteristic of materials and
environment conditions. 2 model has been proposed for the analysation
of the second stage propagation stage embedded cohesive crack elementand it is able to estimate the surface cracking 'uite accurately. 5owever it
is necessary to make some assumptions about the consideration of an
especially porous 1one around the steel concrete interface and the
accommodation of corrosion products within the open cracks generated in
the process .#n addition the rust mechanical properties need further
analysis.
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<d 21ree othuman <ydin,<ahyuddin Ramil ,5ani1am 2wang
3,4actors of Deterioration in Building and the #rinci#les of Re#air;
#nternational )ournal of 8!<
0he general building defects are regularly in the form of dampness , wall
cracks ,even water penetration to the building .$ome buildings defects
may be noticeable and some other defects may not be noticeable. 2n
e&act identification of a building defect necessitates knowledge and
familiarity with the design and construction of a building combined with
an indulgent of methods of scientific e&ploration.
#f we identify the correct cause of deterioration of building then the
sensible remedy can be applied. 0echnical knowledge and proficiency
and an indulgent of building defects and the remedial measures essential
to put the defects right. %etermining the origin of the deficiency will
depend on which areas have been e&aggerated.
%ifferent causes of deterioration and defects are
2<echanical 2gents
b !lectromagnetic 2gents
c 0hermal 2gents
d Chemical 2gents
e Biological agents
fbuilding users
=ood repair practice is central to good conservation in all countries.Repair would be only action necessary to facilitate buildings to endure.
+5iroshi "202/2B! and 5iroshima 6=2:5eneral information
on deterioration of e6isting concrete structures and recent research
to#ics on the maintenance techni7ues in 8'RI.
4ublic works research institute has been undertaking comprehensive
research pro)ects for effective maintenance techni'ues for e&isting
concrete structures. #n the survey conducted national most of the concrete
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structures deteriorated by salt attack. #n this paper, the research results are
introduced and discussed to recogni1e importance of preventive
maintenance against deterioration salt induced corrosion. #t is very imp to
establish strategic maintenance programme for the e&isting civil concrete
structures.
#n general the D of deteriorated concrete structures is closely related with
ages there are more deteriorated structures among the older ones, and
there is no evidence for a particularly inferior decade on the other hand
not all structures deteriorate with time +.AD of samples remained in
perfect condition for more than ?+ years .Causes of deterioration are low
'uality concrete and shortage of cover concrete were common.
E!milio Bastidas2rteaga,Franck $choefs,<ark =.$tewart,>iaoming
"ang:Influence of global warming on durability of corroding Rc
Structures *8robabilistica##roach.
#nternational )ournal of !ngineering $tructures
Bastidas 2rteaga proposed a :$tochastic 2pproach; to study the
influence of global warming on chloride ingress for Rc $tructures but this
study only focused on the effect of climate change on the corrosion
initiation stage
0he result showed that global warming can reduce the time to
failure by upto ?*D shorten service life upto *+ years for moderate levels
of aggressiveness.G2.Balaras,alliopi %rousta ,!lena %ascalaki,$imon
ontoyiannidis:Deterioration of 9uro#ean *#artment Buildings.
#nternational )ournal of !nergy and Buildings
2 survey has been conducted in a total of ?H buildings to collect the data
on the degradation of building elements. follow up analysis revealed the
most important influencing factors on the deterioration of e&isting
residential buildings throughout !urope. Building elements are divided
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into two main categories they are architectural elements and installation
elements .2ge is commonly considered as a determining factor for not
only the deterioration process but also for overall performance of
building. so many influence factors have been taken into consideration
and analysis have been made .
A 4aolo Foraboaschi, 2lessia 7anin:96#erimental investigation on
bric/s from historical venetian buildings subjected to moisture and
salt crystalli:ation.
#nternational )ournal on engineering failure analysis
0he mechanical behaviour of bricks has been studied in this paper
sub)ected to salt crystalli1ation and moisture .0he e&perimental studies
reveal that moisture significantly reduces the compressive strength and
moreover moisture along with salt can also reduce the salt compressive
strength of concrete. 0he results of compression tests performed on
specimens e&tracted from bricks of a venetian building demonstrate that
moisture causes a dramatically decrease in the compression strength of a
brick.
H6.4oupad, 7.L 5oists, $.Catinaud,#.4etreLa1ar:Corrosion damage
diagnosis of a reinforced concrete beam after )2 years natural
e6#osure in marine environment.
#nternational )ournal of Cement and Concrete Research2 %etailed investigation of the chloride induced corrosion damage was
performed on a years old reinforced concrete beam e&posed in marine
environment. 7isual observations , electrochemical measurements,
carbonation depth, total chloride content were carried out . 5alf cell
potential measurements were used to locate corrosion areas. 2ll these
data indicate that on the beam one may distinguish two types of areas
high corrosion 1one and low corrosion 1ones. <easurements have
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confirmed that chloride ions are the only responsible of corrosion attack.
0he comparison of the results issue from non destructive methods with
visual observation of reinforcing steels has allowed to conclude that
corrosion rate measurements confirmed the corrosion damage risks within
concrete beam and potential gradient measurement methods is very
attractive to locate the corroding area within concrete structure.
*5arald $.<uller ,<ichael 5aist ,<ichael 7ogel:*ssessment of the
sustainability #otential of concrete and concrete structures
considering their environmental im#act; #erformance and life time.
#nternational )ournal on construction and building materials
$ustainable structural engineering is based on the basic principle that the
energy and resources consumption due to construction and operation of a
structure must me minimi1ed. the evaluation is highly comple& as it
involves three factors those are environmental,technical,lifetime .<ost of
the factors depend on environmental factors.
,8R<8<S9D SUD=;
2s <a)or 4roblems now we are facing is Building %eterioration .0his
topic has been selected as a 4ro)ect and #n our 7i)ayawada $ome areas
like Bhavanipuram ,4olice 'uarters and R <arket etc.., some selected
buildings which have been constructed - years back and deteriorated are
selected as sample points of the pro)ect and the root causes of
deterioration of the structures have been identified with the help of /%0
tests .and suggestion of remedial measures have been listed for the cause
of buildings deteriorated.
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