LITERATURE REVIEW

TAIWO ODUGUWAMBBS, FWACP

Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Yaba Lagos

OUTLINEINTRODUCTION/DEFINITIONAIMSLITERATURE SEARCHSOURCES OF MATERIALSGUIDELINESTHE WRITE UPCONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION/DEFINITIONA literature review (LR) can be defined as a piece

of writing that supports, evaluates and critiques your research topic.

It involves the use of most relevant work in the subject area.

A LR is a form of essay writing, which is non opinionated nor argumentative.

It should not only demonstrate a good knowledge of relevant strands of literature

A LR may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation.

INTRODUCTION (cont’d)It should also show a critical assessment of

literature with up to date references.Although a summary of what you have read is

contained in an LR, it is well beyond summarizing each article you have reviewed.

It involves extensive reading, analyzing available literature, critical appraisal of different works,

And then relating these researches to your own work.

AIMSA good LR aims to accomplish the following:

Define a research problem

Review the critical points of current knowledge.

Review theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.

LITERATURE SEARCHYour search can be done manually or through electronic

means.Manual search can be done in,

The college library,Central medical library,University library,FNPHY library.

For electronic search, there are different search engines, E.g. Google, Yahoo.There are also different websites that you don’t

have to subscribe to for full texts.

LITERATURE SEARCH (cont’d)From search engine go to PUBMED.Best option is to go through HINARI. (You can

get more full journals this way).Type in key words from topic or authors.Going to related links can be helpful.Download relevant articles.And then save on computer.

SOURCES OF MATERIALSUseful sources of literature includePublished articles,Abstracts of published articles,Dissertations,Conference presentations.

SOURCES OF MATERIALSOther sources include,Textbooks. Use is not advisable. WHY?

May be outdated,They don’t provide references,Usually reflects writer’s bias.

Unpublished work from the internet, (‘JUNK’). WHY?

They are unscientific, opinionated, lack references.

GUIDELINESStep 1: Choose a topic1

Step 2: Identify the literature to be reviewed2

Step 3: Analyse the literature3

Step 4: Summarize the literature4

Step 5: Synthesize the literature prior to writing5

THE WRITE UPYour LR may be organized in 2 major ways:

Thematic (topical), Chronological.

Others include, Trend/pattern of events, Publication chronology, Methodological, A blend/combination of the above.

WRITE UP (cont’d)In thematic approach, the LR focuses on the

topic/issues.Each segment represents a part of a larger

issue.In chronological approach, it focuses on the

chronological progression of the field, the literature or the idea, that is necessary to understand the LR.

Clarify the number of words before you write.Organize your thoughts and gathered

information, by creating an outline.

WRITE UP (cont’d)You may refer to previous dissertations. Make sure you develop a coherent essay.Be selective. Make use of only relevant points.Aim for a clear and cohesive essay that

integrates the key details and communicates your point.

Use your own words to link ideas.Start and end paragraphs with your own

words.

WRITE UP (cont’d)Don’t forget to include your references as you

write along. Site references in uniform style.The introduction should usher in the topic.It may contain the definitions of key terms in

the topic, historical background, a valid thesis.Explain your line of argument (or thesis). Include any other relevant information that

you deem fit, as it relates to your topic.

WRITE UP (cont’d)The body of the LR should address issues likeDefinition of the problemPrevalence of the problem, internationally and

locally.Etiology/ risk factors/ correlates and pattern

or distribution.Detection and diagnosis

WRITE UP (cont’d)Treatment modalities.Complications And outcome.And then the conclusion which is a summary

of your LR.

WRITE UP (cont’d)At the end of the day, a well written LR should

have answered certain key questions,What is the nature of the problem? Is it of

significant public health importance?What is the extent or magnitude of the

problem.What are the effects of the problem on public

health?

WRITE UP (cont’d)Make sure you,

Avoid technical terms, slangs or abbreviations.Use simple sentences.Be careful while paraphrasing.Avoid common errors of punctuation and

grammarLink your ideas in a sensible sequence without

repetitions or discontinuities.Revise and try to perfect your write up.Get feed back on your article from colleagues.

CONCLUSIONThe LR forms an essential part of your

research work.And as such it should not be done in a hurry.Reading wide is key to writing a good LRDon’t feel discouraged, writing a good LR,

comes with practice.

GUIDELINES - 1

Step 1Decide on a topic.May be an area of individual interest,

Or latest area of interest in research,

May decide on doing something novel,

Or decide to do something simple.

GUIDELINES - 2

Step 2:Identify the literature that you will

reviewFamiliarize your self with data bases.Redefine your topic if needed.Be sure to identify landmark studies

(gives you a good frame work).Transfer your references into a

separate file/notepad.

GUIDELINES - 3

Step 3:Analyze the literature.

Have an overview of articles, focus more on abstracts, introductions and conclusions.

Group articles into categories; (into topics and sub topics, chronologically).

Take notes by defining key terms, note key statistics, note emphasis, strengths and weaknesses, identify major gaps, identify major trends and patterns, identify relationships among studies, evaluate references for currency and coverage, remain focused.

GUIDELINES - 4

Step 4:Summarize the literature.

This may be done in a tabular form.You may also summarize manually in a

jotter. For e.g., you may summarize,Definitions of key terms and concepts,Research methods,Summary of research findings.

GUIDELINES - 5

Step 5:Synthesize the literature prior to writing

Consider your purpose and voice, Consider how to re assemble your notes,Create a topic outline,Within topic headings, note differences among

studies,Look for obvious gaps needing research,Plan to suggest specific direction for future

research.