Literature review of recent best practices of downhole corrosion system , modeling of sweet and sour...
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Literature review of recent best practices for downhole corrosion control in the oil and gas industry- modeling of sweet and sour
systems
Muzammal Arif
Graduate Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, (KFUPM)Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Yahya T. Al-JanabiR & D Center, Saudi Aramco
Dhahran, Saudi ArabiaE-mail: [email protected]
Literature review of recent best practices for downhole corrosion control in the oil and gas industry- modeling of sweet and sour
systems
Introduction to downhole corrosion
Effect of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
Prevention and treatment method
Co2 corrosion models
Mechanistic model
Empirical model
Semi-empirical model
H2s corrosion models
Physico-chemical model
Mathematical model.
Downhole corrosion monitoring techniques
Introduction to downhole corrosion
Introduction to downhole corrosion
Downhole corrosion is the corrosion in oil and gas well equipment which is under the ground level, like pumps, piping, casing, sucker rods, valves etc
Basic components that cause corrosion are
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and dissolved salts, well temperature and Pressure
Effect of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
CO2 form Carbonic Acid & lowers the PH below 7.
H2S reacts with the metal to form FeS film which protects the metal surface from further corrosion.
Corrosion by the Hydrogen Sulfide is unpredictable.
Corrosion mechanism will be much complex when carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is accompanied by oxygen
Introduction to downhole corrosion
Prevention and Treatment Methods
Design the methodology of corrosion prevention in advance. An effective treatment or false interpretation of the corrosion problem will make the corrosion much move devastating
Proper Piping Design
Material selection of the pipe (on the basis of economical and physical constraints)
The fluid flow conditions (High flow velocities as well as turbulence effect should be minimized)
Coating the Material
Material should be coated internally with some type of paint or plastic
Main problem with coating is to maintain the coating
Introduction to downhole corrosion
Addition of Inhibitors
Most Appropriate method of protecting metal
Removal of Corrosive Gases
Complete removal of gases in impossible however interaction of gases with the metal can be avoided.
Gas blanketing to prevent oxygen to enter the system.
CORROSION MODELS
CO2 CORROSION MODELS
Carbon dioxide corrosion or sweet corrosion is recognized as a major problem in oil and gas industry. Various models are developed to predict the carbon dioxide corrosion rate.
These models are mechanistic, semi-empirical and empirical.
Mechanistic Model
Purely predictive model (do not rely on any measured corrosion rate data).
Solution is obtained as a result of extrapolation and obtained results may be applied to new systems.
Figure 1: Principles of mechanistic CO2 corrosion models.Courtesy: reference [2]
CO2 (g) dissolves in the liquid phase and it reacts with water to form to HCO3
-1 and CO3-2 and
thus it makes the liquid acidic in nature
H2CO3 (aq) diffuses to the pipe surface and reacts at the metal surface to producing HCO3
-1 and H2 gas.
Mechanistic Model The products formed at the metal surface goes away from the metal surface
FeCO3(s) precipitate on the metal surface and forms a protective layer of carbonate.
This protective layer of FeCO3 becomes a diffusion barrier and the overall reaction rate is reduced due to deficiency of H2CO3 (aq).
At the anode
at the Cathode
Figure 1: Principles of mechanistic CO2 corrosion models.Courtesy: reference [2]
Mechanistic Model The electrochemical kinetic reactions at the surface are typically formulated similar to
the Volmer-Butler (VB) equation [2]
In the above equation
i0, k = exchange current density of the kth electrochemical surface reaction. It is a function of concentrations of species at the steel surface.
αk = charge transfer coefficient and
nk = number of electrons transferred by reaction k.
The above equation is solved for the calculating the value of potential, E. After E is calculated the current related to anodic reaction is calculated and then converted to mm/year using faradays law. Basic difficulty faced in this method is the calculation of surface concentration for the estimation of i0,k
Mechanistic Model
One of the first and most widely used mechanistic models is the one proposed by de Waard and Milliams.
Based on the assumption of direct reduction of H2CO3 the authors presented a correlation for the corrosion rate which is a function of the pCO2 and temperature [3]
Drawback or Defects in Mechanistic Model
Mechanistic model may not reproduce exact measured corrosion rate
Much effort is required to apply the given model to entirely new system
Models has to be compared against experimental set of data to check the authenticity and validity of the model
Table 1: Overview of selected Mechanistic [M] CO2 corrosion rate models.Courtesy: reference [2]
Empirical Model Empirical models mostly depend linearly or non-linearly on the data obtained
because corrosion rate is measured with data recorded on field.
Corrosion rate is actually calculated from interpolating or extrapolating the experimentally measured corrosion data and Variables and parameters depend directly on measured corrosion data rate
One of the famous empirical model was given by Dugstad
There are also some linear model developed by Adam but CO2 corrosion is highly nonlinear processes so description of CO2 corrosion might not be accurate with this linear model. [3]
Drawback or Defects in Mechanistic Model
These models don’t have solid theoretical background
Model require huge experimentally determined data set to be calibrated and model poorly extrapolate to the conditions different from the measured system
Sometimes extrapolation leads to unwanted and inaccurate results
Introduction of something new in these models is quite difficult and it require the calibration of the whole model
Table 2: Overview of selected empirical (E) CO2 corrosion rate models.Courtesy: reference [2]
Semi-empirical Model These types of model are quite similar to empirical model but they used some
mathematical equations.
They do not totally depend on measured experimental set of corrosion data nor do they depend completely on mathematical co-relations and equations
These models are very simple to use and they require less effort to find the corrosion rate
If these models are calibrated against sufficient large and reliable experimental database, they can produce good prediction about corrosion but extrapolation sometime can lead into unwanted and unrealistic results
The most common and the most popular model is the De-Waard & Milliams formula. De Waard modified the original model by the introduction of new improved correction factors
Rmax = corrosion rate (millimeter/year)
T= temperature (K)
Pco2=P.mco2
P = total pressure (bar)
mco2=CO2 mole fraction
Semi-empirical Model
Table 3: Overview of selected semi-empirical (S) CO2 corrosion rate models.Courtesy: reference [2]
H2S CORROSION MODELS
H2S is the biggest contributor of corrosion in pipelines of sour field. Hydrogen sulfide reacts with ferrous to form a H2S film but as this film get dissolved more and more ferrous will be available to get attacked by H2S. The pipeline become thinner and thinner and finally become unsafe for usage
There is nothing you can do to stop the corrosion process completely but you can always make the process occur slowly. H2S is the agent which can trigger the corrosion process to happen as below [6]
H2S CORROSION MODELS
Sour corrosion happens in two steps, heat transfer and mass transfer
Heat transfer will depend upon the temperature, pressure and flow rate of the flowing oil and gas.
Mass Transfer is a function of temperature and concentration of H2S. [8]
Srdjan Nesic and Wei Sun [7] studied the corrosion of mild steel and developed a mechanistic model of H2S corrosion. They conducted glass cell experiment to investigate the corrosion caused by H2S on mild steel and developed Physico-chemical model and mathematical model.
S. Nešić [9] improved the model of carbon dioxide / hydrogen sulfide in multiphase flow. They took original mechanistic model after make modification in it they enable it to estimate the corrosion rate at low temperature (up to 1 C) and at high salt contents (up to 25 % NaCl) in the presence of iron sulfide formation layer over the steel.
DOWNHOLE CORROSION MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Direct
Intrusive (direct contact with corrosive environment)
Direct Intrusive physical
measurement
Metal loss coupon
Visual inspection
Electrical resistance (ER)
Direct Intrusive electrochemical measurement
Linear polarization
resistance (LPR)
Electrochemical noise (ECN)
Coupled multielectrode
array (CMA)
Non-Intrusive (not in direct
contact corrosive environment)
Ultrasonic testing — thickness
measurement
Radiography testing
Electromagnetic-eddy current
testing
Electrical field mapping
Indirect
Offline Techniques(analysis in the
lab)
Online Techniques
(immediate recording of parameters)
References/Bibliography [1] Downhole Corrosion - Prevention and Treatment
Robert F. Weeter,
[2] Improving mechanistic CO2 corrosion models
Philip L. Fosbøl, Kaj Thomsen, and Erling H. Stenby
[3] A Critical Review of CO2 Corrosion Modeling in the Oil and Gas Industry
Srdjan Nesic
[4] Deterministic modeling of corrosion in downhole environments
M. Sundaram, V. Raman, M. S. High, D. A. Tree, J. Wagner
[5] Innovative Approaches to Downhole Corrosion Control
K.A. Esaklul, Amoco Corp.-Amoco Research Center
[6] Monitoring of Downhole Corrosion: An Overview
Yahya T. Al-Janabi, R&D Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
[7] A mechanistic model of H2S corrosion of mild steel
Wei Sun and Srdjan Nesic
[8] A novel approach of H2S Corrosion Modeling in Oil/Gas production Pipeline.
Utjok W R Siagian, H.P Siregar, Ryan K Santoso, Damian D Salam, Shieren Sumarli
[9] A New Updated Model of CO2/H2S Corrosion in Multiphase Flow
S. Nešić, S. Wang*, H. Fang, W. Sun** and J. K-L. Le
[10] CO2 / H2S Corrosion under Scale Forming Conditions
Bruce Brown, Srdjan Nesic
[11] Prediction of Corrosivity of C02/H2SProduction Environments
Sridhar Srinivasan
[12] Mechanistic Modelling of H2S Souring Treatments by Application of Nitrate or Nitrite
D. Coombe, C. Hubert And G. Voordouw
[13] CO2 / H2S Corrosion Prediction – Laboratory Testing and Interpretation of Data
Jan Ivar Skar
[14] Localized Corrosion Resistance of Ni Base Alloy in Sour Environments
Masakatsu Ueda
[15] An Open Source Mechanistic Model for Co2 / H2s Corrosion Of Carbon Steel
Srdjan Nešić, Hui Li, Jing Huang and Dusan Sormaz
[16] Modeling of Water Wetting and the Effect of CO2 Corrosion in Oil-Water Pipe Flows
Jiyong Cai and Srdjan Nesic
[17] Principles and prevention of corrosion (2nd edition)
Denny A.Jones