PAPER 1: -

K. Ganesan, K. Rajagopal & K. Thangavel, “Evaluation of bagasse ash as

supplementary cementitious material,” Cement & Concrete Composites,

ELSEVIER, pp. 515–524, 2007.

Grade of Concrete: M25 with Water Binding Ratio: 0.53

Grade of Cement Mortar: 1:3

Main Ingredients:Portland Cement, BA, River Sand, Coarse Aggregate (Crushed Granite) & Water.

Cement replaced by BA with replacement level:

5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% & 30%.

Test Conducted on Cement Mortar:Consistency Test, Setting Test & Compressive Strength Test at 7 & 28 days.

Compressive Strength at 7 & 28 days:

Compressive strength increases with BA up to 10% and then at 20% BA the compressive strength of mortar attains the equivalent value as observed for control mortar.

Optimum limit of replacement: 20% replacement of BA to OPC.

Numbers of Cube casted:

12 numbers of 100mm side cubes for Compressive Strength, 3 numbers of 150mm diameter and 300mm long cylinders for Split Tensile Strength.

Different test conducted on Concrete:Slump Test; Compressive Test & Split Tensile Test at 7, 14, 28 & 90 days; Water Absorption at 28 & 90 days.

Optimum limit of replacement: 20% replacement of BA to OPC.Slump: Increased upto 10% replacement level.

Compressive Strength at 7, 14, 28 & 90 days:

Compressive Strength increases with BA up to 10% and then at 20% BA, the compressive strength of concrete attains equivalent values as that of control concrete specimens.

Split Tensile Strength at 28 days:Split Tensile Strength increases up to 20% of BA and then at 25% and 30% of BA, the value decreases.

Water Absorption at 7 & 28 days:

Water Absorption at 28 days curing the percentage of water absorption increases with BA content. The percentage of water absorption values reduced considerably (50%) after 90 days curing.

PAPER 2: -

H. S. Otuoze1, Y. D. Amartey, B. H. Sada, H. A. Ahmed, M. I. Sanni & M. A.

Suleiman “CHARACTERIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AND

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT BLENDS IN CONCRETE”, West Africa

Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference, Nigeria, 1231-1237, July 2012.

Grade of Concrete used: M15

Main Ingredients: OPC, SCB, River Sand, Coarse Aggregate &

Water.

Water / Cement Ratio & Cement replaced

by SCB with replacement level:

Water/Cement ratios of 0.60, 0.65 and 0.70

respectively for 0 to 10%, 15 to 25% and 30 to

40% SCBA.

Numbers of Cube casted: 108 specimens in all, each measuring 100mm

x 100mm x 100mm were cast and cured for 7,

14, 21 and 28days.

Test conducted on Hardened Concrete: Compressive Test at 7, 14, 21 & 28 days.

Optimum limit of replacement: 10% with water cement ratio 0.60. Higher

blends of 15% and up to 35% of SCB with

OPC are acceptable for plane or mass

concrete.

Compressive strength 7, 14, 21 & 28 days: Increasing trend of strength development as

the curing age progressed for all SCB

proportions used.

As SCB proportion increased, the

compressive strength decreased.

PAPER 3: -

G.C. Cordeiro, R.D. Toledo Filho, L.M. Tavares & E.M.R. Fairbairn

“POZZOLANIC ACTIVITY AND FILLER EFFECT OF SUGAR CANE

BAGASSE ASH IN PORTLAND CEMENT AND LIME MORTARS”, Cement

& Concrete Composites, ELSEVIER, pp. 410–418, 2008.

Proportion of Mortar: 1:3 By Weight.

Main Ingredients:Portland Cement, SCBA, Quartz Sand, &

Water.

Different Types of SCBA

As-received SCBA is denominated

SCBA–AR.

Vibratory ground SCBA are named

SCBA-V-t

The reference mortar composed of

Portland cement, sand and water, is named

MPC.

Water / Cementitious Ratio & Cement

replacement level:

Water/Cementitious ratios of 0.52

respectively for 35% in volume of the

Portland cement was replaced by the

pozzolanic material.

Numbers of Cube casted: 96 specimens of cylinders of 50 mm diameter

and 100 mm height were cast and cured for

7, 14 and 28days.

Test conducted on Mortar: Compressive strength at 7, 14 & 28 days.

Compressive Strength at 7, 14 & 28 days:

Compressive strengths of mortars prepared

using SCBA. As expected, strengths increase

with both curing and grinding time for all

mixtures. However, the replacement of

cement by SCBA results in a decrease in

compressive strength, compared to the MPC

(reference mortar).

PAPER 4: -

Nuntachai Chusilp, Napongsatorn Likhitsripaiboon & Chai Jaturapitakkul,

“DEVELOPMENT OF BAGASSE ASH AS A POZZOLANIC MATERIAL IN

CONCRETE”, Asian Journal on Energy and Environment (AJEE), ISSN 1513-4121,

Volume 03, Issue No. 10, Pg. No.: 149-159, August 2009.

Proportion of Mortar: 1:2.75 By Weight.

Main Ingredients:Portland Cement Type-1, Bagasse Ash, Sand & Tap Water.

Source of Bagasse Ash:

Collected from three different places and distributed in Original Bagasse Ash (OBM, OBK & OBT), Grinded Bagasse Ash (CBM, CBK & CBT) & further grinded Ground Bagasse Ash (GBM, GBK & GBM).

Cement replaced by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash with replacement level:

10%, 20%, 30% & 40%.

Test conducted on Mortar:Normal Consistency Test, Initial & Final setting time, Flow Table Test & Compressive strength.

Maximum limit of replacement:Depending on fineness of Bagasse ash we could select the maximum level.

Normal Consistency: Higher than Normal Paste.

Initial & Final Setting Time:

The initial setting time was decreased when ground bagasse ash was used in the mixture. While GBM paste had longer initial setting time than the control paste, GBK and GBT pastes had shorter setting time paste. The final setting time was found to have the same phenomenon as that of initial setting time and all mixtures had final setting time longer than the control paste.

Compressive Strength: All of the mortars containing original bagasse ash (OBM, OBK, and OBT) had compressive strength lower than that of control mortar.Mortar containing ground bagasse ash (CBM, CBK and CBT) at 10% replacement had compressive strength higher than the control mortar at 90 days.At 90 days, mortar containing ground ash (GBT) at 40% replacement still had a compressive strength higher than the control

mortar.

PAPER 5: -

Hwang Chao-Lung, Bui Le Anh-Tuan, Chen Chun-Tsun, “EFFECT OF RICE

HUSK ASH ON THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS

OF CONCRETE”, Construction and Building Materials, ELSEVIER, pp. 3768-

3772, 2011.

Grade of Concrete used: M30 & M60.

Main Ingredients:

Portland Cement, RHA, Type-G

Superplasticizer Natural Sand, Crushed

Coarse Aggregate & Tap Water.

Water / Cement Ratio & Cement replaced

by RHA with replacement level:

Water/Cement ratios of 0.23, 0.35 and 0.47

respectively for 10%, 10 to 30% and 10%

RHA.

Size of Cylinder casted: Cylinders of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm

height were cast for Compressive Strength.

Different test conducted on Fresh

Concrete:Slump test.

Different test conducted on Hardened

Concrete:

Compressive Test at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 & 91

days.

Maximum limit of replacement: 10%.

Slump Test:

To attain the desired slump, the concretes

containing RHA required higher water

content & high amount of SP than those

containing only Portland cement.

Compressive Strength:

Although ground RHA presents high carbon

content, the experiments in the current study

found that compressive strengths of the

compounds and the reference were similar

after 28 days, which indicates a possible use

of the ground RHA as a partial Portland

cement substitute.

PAPER 6: -

C. Marthong, “EFFECT OF RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) AS PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES”, International

Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Volume

1, Issue No. 6, August 2012.

Grade of Concrete used M30Water / Cement Ratio 0.38

Main IngredientsOPC 33, 43 & 53 Grade, SCBA, River Sand, Coarse Aggregate & Water.

Cement replaced by Rice Husk Ash with replacement level:

10%, 20%, 30% & 40%.

Numbers of Cube casted

18 cubes of sizes 150x150x150 mm were cast per variety of sample per each grades of cement.2 un-reinforced beams of sizes 150 x150x1000 mm per each grade of cement were cast.Six mortar cubes of 50x50x50 mm were cast per variety of the sample and per each grades of cement.

Test Conducted to CementConsistency Test, Soundness Test & Setting Test.

Different test conducted on MortarDurability test i.e. Sulphate Resistance Test after 28 days.

Different test conducted on Fresh Concrete Compaction factor test & Slump Cone test.

Different test conducted on Hardened Concrete

Water Absorption Test, Compressive Strength Test at 7, 28, 56 & 90 days.Shrinkage Test after 28 days.

Maximum limit of replacement 10%.

Compressive Strength

Test results indicate that RHA concrete can attain the same order of strength as conventional concrete at longer curing periods.

Slump & Compaction FactorDecreased upon the inclusion of RHA as partial replacement of OPC.

ShrinkageSimilar to the pure cement concrete in all grades of OPC.

Water AbsorptionWater absorption of RHA concrete up to 20% replacement decreased with the increased in grades of OPC.

DurabilitySlightly improves the durability when exposed to sulphate environment. However, RHA with 53 grades OPC seems to be better.

PAPER 7: -

P. Chindaprasirt & S. Rukzon, “STRENGTH, POROSITY AND CORROSION

RESISTANCE OF TERNARY BLEND PORTLAND CEMENT, RICE HUSK

ASH AND FLY ASH MORTAR”, Construction and Building Materials,

ELSEVIER, pp. 1601–1606, 2008.

Proportion of Mortar: 1:2.75 By Weight, Water/Binding ratio 0.50.

Main Ingredients: OPC, RHA, Fly Ash, River Sand, & Water.

Cement replaced by RHA & Fly Ash with

replacement level:

10%, 20% & 40%.

Size of Cube casted: Cube specimen of size 50 x 50 x 50 mm was

used for the compressive strength test7, 28 &

90 days.

Test conducted on Mortar: Compressive strength at 7, 28 & 90 days.

Compressive Strength at 7, 28 & 90 days:

The incorporation of RHA also produces the

filler effect due to its fine particle size. The

increase in the amount of replacement to

40% reduces the early strength of both FA

and RHA mortars. However, the strength at

the ages of 28 and 90 days of both FA and

RHA mortars are slightly higher than that of

the control. This indicates that both FA and

RHA are pozzolanic materials and the early

pozzolanic reaction rate is thus slow.

PAPER 8: -

Sumrerng Rukzon & Prinya Chindaprasirt, “USE OF WASTE ASH FROM

VARIOUS BY-PRODUCT MATERIALS IN INCREASING THE

DURABILITY OF MORTAR,” Songklanakarin Journal of Science Technology, pp.

485-489, 2008.

Grade of Cement Mortar: 1:2.75 By Weight, Water/Binder ratio 0.50.

Main Ingredients:OPC, RHA, POA, River Sand, Type-F Superplasticizer & Water.

Cement replaced by RHA & POA with replacement level:

20% & 40%.

Dosage of Superplasticizer: Varies from 2.0 to 3.9.

Size of Cube Casted:50 × 50 × 50 mm cube samples were used for the compressive strength test.

Test Conducted on Cement Mortar:Compressive Strength Test at 7, 28 & 90 days.

Optimum limit of replacement:20% replacement of POA & RHA & 40% replacement of POA & RHA for later stage Strength.

Compressive Strength:

Compressive strength test of the mortar suggest that POA and RHA have a high potential for being used as a pozzolanic material in a ternary blended cement system when the material is ground and classified as a fine particle size.

CONCLUDING REMARKS FROM LITERATURES STUDIED:

After detailed study of different papers related to SCBA Concrete & Mortar and RHA

Concrete & Mortar and after analyzing various results given in paper following

essence is possible to make:

Fineness of waste As the waste is finer in nature we can replace it to a maximum

limit of 40% of cement replacement. [8]

Compressive Strength

of Concrete

Analyzing various papers for concrete we can attain the desirable

strength of concrete as taken for a respected grade by a nominal mix

but can also increase by replacing the cement content with some limit

of waste.

Flexural Strength of

Concrete

Flexural strength of normal concrete is poor but by using SCBA &

RHA it is possible to increase upto certain limit. [1]

Split Tensile Strength

of Concrete

Tensile strength of normal concrete is poor but by using SCBA &

RHA it is possible to increase upto certain limit but not always.

Fresh Concrete

Testing

In various papers many tests had been conducted for workability,

Slump test, Compacting factor test, density test etc. going through all

papers we found that on addition of waste all the results related to the

given test have increased compared to normal mix.

Compressive Strength

of Mortar

Analyzing various papers on mortar mix proportion we can attain the

desirable strength of mortar as taken for a respected proportion by a

nominal mix but can also increase by replacing the cement content

with some limit of waste.

Fresh Mortar Testing In various papers many tests had been conducted like Setting time

test, Consistency test, etc. going through all papers we found that on

addition of waste all the results related to the given test have

increased compared to normal mix.

Durability test on

Concrete & Mortar

The concrete prepared with the use of waste are more durable

compared to the normal concrete mix.

Application Low cost Concrete & Mortar, Concrete Pavers, Concrete Roof Tiles

and Soil Cement Interlocking Blocks.

Environmental effect Minimize the requirement of land fill area to dispose the waste. The

concrete which have been prepared from the waste are found to be

Eco-friendly in nature.

After detailed study of different papers, we have used M25 grade Concrete & Mortar

of mix proportion of 1:3 with replacement level of 5% & 10% by Cement as well as

Sand. Test which we will conduct on Concrete are: Fresh Concrete - Slump Test,

Compacting Factor test. Hardened Concrete - Compressive Test, Split-Tensile Test,

Durability Test (Sea-Water Attack) and Water Absorption Test. Test which we will

conduct on Mortar are: Fresh Mortar - Setting time Test, Consistency test. Hardened

Mortar - Compressive Test, Durability Test (Sea-Water Attack) and Water Absorption

Test.