LITERATURE ON PERSONNEL ATTITUDES & JOB SATISFACTION (1992-2001):

A BIBUOMETRIC STUDY

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MONAWWER BQBAL Roil No. 421

Enrol No. BB-0867

Under the Supervision of

MR. M. MASOOM RAZA (LECTURER)

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORIWATION SCIENCE ALiGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

2002

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ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND

INFORMATION SCIENCE

Phone (EPBX : 700916. 20-23, 26 Ext. 193/4 [ Direct : 700039

Fax : 91-0571-400528, 401221

Ref. No.

Dated.•••

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MONAWWER EQBAL , bearing Roll

No. 421, has completed his dissertation entitled "Literature on

Personnel AttUude & Job Satisfaction (1992-2001): A Bibliometric

Study**, under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the Degree of Master of Library and Information

Science, The present work, in my opinion is suitable for submission for

the said purpose.

M. MJASOOM RAZA LECTURER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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MONAWWER EQBAL

CONTENTS

CHAPTER-I

Personnel Attitudes & Job Satisfaction 1-18

CHAPTER-II

Bibliometrics 19-39

CHAPTER-III

Review4lelated Literature 40-55

CHAPTER-IV

Objectives and Methodology 56-62

CHAPTER-V

Data Analyses. Interpretation & Presentation 63-100

CHAPTER-VI

Conclusion & implications 101 -106

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF TABLES

1. Geographical scattering of items

2. Ranking of authors

3. Authorship pattern

4. Language-wise distribution

5. Form-wise distribution

6. Year-wise distribution

7. Ranking of Journals

8. Subject-wise distribution

9. Bradford's Table

63

68

77

79

82

85

88

92

98

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

1. Country-wise Literary output 66

2. Authorship Pattern 78

3. Language-wise distribution 81

4. Year-wise distribution 86

5. Bibliographic Form of Literature 83

6. Subject-wise distribution 94

7. Bradford's Bibliography 100

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

ATTITUDE

\ALALT IS P£HS0NN£L

PERSONNEL ATTITUDE

COMPONENTS OF PERSONNEL ATTITUDE

IMPORTANCE OF PERSONNEL ATTITUDE

JOB SATISFACTION

THEORIES OF JOB SATISFACTION

DETERMINANTS OF JOB SATISFACTION

0. INTRODUCTION

As human beings, members of work oriented organization

have thoughts and feelings which strongly influence their

behavior on the job. These thoughts and feelings are part of their

conscious state and provide the inputs used by them to make

decisions about their actions and reactions to their jobs.

Therefore, it is necessary that we understand more about these

conscious states. In everyday language, these are loosely termed

thoughts and feelings. By those who study human behavior these

conscious states are labeled attitudes and beliefs regarding job.

The significance of work experience and how it effects

attitudes and values about work is much important for individual

as well as the organization. The success or failure of an

organization to great extent developed upon a sizeable portion of

their working life should be an extent pleasant, agreeable and

fulfilling. A dissatisfaction work force can distort and blur the

organization to maintain congenial and condition work

environment which may evoke high level of job satisfaction

among the employee (Personnel).

1. ATTITUDE

The term " Attitude" frequently is used in describing

people and explaining their behavior. More precisely, an attitude

can be defined as an idea charge with emotion which predispose a

class of action to a particular a class social situation. Attitude is

a "Persistent tendency to feed and behave in particular way

towards same object". It has cognitive, affective, and behavioral

component and several kinds of functions: it help people to

adjust, to defend their egos, to express their values, and to

understand the world around them. The experiences of people

their attitudes. As attitudes develop, cognitions becomes more

differentiated, integrated, organized and effect behavioral

intention become associated with these conditions.

2.WHAT IS PERSONNEL

" Personnel is a staff function providing specialist

knowledge or services". Personnel is considerable a staff

department within the organization rather than a line one. At the

same time every person in the organization is a Personnel person.

3.PERSONNEL ATTITUDE

Personnel attitude has an interesting history and sheds

considerable light on the current ambiguous feeling about their

importance. In early 20*'' century, most business leaders

doggedly avoidable are giving any attention at all to this

problem. Then, the focus was on the principles of " Scientific

management with their concern for maximizing operator

efficiency. These were focussing their attention specially on

improving the selection procedure of employees in a bid to hire

only the most complement ones. If any attention was given to the

attitudes and behavior of personnel.

Personnel attitudes, like beliefs are conscious states. Unlike

belief, they do represent the degree of effect felt by the

individual. They are feelings the individual has towards some

object, and these feeling are some judgement about the good

attitude object from the individual's point of view.

4.COMPONENTS OF PERSONNEL ATTITUDE

Personnel attitudes can be broken down into three basic

components: Emotional, Informational, and behavioural. The

emotional component involves the person's feeling or affect

positive, neutral or negative - about an object. Thus, emotion

was given attention in the previous discussion of EQ, but in the

organizational behaviour literature emotion is usually associated

with job satisfaction. In addition, the expression of emotions-

either positive, like a customer service representative; negative,

like a bill collector or police officer; or neutral, like an academic

administrator public servant is also important to work behaviour.

The informational component consists of the beliefs and

information. The individual has about the personnel. It makes no

difference whether or not this information is empirically real or

correct. A supervisor may believe that two weeks of training is

necessary before worker can operate a particular piece of

equipment. In reality, the average worker may be able to operate

the machine successfully after only four days of training. Yet the

information the supervisor is using (that two weeks is necessary)

is the key to his/her attitude about training.

The behavioral component consists of a person's tendencies

to behave in a particular way toward an object. It is important to

remember that of the three components of personnel attitudes,

only the behavioral component can be directly observed. One

cannot see another person's feelings (the emotional component)

or beliefs (the informational component). These two components

can only be inferred. For example, when the supervisor assigns a

new employee to two weeks of training on the equipment, it is

only inferred that (a) the supervisor has strong feelings about the

length of training required and (b) the individual believes that

this length of training is necessary.

5. IMPORTANCE OF PERSONNEL'S ATTITUDES

The attitudes of personnel's are important to the personnel

themselves and to those who manage organizations personnel's

attitudes have several functions. They provide information about

personnel's reactions to other individuals events, or objects. For

example, an individuals who does not like being in or around

water knows that he or she would not like to be a skin diver

without first trying skin diving. The attitude toward a whole class

of activities provides a knowledge base for judging specific

elements within that class.

Attitudes may also guide behavior. If we assume that, other

things being equal, employees will seek to approach or obtain

attitude objects toward which they hold positive attitudes and

avoid those for which they hold negative ones, then they should

intend to behave in order to attend positive and avoid attitude

objects. Whether the behavior actually occurs depends, of course,

on many factors, which aid or inhibit the behavior.

Attitudes of personnel's are important to employers for at

least two reasons. As mentioned earlier, attitude indicate

intended responses. Therefore, knowledge of those attitudes

objects on the job to which personnel respond favorably and to

which they respond unfavorably can provide a basis for job

design, policy and practice decis«»s. When possible positive

features should be strengthened and negative ones altered or

removed. At a more general level personnel attitudes are

important to employers for philosophical reasons. Today it is not

sufficient to be contented simply with providing work for

personnel. It is well accepted that employers should provide

meaningful and satisfying work to the extent that it is possible to

do so. Although it is often argued that it is not technically

possible to provide satisfying jobs, the technical limits are not

quite as restrictive as many employers had once believed. It is

perfectly reasonable for employers to be concerned with positive

personnel attitudes as an end itself rather than simply as a means

to some end such as lower turnover. Personnel attitudes relating

to job satisfaction and organizational commitment are major

interest to the field of organizational behavior and practice of

human resource management

6. JOB

Job is a complex interrelationship of tasks, roles,

responsibilities, interaction, incentives and rewards. The quality

of work life refers to the favorableness or unfavorableness of the

job environment for people. Since people and the environment

have changed, increased attention needs to be given to improving

the quality. Jobs are required to fit people as well as technology.

Job enrichment applies to any efforts to humanize jobs,

particularly the addition of motivators to jobs. Core dimensions

of jobs that especially provide enrichment are variety, task

identity, task significance, autonomy and feed work teams can be

built. In spite of its disability, job enrichment is a contingency

relationship, being more applicable in some situations than

others.

7. JOB SATISFAC H O N

Job satisfaction is an integral component of the

organizational climate and an important element in management

employee relationship. In simple words, it is an individual's

emotional reaction to the job itself.

Job satisfaction is derived from the Latin word "and facere"

meaning "enough" and "to do" respectively. Job satisfaction

denotes a process of gaining desire things at the desired level on

the job. Just as an imbalance in the organism cause restlessness,

dissatisfaction may have a detrimental effect upon the employee.

The satisfaction with work and work related factors

contribute to the individuals happiness. Job satisfaction is the

result of various attitudes the employee holds towards the job^

towards job factor and to war df related and forward life in general.

It is general attitude, an attitude that is the result of many

specific attitudes, which could be classified as under:

a) Situational factor or specific job factor

b) Individual characteristics ; and

c) Group and social relationship outside the job

Before accepting the job we develop aspirations and our

satisfaction in our job depends upon by the extent to which our

needs and aspiration are fulfilled by the job. The job and the

way of life that goes with them enable one to play the kind of

role that one wants to play.

Job satisfaction is believed to be the sum of the job facet

satisfaction across over all factors of a job. Scheffer, Akhtar,

Pestonjee and Ewen report a positive correlation between the

overall satisfaction and facet satisfaction.

Job satisfaction may be viewed as the pleasurable

emotional state resulting from the perception of one in job as

fulfilling or allowing the fulfillment of one's important job

values provided these values are compatible with one's needs it

may be the persistent fojling towards discriminable aspects of a

job situation. Job satisfaction may be global or specific.

Sometimes it is referred to as an over all feeling of satisfaction

i.e., satisfaction with the situation as a whole (global

satisfaction). At other times it refers to a person's feeling

towards specific dimension of work environment (fact or

specific satisfaction).

It has also been operationalized as the some of goal

attainment or need fulfillment when summed across job facets.

Job satisfaction may be described in terms of attitude

toward the job like any other attitude it represent a complex

assemblage of cognition (belief or knowledge), emotion's

(feelings, sentiments or evaluations) and behavioral tendencies.

But here it is necessary to focus on the concepts of morale and

the job satisfaction refer to positive emotional states which may

be experienced by employees.

The term " job satisfaction" was brought to limelight in the

research literature by Hoppock in 1935.He reviewed numerous

studies on job satisfaction is a combination of physiological,

psychological and environmental circumstances that causes a

person to say, " I am satisfied with my job". Such kind of

descriptions indicate a variety of variables that influences the

satisfaction of the individuals but it does not make more about

the nature of job satisfaction.

Job satisfaction has also been operationalized as the sum of

goal attainment or need fulfillment when summed across job

facets. Porter and Alderfer seen to be in agreement with this

view.

Vroom's model bears similarities to the above mentioned

approach of Porter and Alderfer. The over all satisfaction may

be taken as the same as Vroom's valence for a job. Porter

defines satisfaction as the sum of deferences, of "how much

there is now and how much should be there", across various

facets. Satisfaction is defined in need fulfillment terms by

Lofquest and Dawis as the correspondence between reinforce

system of the work environment and the individual's need.

Job satisfaction refers to a person's felling of satisfaction

on the job, which acts as a motivation to work. Job satisfaction

is closely related to job. " Job" from the operational point of

view is not only an activity which is perform under constructual

agreement and for which one gets aid but it also refers to the

relationship with an individual with the firm not the specific

duties or responsibilities which he might have. Satisfaction

means the simple feeling states accompanying the attainment by

an impulse, situation which meets a need or represents goal"

(Hurvey, 1974).

8.DEFINITIONS

Job satisfaction defined by Victual (1953)' " Morale is an

attitude of satisfaction with desire to continue in and willingness

to strive for the goals of a particular group or organization". It

appears from this definition that morale is more future oriented,

while satisfaction is more present and past oriented. Morale is

often group based on a sense of common purpose and the belief

that group goals can be attained and are compatible with

individual's goals while satisfaction typically refers to the

appraisal made by an individual regarding his job situations.

Crites (1969)^ tried to make distinction between job

satisfaction, vocational satisfaction and moral. He states that job

satisfaction refers to the satisfaction derived from over all job in

which the individual is employed at present. If it is the type of

work in which the individual has been trained and for has

gained experience in several jobs (two or more), then the concept

would be referred to as vocational satisfaction would be morale.

Crites states that Hurman's study of 1996 also made distinction

between the vocational satisfaction and job satisfaction.

Shina (1974)^ defines job satisfaction as a "reintegration of

effect produced by individual perception, fulfillment of his

needs in relation to his work and the situation surrounding it."

Lock(1976) gives a comprehensive definition of job

satisfaction "as pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting

from the appraisal of one's job or job experience". Job

satisfaction in the result of employees perception of how will

their job provide those things which they view as important.

Paul (1977)^ stated "job satisfaction refers to the

favourableness or unfavourableness with which employees view

their work". It expresses the amount of agreement between one's

expectations of the job and rewards that job provide to person.

Jornot (1978)^ stated that "Job satisfaction is part of life

satisfaction". The nature of one's environment off the job.

Similarly a job is an important part of the life, job satisfaction

influences one's general life satisfaction.

9.THEORIES OF JOB SATISFACTION

As regards the theories of job satisfaction, a number of

them have been proposed but the few outstanding among then

may be labeled as 'motivate hygiene', "equity theory" and the

"expectancy or path goal theory".

9.1 THE MOTIVATOR HYGIENE THEORY

This theory was given by Herzberg, Mausner and

Synderman (1959)^ greatly helped Herzberg and his associates in

formulating the theory. They used semi-structured interviews to

collect data from engineers and accounts. They concluded that

achievement, recognition, nature of work, responsibility and

advancement were motivators or job content factors. Workers

who were dissatisfied with their work scope mainly of the job

content or hygiene factors, which included company policy and

administration, supervision etc. they pointed out that satisfaction

and dissatisfaction do not lie on the same continuum. Also the

effect of motivators on the job attitudes are relatively enduring as

compared to hygiene factors.

Ewen (1964)* criticized this view and said that Herzber's

findings are against the traditional views which maintain that a

given variable in the work situation can cause both job

satisfaction and job dissatisfaction such as salary, supervision.

May in one hand be a satisfier and on the other a dissatisfier.

Another major criticism of Herzber's contention was that since

only engineers and accountants participated in the study the

results may not be applicable to other occupational groups.

10

9.2 EQUITY THEORY

It is the equity theory's perception that for some types of

needSa person's preference level for the thing that fUlfiUs the need is effected by a

social comparison process. A person compares his pay to that of workers who

have a similar job, similar skill and similar seniority. If a person's pay is

higher or less than a person's compared, he will perceive it be inequitable.

Adams suggests that whenever two individuals exchange anything, there is a

possibility of feeling arousing in one or both of them that the exchange so

done is inequitable. Such as the case when a man exchanges his services for

pay. On the man's side of the exchanges are his education, intelligence,

training skill, age, social status and his efforts. Under special circumstances

other attributes like personal appearances become relevant. They are what he

perceives as his contribution to the exchange for which he except a just return.

9.3 "EXPECTANCY" OR "PATH-GOAL" THEORY

Many investigators have contributed to this theory but the

main exponent Vroom (1964) defines expectancy as a person's

perception of his action can be related to the attainment of first

level outcomes. The 'force' impelling a person to perform a

particular job related action depends on a (valence) person's

performance (valence) for a first level outcome and his subjective

probability estimate (expectancy) that his action will result in

attaining that outcome. The force denotes the relative probability

that the action will be omitted. Combining instrumentality with

expectancy, hypothesis related behaviors such occupational

choice, taking or staying on a job or exerting effort on becoming

effective. The valence for attaining the first level outcome

depends on what the individual perceives the consequences at

that outcome and attractive these other consequences are.

11

lO.DETERMINANTS OF JOB SATISFACTION

One of the problems faced by industrial psychologist is to

account for the fact that people differ in the extent to which they

report satisfaction with their jobs. It is typically assumed that the

explanation of these differences lies in the nature of the job. C.K.

Basu pointed that out 'Job satisfaction has many interrelated

factors, which can never be completely isolated from one

another. The recent research finding tends to suggest that there is

a 'general factor' of job satisfaction. This general factor is

correlated with such other factors as working conditions, job

security, group structure compensation, supervision e t c '

The following are some determinants, which effect the job

satisfaction level.

10.1 PAY

Pay, which the worker gets is considered as one of the most

important factor of job satisfaction. There has been a persistent

controversy over the importance of pay to workers. Economists

and many executives are prone to stress the importance of the

size of the pay cheque in determining a worker's job satisfaction.

The assumption is described by the social scientists associated

with the 'human relation movement' who typically view

economic factors as highly over emphasized and stress the

importance of the satisfaction of social and ego needs.

Both sides can find some support for their position. When

workers are asked to rank different aspects of the work role in

terms of their importance, pay tend to rated as less important

than security, opportunity for advancement and company and

12

management but as more important than job content, supervision,

the social aspects of the job, communication working condition

and benefits (Herzberg 1957). But pays are found to be the most

frequent source of dissatisfaction.

10.2 SUPERVISION

The importance of the worker supervisor relationship as a

course of job satisfaction can hardly be questioned. Through the

foreman the worker daily meets management face to face. From

him he receives most of the company's directions and the orders

which affect him. Through the supervision he is told to

communicate his own requests or complaints to upper

management. So the workers job satisfaction and dissatisfaction

depends on the supervisory behavior to a large extent.

A variety of studies should that liking and disliking of the

job depends on boss-behavior. A friendly supervisory subordinate

relationship appeared to generalize to a favorable work climate.

The importance attached by workers to the quality of supervision

results from the fact that the supervisor is in a way a

representative of the company.

10.3 JOB SECURITY

Psychologists such as Mallow have identified job security

as one of the main component of workers job satisfaction. Threats

to job security can arise from either economic factors that lead to

a reduction of the demand for labour or from an employer decision

to discharge a worker for poor work performance or non­

performance or related reasons.

13

10.4 ADVANCEMENT OPPORTUNTY

The opportunities for promotion or advancement afforded

organization members are highly variable and are often assumed

to have a marked effect on job satisfaction. Actually the sense of

advancement opportunity is taken that workers is taken that

workers want job better than their previous job. Morse (1953)

found a positive relationship between person's statements of their

promotional opportunities and their satisfaction with these.

10.5 WORKING CONDITIONS

Working condition is another factors, which has a market

effect on job satisfaction. If the working condition is good the

employees will find it easier to carry out their activities. If the

working condition is not conductive it will be difficult for them

to perform the duties. In other words the effect of working

condition is similar to that of work group. If the working

condition is good then there will be no job satisfaction problem.

If it is not upto the mark it will lead to dissatisfaction. Most

people do not give great deal of importance to working

conditions unless and until it is very bad bit they tend to

overlook the fact that good working condition is essential for

efficient and smooth production.

10.6 PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT

Many persons assume that job dissatisfaction is primarily

caused by personal maladjustment. Poor health, too low or too-

high intelligence and personality difficulties are though to

account for most of the differences in job satisfaction.

Hawthrone studies have shown the influence of temporary illness

upon satisfaction. Acute or chronic illness have some effect on

14

job satisfaction, age also effect this in decreasing degree. It is

often asserted that dull workeiSare dissatisfied with complex jobs

and bright ones with repetitive ones.

10.7 FELLOW WORKERS

The nature of the work group will have an effect on job

satisfaction. Friendly, co-operative, co-workers are a modest

source of job satisfaction to individual employees. The work

group serve as a source of support, comfort and assistance to

individual workers. A cooperative work group makes the job

more enjoyable. However, this factor is not an essential pre­

requisite for job satisfaction. On the other hand if reserve

condition exists, people do not get along with each other this may

have a negative effect in job satisfaction, for example many

workers have low job satisfaction because they feel that they are

subject to male stereotyping which hinders their chances for

promotion.

10.8 FAMILY ISSUES

Not only those issues, which are discussed above, affect the

level of satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workers but also

there are some family problems, which are also closely related to

job satisfaction. Illness of the family members and internal

conflict are some of the examples.

10.9 JOB STATUS

Job status means that what is the place of job in the

society in respect of wages, social values. There is a wealth of

evidence to support the assertion that job status is the most

important factor in job satisfaction. Hoppock (1935) found the

degree of satisfaction directly related to social status of the

15

occupations, professional and managerial workers were most

enthusiastic, than sub-professional and supervisory personnel;

and next white-collar and skilled workers followed by

semiskilled and unskilled workers.

10.10 TYPE OF WORK

Some employees find their work activities interesting and

satisfying and they were dissatisfied while some workers were

having repetitive boredom work, were dissatisfaction to some

extent. Work interest, the intrinsic satisfaction of the job, is an

important element in the worker's over all satisfaction. A survey

of factory workers showed it to be one of the five important

factors. In another investigation, nearly 6000 factory workers

were asked to select in order of importance to five factors, which

they believed had the greatest effect on their attitude towards

their job. Only job security and pay were rated higher than the

type of work performed.

CONCLUSION

We may conclude that job satisfaction is governed to a

large extent by perceptions and exceptional. Man work to satisfy

their needs and they aspire or expected their work life to fulfil

those needs. For perfect job satisfaction these should exist a one

to one relationship between the perception of how well the job

life fulfils the various needs and expectation or aspirations of the

individual regarding the extent to which these needs should have

been fulfilled.

Job satisfaction is a specific subset of attitudes held by

organization members. It is the attitudes one has towards his or

16

her job stated another way. It is one's affective response to the

job. Attitudes of personnel and job satisfaction are important and

measurable. Most large organizations recognize their importance

and systematically survey employee's attitudes and opinions to

and informing organizational policies and practices.

17

REFERENCES

1. Blum, Milton L. and Nayior, James C. "Industrial

Psychology and its Social Foundations". 1st rev. ed.; New

DelhiiCBS Publication, 1984

2. Goble, Myron and Denllo, Frank. " Job Involvement

Machiavellianism and Job Performance". Journal of

Applied Psychology. 25;1998:pp.13-17-

3. Joshi, Gandharava. " Job Satisfaction, Job Involvement and

Work Involvement among the Employees of Private and

Public Sector Psychology Studies.43 (3);1998:pp.85-87.

4. Wernimont,P.F. "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factor in Job

Satisfaction". Journal of Applied Psychology.

50;1966;pp.41-50.

5. Robbin, Stephen P. "Essential of Organizational

Behaviour". 6th ed.;New Delhi: Prentice Hall, 1995

6. Blum, Milton L. and Nayior, James. "Industrial Psychology

and its Social Foundations. 1st, rev.ed.; New Delhi: CBS

Publishers, 1989.

7. Saiadain, Mirza. "Human Resources Management ; New

Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1998.

8. Davis, Kaith. "Human Behaviour at Work Organizational

Behaviour; New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1981.

9. Robbin, Stephen P. "Essential of Organization

Behaviour.6th ed.; New Delhi: Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1989.

10. Triades, Harry C. "Attitude and Attitude Change; New

York: Sohn Wily & Sons. Inc., 1973.

18

CHAPTER - E

BIBUOMCTRIC

INTRODUCTION BIBUOMETRICS: ITS ORIGIN AND HISTORV

DEFINITION OF DIFFERENT ANALOGOUS TERM BIBUOMETRICS: ITS MEANING AND DEFINITION BIBUOMETRICS: ITS SCOPE BIBUOMETRICS: ITS PURPOSE BIBUOMETRICS: ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE

RESEARCH BIBUOMETRICS: ITS L A W S

OTHER LAWS

BIBUOMETRICS: ITS APPUC ATIONS UMTTATIONS

BIBLIOMETRICS

INTRODUCTION

This is an age of research and expedition in every field of

knowledge. Consequent increase in the production of information

is best reflected in the literature of every discipline, (and

psychology is no exception). The case of literature that supports

research activities is mainly constituted of journals. Growth in

the number of specialized disciplines, increasing number of

journals published in each of them and the escalating cost of this

inevitable and ubiquitous medium of communication present

constraints to the librarians in judiciously chalking out effective

acquisition programmes for journals and related information.

Realizing this factor, no single library can afford to acquire

every document. Hence, limited and selected procurement of

journals seem to be one of the practical remedies. There is high

time to draw up theory methods and forms of their recognition

standardized the system of main concepts in the bibliographical

organization and services on the basis of statistics.

To meet these challenges, recent development in the library

and information science may be looked into. Developments in

library operation are being manifested through the so-called

Bibliometrics i.e. statistical analysis. It is the study conducted to

identify the pattern of publications, authorship and citation used

for a subject etc. over a period of time and there by offering

insight into dynamics of the area under a particular study.

So 'Bibliometric' is a relatively new branch of information

science, which lies between the border areas of social and

physical science. It is a quantitative study of various aspects of

19

T

literature on a topic and is used to identify the pattern of

publication, authorship, citation and / or secondary journal

coverage, with the objective of getting an insight into the

dynamics of the growth of knowledge in the areas under

consideration. This all consequently leads to the better

organization of information resource, which is essential for its

most effective and efficient used.

Bibliometrijs' today has attained sophistication and

complexity having national, international and interdisciplinary

character. It has clearly become established as a sub discipline

with its applications in the history and sociology of knowledge.

Communication and Information science.

1. BIBLIOMETRICS ; Its Origin and History

The first recorded study on Bibliometrics was done in I9 I7

by Cole and Eale's^ the study on 'The History of Comparative

Anatomy part-I. ' "A statistical Analysis," for the first time the

expression "Statistical Analysis" has been used in the literature.

The second study done by Hulmes in 1923 used the expression

'Statistical Bibliography'. The third study was the pioneering

work of Gross and Gross^ reported in 1927 the used the method of

counting and analysis of the citations appended to article in the

journal of "American Chemical Society", and produced a list of Q

journals of importance in chemical education. After ^ o s s and

/gross, the term statistical Bibliography was used by Henkle'* in

1938 in his article, "The periodical literature of Biochemistry",

the same term was used by Gonsel^ in I943/I944 by Fusseler^ in

1948/49, by Raising^ in 1962 in their work.

In 1968 Pritchard^ analyzed the term 'Statistical

Bibliography' and found it to be confusing with 'Statist ics ' and

20

Bibliography on statistics'. Therefore, he coined another term i.e.

called "Bibliometrics".

2. Definition of different Analogous term

Bibliometrics is just one of the many sciences whose name

ends with metrics. Many scientists have used the term under

different names, but the concepts were more or less same. Same

well established subdisciplines like, Scientometrics, Informatrics,

Econometrics etc.

2.1 Librametrics

The terms "Librametry" historically appeared first in 1948.

It was suggested by Indian library scientist S.R. Ranganathan9.

Under this term he suggested using of mathematical and

statistical method for analysing library activities and library

resources. But this term did not take its place in library science

and was forgotten for many year Later it was called

librametrics. ^ ^

2.2 Scientometrics

In 1969, the term 'Scientometrics' was suggested by two

Russians named Nalimov and Z. Mulchinko in their book

"Scientometrics: The investigation of science as development of

information process" According to them Scientometrics is a

complex of quantitative methods, which are used to investigate

the processes of science.

2.3 Informatrics

The FID's term 'Informetrics' was suggested by German

scientists A Blackert and S.Z. Zygel in 1982 as a newly formed

branch of science, using mathematical level and practical

information activities.

21

2.4 Webmetrics or Cybermetrics :-

Recently a new growth area in bibliometric has been in the

emerging field of Webmetric or Cybermatric as it is in often

called. Webmetrics can be defined as using of bibliometric

techniques in order to study the relationship of different site on

World Wide Web such techniques may be also be used to map out

(called "Scientific maping" in the traditional bibliometric

research area of the web) some other well established sub-

discipline like Econometric, Psychometrics, Socimetrics and

Biometrics.

3 B I B L I O M E T R I C S : ITS MEANING AND DEFINITION

Etymologically Bibliometrics is composed of two distinct

words i.e. biblio and metrikas. The prefix Biblio is a Greek word

meaning books and Metrikas means measurement. So

Bibliometrics is the Science of measurement pertaining to books

or documents.

It^ pie term 'Bibliometrics ' implies the use of quantitative

or statistical methods to study the behaviour of information.

There are number of definitions of Bibliometrics given by

the different researcher such as Hulme'' ' , Rais ing" , Fairthorne'^,

Schrader , Sengupta'"*, and others. However, a more elaborate

concept of Bibliometrics has recently been expounded by Egghe '^

who define it ^as the development and application of mathematical

(including statistical and optimizational) models and techniques to

all aspects of communication (including libraries, documentation

and inforamtion centres science policy.)

Diverse interpretation of the terTn| have been put forward by

many authors over the years.

22

• According to Wyandham E. Hulme (1923)^^

The purpose of Statistical Bibliography is to shed light on the

process of written communication and of the nature and course of

development of a discipline by means of counting and analysing

the various facets of written communication.

• According to Miks.L. Raising (1962)^^

The assembling and interpretation of statistics relating to

books and periodicals ... use of books and journals and to

ascertain in many local situations the general use of books and

journals.

• According to Pritchard (1968)'*

Application of mathematical methods to books and other

media of communication.

• According to R.A. Fairthorns (1969)'^

Quantitative treatment of the properties of record discourse

and behaviour appertaining to it".

• According to D.T. Hawkins (1977) °

Quantitative analysis of the bibliographical features of a body

of literature.

• According to W.G. Potter^'

Bibliometrics is the study and measurement of the publication

patterns of all forms of written communication and their

authorship.

• According to Alwin. M Schrader^^

Biblimetrics is the scientific study of recorded discourse.

• According to R.N. Broadus t\-^y

Bibliometrics is the qualitative study of physical published

units of bibliographic units of Surrogates either.

.24 • According to I.N. Sengupta

23

Organization, classification and quantitative evolution of

publication patterns of all macro and micro communications

along with their authorship by mathematical and statistical

calculus.

Expressed simply, Bibliometrics is the study that uses

statistical and mathematical method to analyze^'Xhe literature of

a discipline as it is patterned in its bibliographies.

4. BIBLIOMETRICS : ITS SCOPE

The scope of Bibliometrics include the study of relationship

within a literature or describing a literature. Typically these

description focus on consistent patterns involving authors,

monograph journals, subject, language and forms. Ronald

Stevens26 has considered Bibliometrics as a quantitative science

and divided its scope into two basic categories.

4.1.Descriptive Bibliometrics Productive to Count, which

includes.:

(i) Geographic

(ii) Time period, and

(iii) Discipline

4.2.Evaluative Bibliometrics or Literature use count, which

includes:

(i) Reference count

(ii) Citation count

Stevens25 further adds that descriptive Bibliometrics

include the "study of the number of Publication in a given field

or productivity of literature in the! field, for the purpose of

comparing the amount^ of research in different countries, the

amount produced in different subdivisions of the field. The kind

24

of study is made by a count of the papers, books and other

writings in the field or often by count of theses writings which

have been abstracted in specialized abstracting journals. The

other i.e. evaluative Bibliometrics include the study of the

literature used by research workers in a given field. Such a study

is often made by counting the references cited by a large number

of research workers in their papers." ^

5 BIBLIOMETRIC : ITS PURPOSE

Hulmes26, the pioneer of the 'statistical bibliography'

clearly stated the purpose of Bibliometrics is to shed light on the

processes of written communication and of the nature and course

of development of a discipline (in so far as this displayed through

written communication), by means of counting and analyzing the

various facets of written communication.... According to

Schrader27 "the objective of Bibliometrics is a scientific study to

produce ideas that is theory about recorded discourse and its

important properties."

According to Dr. S.N. Singh^^ "The purpose of Bibliometrics is

to provide quantitative analysis of the phenomenon growing with

documents, their organization, use and services in library and

information centers and systems. It offers to the information

worker a type of statistical technique for the study of

characteristics and attributes of literature and that of

communication media". The main purpose of Bibliometric study

is :

a. To find major form of literature.

b. To prepare a ranked list of journals.

c. To make a comparison between ranked journals.

d. To identify the country with greatest literary output.

25

e. To find out the chronological scattering of all cited

literature.

f. To ascertain the amount of utilization of language.

So Bibliometric studies are generally based on quantitative

measurements without any qualitative evaluation. They are

therefore considered only as partial indicators of scientific

progress so, its purpose basically is to provide information about

the structure of knowledge and how it is communicated.

6. B I B I L I O M E T R I C S : ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE

REASEARCH

At present it is an established technique covering wide area

of knowledge, which provides for a more practical task. Day by

day, it is attaining sophistication and complexity, having national,

international and interdisciplinary character. It has established

itself as a viable and distinctive research technique of studying

science of science based on bibliographic data. As a matter of

fact, its backbone lies in its sound theoretical foundation most

efficiently and effectively laid by some pioneers like Gross^^,

Lotka^°, Bradford^', Zipf^^ Cole Brother", Pritchard^\

Garfield^^ Hulme^^, Fairthorne^^ and many others who are all not

basically librarians, but belong to different branches of

knowledge.

The techniques evolved by these pioneers are capable of

throwing light on various complicated problems faced by many

while handling information to quantify the process of written

communication. It has established itself as a variable and

distinctive measurement of human knowledge. Data analysis both

of citations and of volume of publications year can be useful in

planning retrospective bibliographies.

26

Bibliometrics also provides information about the structure

of knowledge, its classification studies give information about

the subject, language and country relationship, which is based on

literary warrant Bibliometrics is very useful in any field of

research or in any discipline or individuals, to improve some

part of library or information service.

7. BIBLIOMETRICS : ITS LAWS

As Bibliometric law has evolved, a series of law have

developed within an academic discipline these laws help

researchers to study some common activity examples of

activities could be the use of library materials, author

productivity or the dispersal of articles on a particular subject.

Some of the more well known laws are Bradford's law, Lotka's

low, and Zipf's law. These are fundamental laws are as follows:

7.1 Lotka*s Inverse square Law^-

In 1926, Alfred J. Lotka statistician in an Insurance

Company proposed his Inverse Square Law correlating

contributors of scientific papers to their number of contributions.

He claims that a large proportion of the literature is produced by

a small number of authors and it is distributed so as the number

of people producing n papers or articles is approximately

proportional to l/n2.

Author a^r n

Where n is the number of contributions or articles.

For this, he analyzed the decennial index of 'Chemical

Abstracts ' from 1907-1916. He collected 6891 names of the

authors contributing 1, 2, 3 etc. entries in literature.

27

On the basis of this data, Lotka deduced a general equation,

for the relation between the frequency 'y ' of persons making 'x '

contributions as follows :

Xny = constant

If n = 2 then, the result as follows :

"In the case examined it is found that the number of

persons making 2 contributions is about one-fourth of those

making one contribution, the number making 'n ' contributions is

about l/n2 of those making one and the proportion of all

contributions is about 60%.

In other words, for every 100 authors contributing one

article, 25 will contribute two articles, about 11 will contribute 3

articles and 6 will contribute 4 articles and so on. The observed

figure for single article authors were 57.09% for chemical

abstract data (61891 contribution) and 59.2 present for physical

data (1,325 contributor). Through, the law was based on the study

of Chemistry and Physics literature later it has generated much

interest and attracted the attention of researchers and it has been

applied and tested in many other fields.

No. of Authors

100

25

11

6

4

No. of Articles

1

2

3

4

5

7.2. Z iprs law of word occurrence (1933) ^

This law was given by Zipf's in 1933. Zipf's developed and

extended an empirical law, as observed by Estoup governing a

28

relation between the rank of a word and the frequency and the

frequency of its appearance in a long text.

If ' r ' is the rank of a word and ' f is its frequency, then

mathematically Zipfs's law can be stated as follows:

ra— ^rf = c f , Where ' c ' is a constant

This law states that "in a long textual matter if words are

arranged in their decreasing order of frequency, then the rank of

any given word of the text will be inversely proportional to the

frequency of the occurrence of the word."

He found that by multiplying the numerical value of each

rank (r) by its corresponding frequency (f) be obtained a product

(c) that is constant throughout its text e.g.

Rank (r)

1

2

3

Frequency (f)

600

301

198

Product (rf) = c

600

602

594

The above table shows distribution of words, almost

inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the

word.

7 .3 . Bradford's Law of Scattering.^ :-

Samuel Clement Bradford, keeper of Science Museum in

London, gave a Law of Scattering in 1948. This Law is related to

scattering of journals. In this law the scattering term is used

Scattering of journals means the articles devoted to a particular

subject are found in other journals (which are related subject to

that particular subject).

29

Bradford Law is perhaps the best known of all the

Bibiliometric concepts. His law describes how the literature on a

subject is distributed in journals. He divided the articles found on

a subject into three equal zones, which increase by a multiple of

about five. If periodicals are listed in decreasing productivity i.e.

the journals that yield the most relevant articles coming first and

the most unproductive last then the journals will be grouped into

a number of zones each producing a similar number of relevant

article. However, the number of journals in each zone will be

increasing very rapidly and show a geometric progression. The

relationship between the zones is to be given by following

equation.

1 : n : n2

Where n = number of journals

Bradford also plotted graphs of the cumulative number of

source item R (n) versus the logarithm values of the cumulative

number of journals (log n.). Such a graph, is sometimes called as

Bradford's Bibliograph.

A 0

Logn^

There graph beings as a rising curve, API, and then

continues as a straight line. The rising part of the graph

represents the nucleus of highly productive journals. The points

30

PI, P2 and P3 on the bibliograph are the boundaries of three

equiproductive zones is which the same number of articles as the

nucleus derived from an increasingly larger number of journals.

8. OTHER LAWS

The other important laws that need to be mentioned there

are :

8.1 Price's square root law of scientific productivity

This law was given by Derek De Solla Price41 in 1963.

This law states that "half of the scientific papers are

contributed by the square root of the total number of

scientific authors".

8.2. Garfield's Law of Concentration

This law was enunciated by Eugene Garfield42 in 1971.

This law states that "a basic concentration of journals is the

common core of nucleus of all fields".

8.3. Sengupta's Law of Bibliometrics

This law has been put forward by Sengupta43, in 1973

which is also known as off setting weightage formula for re-

ranking periodicals to avoid discrimination against new journals

which necessarily have citation credits. This is basically an

extension of the Bradford Law.

It sates that "during phases of rapid growth of knowledge in

a scientific discipline, articles of interest to that discipline

appear in increasing number of periodicals from that field".

Mathematically this law stands in the following from:

f(x+y) = a + b log (x+y)

Where f (x+y) is the communicative number of reference as

contained in the first (x+y) most productive journals, x indicate

number of journals in the same discipline and y stands for

31

number of journals of unrelated disciplines (y>x) and 'a ' and 'b '

are two constant.

9. BIBLIOMETRICS : ITS APPLICATIONS

The technique of Bibliometrics have extensive applications

equally in sociological studies of science, information

management, librarianship, history of science including science

policy, study of Science and Scientists and also in different

branches or Social Science.

Some of the areas where bibliometric techniques can be used

are:

> To identify research trends and growth of knowledge.

> To estimate comprehensiveness of secondary periodicals.

> To identify users of different subjects.

> To identify authorship and its trends in documents on various

subject.

> To measure the usefulness of adihoc and retrospective SDI

services.

> To forecast past, present and future publishing trends.

> To develop experimental models correlating existing ones.

> To identify core periodicals in different disciplines.

> To formulate an accurate need-based acquisition policy within

the limited budgetary provision.

> To adopt an accurate weeding and staking policy.

> To initiate effective multi-level network system.

> To study obsolescence and dispersion of scientific literature

(clustering and coupling of scientific papers).

> To predict productivity of publishers, individual authors,

organizations, country of that of an entire discipline.

32

> To design automatic language processing for auto-indexing,

and abstracting and auto-classification; and.

> To development norms for standardization.

Most of the Librametry/Informetric studies in the library

and information field are concerned with the different types of

uses and degrees to which user needs are satisfied. The studies

are, however, becoming more analytical than descriptive. These

studies may be ground as:

> To make a careful and intensive study of the library situation

(in the late 40's).

> To measure the adequacy of library collection for present and

possible future library programmes (in the late 50's and in

60's).

> To discover mathematical and statistical models for various

phenomenon which we experience in library and information

work and studies.

Methods used in empirical studies in the library and

information field vary from one study to another. In several field

studies questionnaires have been used. Casual visits, checklists,

correspondence and interviews with user, and combinations of

these with questionnaires, have also been used. The results are

sometimes not compatible with each other or easy to compare

because of the bias involved in the data collection methods.

Nevertheless, the trends in Informetrics iri toward discovery of

theory and/or generalized mathematical model of the

library/information use phenomenon. Hopefully, these studies

will help in achieving better services to library and information

users and efficiency in information system and services

33

management envisioned in Ranganathan's Five Law of Library

Science.

LIMITATIONS IN APPLICATION

Though most of the studies tend to support the Bradford

distribution some other researchers could not get the satisfactory

results. Gross found that the scatterrinfg of research papers

among physics journal deviated form that predicted by Bradford

Law. Out of 50 bibliographies studies by Chonez, only six

followed the law, he calls the law pseudo-scientific.

In the case of Lotka's law it was found to fit in most cases.

However, the value of indexing was found to vary different

groups of scientists.

Another problem with Lotka's law is that it totally ignores

the potential authors who have produced any publication so far.

CONCLUSION

Bibliometric analysis, has now become a well-established

part of information research, and a quantitative approach to the

description of documents and examination of services is gaining

ground both in research and practice. It offers to the librarian,

the students, the teacher, the sociologist of knowledge, and the

publisher, a type of static not hitherto considered, which can

complement further more traditional approaches to the study of

bibliography and communication. As the definition suggests,

Bibliometries can be applies to any subject area and to most of

the problems, concerned with the written communication.

Biblimetric techniques have been gaining recognition and

importance especially during the past two decades. The results

34

of such studies are increasingly being applied to manage the

library and information science resources and services more

effectively. The studies of subject literature and their

characteristics have also been found useful and helpful in

managing the research and development activities in those

subject specialists.

Application of Bibliometric technique is found in selecting

most important journals in a given field of knowledge. The

exponential growth of literature and rapid development of

libraries generated several evolutionary studies about

effectiveness and efficiency of information services. These

studies led to the identification and application of appropriate

quantitative measuring technique know as bibliographical

control, as it is not possible to start efficient service without

analyzing the size and character of literature.

So expressed simply 'Bibliometrics' is the statistical

or quantitative description of a literature, a group of related

documents that furnishers possible methods by which significant

features of a literature may be described and its working

monitored. In fact Bibliometrics has grown out of the realization

that literature is growing and changing at a rate with which no

librarian or information worker equipped with traditional

bibliographic methods and skill, could keep abreast.

35

REFERENCES

1. Cloe, F.J. and Eales, N.B. "History of Comparative Anatomy

Part 1: A Statistical Analysis of Literature". Science

Progress. ll;1917:pp.578-596.

2. Hulmes, E.W. "Statistical Bibliography in Relation to

Growth of Modern Civilization". London: Grafton; 1923.

3. Gross, P.L.K. and Gross, E.M. "College Libraries and

Chemical Education Science". 66; 1927:pp.385-389.

4. Henkle, M.H. "Periodical Literature of Biochemistry".

Bulletin of Medical Library Association. 27; 1988: pp. 139-

147.

5. Gonsell, Chas F. "Obslescence of Book College Libraries".

College and Research Library.5; 1944: pp.115-125.

6. Fusseler, Herman H. "Characteristics of the Research

Literature used by Chemist and Physics in the United

States". Library Quarterly. 19: 1949: pp. 19-36.

7. Rasing , L Miles. "Statistical Bibliography in the Health

Sciences". ^ulk of Medical Library Association

50;1962:pp.450-461

8. Pritchard, Alan, "statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics."

Journal of Documentation. 25: 1988:pp.179-191.

9. Ranganathan, S.R. "Librametry and its Scope". D.R.T.C

Seminar 7 D. A. Banglore: DRTC; 1969 : pp 144-161.

10. Hulmes. E.W. op. cit.2

11. Raising Miles, op. cit.7

12. Fairthrone, R.A. "Emperical Hyperbolic Distributions

(Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbort) for Bibliometric Description

36

and Production". Journal of Documentation. 25(4);

1969:pp.319-43.

13. Schrader, A.M. "Teaching Bibliometris". Library Trends.

30(6);1981:pp.l51.

14. Sengupta, I.N. "Bibliometric research". Gram of Biomedical

Literature Vol. 1., Calcutta:S.B.A. PW;1988.

15. Egghe L. "An Exact Calculation of Price's low for low of

Lotka's". Scientometr ics . i l ; 1987:pp.81-97.

16. Hulmes, E.W. Op. cit. 2

17. Raising, L.Miles, op.cit.7

18. Pritchard, Alan.op.cit.8

19. Fairthrone, R.A. op.cit. 12

20. Hawkins, D.T. "Unvocational used of on - l ine Information

Retrieval Systems:On-line Bibliometric Studies". Journal of

American Society for Information Science.28n):1981:pp. l3-

18.

21. Polter, W.G. "Introduction to Bibliometrics". Library

Trends.30;1981:pp.5-7.

22. Schrader, A.M. op.cit. 13

23. Broadus, R.N. "The Application of Citation Analysis to

Collection Building". Advance in Librarianship. 7, New

York: Academic Press, 1977.

24. Sengupta, IB. op.cit. 14.

25. Devrajan, G. Bibliometric Studies., ^ew Delhi: ESS ESS

Publication, 1998.

26. Hulme. E.W. op.cit.2

27. Schrader, A.M.op. cit. 13.

37

28. Singh, S.N. "Characteristics of Information Material: A

Bibliographic Investigation in the field of Social Science in

India". Herald of Library Science. 19(4); 1980:pp.l90.

29. Gross and Gross.op.cit.3

30. Lotka's, A.J. " The Frequency Distribution Scientific

Productivity". Journals of the Washington Academy of

Science. 16:1926: pp.317-323.

31. Bradford, S.C. Documentation; London: Grossly Lockwood,

1948.

32. Zipf, George, "Human Behavior and The Principle of Least

Effort"; New York: Addison-Wesly Press, 1949.

33. Cole, F.J. op.cit.l

34. Pritchard, Alan, op.cit.8.

35. Gorfield, Engene. "The Mystery Transposer" Journal Lists.

Current Contents Life Science:14(31),1971:pp.5-6.

36. .Hulmes, E.W. op.cit.2

37. Ranganathan S.R. op.cit.9

38. Lotlftss.op.cit.30.

39. Feerorowicz, J. "The Theoritical Application to

Bibliograohic Database EnvironmeU" .Journal of American

Society for Information Science.33;1982:pp.285-293.

40. Bradford's, op. cit. 31

41. Price, Derek J de SoUa. "A General Theory Bibliometrics

and other Cumulative Advantage Process". Journal of

American Society for Information Science.27(5): 1976:pp

292-306.

38

42. Garfield, op.cit.35.

43. S«ngupta. IN. op.cit. 14

44. Ibid.

45. Ranganathan SR. op. cit.9.

39

CHAPTEE -

B£Vl£«f OF RELATED UTERATURE

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of related literature is very essential in new

research topics. Study of related literature implies locating and

evaluating reports of research as well as report of the casual

observation and opinion that are related to the individual planned

research project.

In any worthwhile the study in a field of research,

researcher must have an adequate knowledge with the work that

has already been done in the area of this research. Research

worker must have an up-to-date information about what has been

done in the area of his research. In brief this chapter present an

overall review of study conducted in India as well as abroad in a

chronological order regarding the topic "personnel attitudes and

job satisfaction". The investigator reviewed only that study,

which are similar to present study.

Ajay Ranjan Chakarberty*(1970) made a study under the title

"Scatter of Indian Geological Documents in Indian and foreign

Periodicals." The purpose of this study was to find out the

present tendency of Indian Geologists to publisljj^^heir papers in

Indian and I^oreign journals, library bulletin and Geological

survey of India was selected for the project. The finding reveals

that more than 90% of documents have been covered in Indian

sources. It focuses on the various degrees of interest shown by

the foreign periodicals on Indian Geology.

Mohinder Singh^ (1978) conducted the study under the title

" Studies of Chemical literature and Changes in the Ranking of

Periodicals by Citation Analysis of Data from 1967-76". The

objectives of the study were to identify subject, country wise

dispersion of papers, dispersion of periodical publication. The

40

result reveals that on an average about 26 new review papers on

various branches of chemistry were published every year.

S. Nazim Ali^ (1983) conducted the study under the title " Food

Science and Technology Literature: A Bibliometric Study". The

objective of the study was to determine the significant list of

journals in the field of food. Science and Technology, from 1970

to 1978, two journals selected were " Journals of food Science"

and " Food Technology". The analyses of the study reveals that

there was proliferation of literature in the field of science and

technology but the bulk of the literature is contained in few

journals. The core list of secondary journals was determined by

the frequency of articles cited in JFS and FT.

Khaiser Jahan Begum and B.A Sharda'* (1984) conducted study

on" Journals Most Frequently Cited by Indian Linguistic: A

Citation Analysis". The objectives of the study were to identify

(I) Type of material used (II) most frequently used

periodicals(III) subject. Language and Country wise distribution.

The major findings related to linguistic research in India are (I)

The main bibliographic forms of literature cited were non-

several population(II) only 1.15% of journals yield more than

50% citations (III) English citation account for 92.5%.

Maheswarappa Nagappen and Mathias^ (1984) made a study

under the title " Collaborative Research in Science and

Technology in India:A Bibliomatric Study". The main objectives

of the study were to determine the collaborative research trends

in science and technology as whole in India. The data was

collected from the Indian science Abstracts covering the calendar

years 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980 andl983. The study indicates that

two authors paper were maximum in science and technology. The

41

average number of authors per paper has increased from 1.84 in

1965 to 2.33 in 1983. The study concludes that there is a high

degree of collaboration in scientific and technological research.

Khaisher Jahan Begum and T.S Shalaja^ (1985) conducted the

study under the title " Characteristics of Literature used by the

nutritionists: A Citation study". The author tried to identify (1)

the main bibliographic form used (ll)The core journals of

literature(lll) Geographical Scattering of periodicals (IV) Age

wise distribution of cited Journals. The data was collected from

'American Journal of Nutrition', 'British Journals of Nutrition',

'Indian Journal of Nutrition'. The study reveals that major forms

of media used with citation count of 85.55% of the total literature

used by nutritionists, and 3.99 %of literature constitutes

conference proceeding and reports etc.

Narendra Kumar^ (1986) made a study under the title"

Literature Contribution in journals of Environmental Biology: A

Bibliometric study". The major objectives of the study were to

identify country, form and Institute wise distribution and find out

the core journals of the discipline. The analysis reveals that

71.78% of the total citation are from journals, 17.56 from

documents are of bibliographical forms such as proceeding and

seminars.

Maheswarappa and Mathias" (1987) conducted the study under

the title "Authorial Collaboration in Various disciplines of the

Physical Science : A Bibliometric Study" . The major objectives

of the study were to identify (l)The authorship patterns and the

extent of collaborative in research active in the various

disciplines of the physical science (II) Determine whether solo

research efforts as indicated by single author paper are going to

42

extinct or not in near future. The data's was collected from the

Indian science Abstract during 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980. 1983.

The study indicated that increasing trends towards collaboration

has been found in all the disciplines of physical science. It is

relatively low in mathematics and high in chemistry. The solo

research efforts are near extinction.

P. Arvind and V. Pulla Ready' (1989) conducted the study

under the title " Physical Anthropological Literature: A Citation

Analysis".The aims of the study were (1) To know the

distribution of citations in different bibliographic forms (II) to

know the authorship pattern(III) To identify the core journals and

subject wise break up of cited journals. The data was collected

from 12 review articles relating to the field of "Physical

Anthropology" during the period of 1980-1989. The major

findings obtained from this study were as follows: (1) Most of the

literature published in Physical Anthropology in the form of

article in periodicals. Anthropology (II) Journals literature

contributed the highest number of citation i.e. 54.76% (111) In

authorship pattern 66.56% citation were contributed by single

author (IV) Journal of Physical Anthropology get first rank.

V. L. Kalyane and B K Sen*" (1993) conducted the study under

the title "A Bibliometric Study of the journal of Oilseeds

Research" The objective of this study were to determine (I) The

authorship patterns of literature (II) The author productivity.

Journal of oilseed research published from 1984 to 1992 were

used for the study. The result indicates that (I) 12% and 29%

papers are contributed by single and double, authors respectively

(II) 538 authors contributed only, 128 authors have two and 55

authors have 3 papers each to their credit (III) Most of the

43

significant research were held in Haryana Agriculture University

(Hissar), Directorate of oilseed research, Andhra Pradesh

Agriculture University.

S. Humayoon Kabir** (1993) conducted the study under the title

" World Literature on Bibliometric : A Authorship and Growth

patterns". The objectives of the study were to identify (1)

Authorship pattern(II) Proportion of single vs multiple authored

papers.(Ill) Distribution of publication by date (IV) Language,

forms, subject wise distribution in the subject field of

bibliometrics. The source data was 'LISA' from 1964-1990. The

study indicates that single author documents predominated with

65% of the total and the proportion of multiple authors was 2.2:1.

The growth of literature on biblimetrics was doubling every ten

years. English is most dominant language i.e., occupied 76% of

total items.

Jagdesh Arora and Sharan Pal Kaur^^ (1994) conducted the

study under the title "Bibliometric Analysis of core journals on

Immunology. A study based on the Annual review of

Immunology". The authors tried to identify country, subject, year

and Language wise distribution of core journals in the

Immunology. The data was collected from 'Annual Review of

Immunology', Vol. 1-4 (1983-1986). The study reveals that

"Journal of Immunology" was most productive journal. The first

core journals contribution 47.96% of total citation while the first

top two ranked journal accounted 30% of total citation. In

country wise distribution USA takes the top position with its

contribution at 65.15%. Core journals in Immunology are

published in English language.

44

Madan S. Rana and Sunita Agarwal*^ (1994) Conducted the

study under the title "Authorship trends in Indian wildlife and

fisheries literature - A Bibliometric study". The objectives of the

study were to determine (i) authorship patterns in Indian wildlife

and fisheries literature and, (ii)Degree of collaboration in Indian

wild life and fisheries literature. The data was collected from

"wildlife review" and "fish review" for the years 1980 to 1989.

The study Indicates that the single authored papers has decreased

from 63.68% in 1980 to 52.74%. In 1989, during the same period

there was an increase in the average number of authors per paper

from 1.57 In 1980 to in 1989. The degree of collaborative

research also increased from 0.36% to 0.47%.

B.K Dalai and D. B Ramesh*'* (1995) conducted the study under

the title" Publication pattern in scientific & Industrial Research

in India : A Bibliometric Study". The aims of this study were to

identify year, subject and organization wise distribution of

literature and organization wise distribution of paper, to identify

the authorship patterns. The study was based on the analysis of

333 articles published in the "Journals of Scientific & Industrial

Research" during the year of 1988-93. The study reveals that (I)

274 contribution (82.28%) were from India, only (17.71%)

articles were from other countries (II) Majority of the

contribution either belongs to education and research to Institute.

(Ill) Applied science journal was most productive.(IV) Most of

literature are contributed by single authors.

Amit Kumar Bandyapdhya^^ (1996) conducted the study on "

Analysis of Doctorial Dissertation in Mathematics using dBase

111+". The bibliometric study of the citation appended to the 27

doctorial dissertation in mathematics submitted at the Bardwan

45

University from 1981 to 1990. The work of citation analysis

determines the bibliographic forms, ranking based on correlated

citation number. The study indicates that the average references

per page of thesis was found to be lowest in pure mathematics

(0.34%), applied mathematics (0.55%) and highest in statistics

(0.61%)

B. S. Maheshwarappa and M.M. Ningoji** (1996) made a study

under the title "The Growth of Literature in the field of Applied

science in India (1965-89)". The objectives of this study were (I)

To find the relative growth rates doubling time of literature in

the field of Applied science in India (II) Growth of pattern

literature in the field of applied science in India by fitting the

data with the modification exponential logistic and linear curves.

The source data was "The Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)" from

1965-89 The study reveals that (I) The relative growth rate of

literature in the field of Applied sciences in India steadily

declined from 0.63 for the period (II) The doubling time of

literature in the field of Applied science in India has increased

from 1.02% in (1996) to 13.86% in (1998).

K.G. Sudhir*^ (1997) conducted the study under the title"

Output Science Research in Kerala: A Bibliometric Analysis ".

The objectives of the study were to examine the growth of S&T

papers in Kerala during the last 15 years (1979-1994), subject

wise distribution of publication, authorship pattern of paper. The

data was collected from ISA (Indian Science Abstract!) during the

period of 1979 to 1994. The study reveals that Kerala is the first

state in the country to constitute a separate development for S&T.

The majority of the contributions were from agriculture and

related fields (27.22%) and second position was medical science

46

(16.11%), two authors were more prominent in the field i.e. of

agriculture, and single paper occupied the second position.

Suchitra Das and M. K. Seth^* (1997) made a study under the

title " Citation Analysis in Hydrometallurgy: A Bibliometric

study". The objectives of this study were (I) To know the

Bibliographical forms of literature used (II) To identify the list

of highly cited journals (III) To know the authorship patterns of

contribution (V) The Scattering of literature of subject. (V)

Institute wise contribution (research output) in

"Hydrometallurgy", in India and other countries. The necessary

data was collected from 'Hydrometallurgy'. The findings of the

study are (I) Distribution of citation in different bibliographical

forms are 5, 417 are journal citations, 933 book citation 372

proceedings (II) Core journals are 'Hydrometallurgy' (III)

Multiple authors contribute 42.7% and joint author contribute

40% and single authors contribute the countries which only

16.4% done by Canada and India (V) Research Institute

contributes 56% of the literature.

Meera*' (1998) made a study under the title " Ecology

Literature: A Bibliometric study". The objectives of this of this

study were (I) To find out the major periodicals reporting

substantive amount of literature in 'Plant Ecology' and to draw

up a ranking list (II) To find out the Geographical distribution of

significant literature which will enable to know the major

countries producing ecological literature (III) To know the

language wise distribution of literature . The data was collected

from Biological Abstracts of 1994-1995. Major findings of the

study were (I) The most productive periodical is " Oceological"

from Germany and second one is Journal "Ecology" from China

47

(II) USA and UK are the main producers of journals (III) English

(85,58%) is the most dominating language in this subject field.

S. Ally Sornam and Vijay Gopi " (1998) conducted the study

under the title " AIDS Literature : A Citation Study". The major

objectives of this study were (I) To study the authorship pattern

(II) To identify growth of journal citation (III) To study the

information on Aids-diagnosis (IV) To study the place of

publication (V) To identify the key authors clusters. The study

covers the AIDS journals literature output in English language

for a period of five year, i.e. 1990-1994 through MEDLARS to

identify only journals citation in the area of Aids-diagnosis . The

study reveals that (I) Majority of the contributions were made by

joint authors (II) Maximum numbers of 22 articles were

contributed by two authors (20%) (III) Growth in literature

journal cited in 1990 is 1550 but in the year 1994, 2050 journals

are cited (IV) First AIDS case was reported in June 1981 in USA.

Literature output on Aids-diagnosis from 3rd world countries is

very poor.

B.S Biradar and M.S Sujatha Method^* (2000) conducted the

study under the title " Bibliometric Analysis of Ecological

Literature". The objectives of the study were to identify the

major form of literature, core journals authorship pattern etc. The

study was based on the reference appended to the articles in the

"Journals of Annual Review of Ecology and systematic" for the

year 1995-1996 . The study reveals that maximum number of

citation were from USA (63.96%) single author papers claim

(84.69%) and more than 80% of the citation fall in the age

growth of 0-15 years.

48

J.R. Sahu2^ (2000) conducted a study under the title " National

Mapping of Science -India: Earth sciences". The major

objectives of the study were to know the (1) The most prolific

contribution of different institutions (ii) To find the core journal

of India also top ten source publishing Indian contribution.

Major findings are (1) The study shows downward trend in the

output of literature in earth sciences both at Indian and global

levels. (II) Geographical survey of Indian (GSI) in found to be

most prolific contributor in all three years. The seconds prolific

contributor is Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG)

(III) A large majority of Indian contribution publications. For the

Geo reference Database of 1990, 1992, 1994 are used, which

covers 1227, 784, 364 Indian contribution respectively.

H. Adithya Kumar and Shivraman (2000) conducted a study

under the title" The Nucleus: An International Journal of

cytology and cited topics-A Bibliometric Study" The major

objectives of this study were (I) to identified the major source of

information and core journals (II) Subject, language, year wise

distribution of papers and find out the authorship pattern(III)The

extent of applicability of Bradford's law. This data has been

taken from International journal of cytology and Allied topics for

period of 1992-95. The major findings obtained from this study

were as follows (I) Periodical articles were the major source of

information (II) English language was used maximum (III)

Maximum number of publication from USA 37.79% (IV) The

Journal 'Cytology' occupied first rank.

G. Mahapatra and Bhagwan Das" (2000) made a study under

the title " Impact of Research Collaboration on the Growth of

literature on Geology: A Bibliometric study". The objectives of

49

this study were (I) to identified the major source of information

and core journals (II) Subject, language, year wise distribution of

papers and find out the authorship pattern(III)The extent of

applicability of Bradford's law. This data has been taken from

International journal of cytology and Allied topics for period of

1992-95. The major findings obtained from this study were as

follows (I) Periodical articles were the major source of

information (II) English language was used maximum (III)

Maximum number of publication from USA 37.79% (IV) The

Journal 'Cytology' occupied first rank.

G. Mahapatra and Bhagwan Das '* (2000) made a study under the

title " Impact of Research Collaboration on the Growth of

literature on Geology: A Bibliometric study". The objectives of

this study were to derive nature of growth of literature in Geology

during 1987-1996, type of collaboration among authors and trend

the growth during this periods,. The methodology of the study was

based on survey of five selected journals in Geology, such as,

Geologist Bulletin, Geophysics Geological magazine, journal of

Geology American Association of petroleum. The result of the

study indicates the increase in collaboration and simultaneously

decrease in the amount of publication collaborative research were

more and rate of growth of publication was low.

N.S. Mehta^^ (2000) made a study under the title "National

Mapping of science-India-Chemistry and Chemical Engineering".

The major objectives of this study were (I) To provide journal

wise contribution in chemistry and chemical engineering (II)To

provide section wise contribution which shows maximum number

of publications. For this study, the abstracts included in the years

1990 and 1994 volume of Chemical Abstract ^were used. The

bibliographic details were converted into a FoxPro data base file.

50

The major findings were (I) 1990 and 1994 volume of Chemical

Abstracts, which noticed 10,511 and 13, 060 Indian contributions

respectively in the chemistry and chemical engineering (II)

Distribution of Indian contributions among these section shows the

maximum number of publications were under electric phenomena

(1259) followed by optical, electron, mass spectroscopy and other

related properties (950)

Prakash Chand and Dhermendra Singh Sanger * (2000) made a

study under the title "A Bibliometric study of Solar Energy

Research in India". The objectives of the study were (I) To

identify trends in the field of solar energy research in India (II) To

know the ranking of Institution in the field of solar energy (III)To

analyse the R&D output quantitative. The data was collected from

ISA. INPAT, INSPEC, SCI database annual report of Indian R&D

organization covering 1992-1997 period. The analysis reveals that

IITs contributes major share i.e. 1991 papers 98% second place

goes to Universities which are contributing 150 papers and third

R&D Institutions contributing 91 papers (18%)

Rajeev Vij^^ (2001) conducted a study under the title "Library and

Information Science Abstract on CD-Rom : A bibliometric study".

The objectives of the study were to identify years wise

distribution of records, bibliographical forms of citation, language

and country wise distribution, ranked list of Indian and foreign

journals, short coming LISA CD-ROM database. The data was

collected from LISA data base over the period of 1990, 1995,

1999 years. The study reveals that coverage of journals from the

developing countries was relatively poor. By the year 2000, only

24 Indian journals have been covered i.e. 4.55% of total journals.

Most of the Journals are published from UK and USA, and most

51

dominant language are German and Russian. Majority of

contribution in LISA data base were made by single authors.

References

1. Chakarberty, A.R., "Scattering of Indian Geological

Documents in Indian and Foreign Periodicals". Annals of

Library Science and Documentation. 17(1-2); 1970:pp.47-53.

2. Singh, Mohindra. " Studies of Chemical Literature and

Changes in the Ranking of Periodicals by citation Analysis

of Data from 1967-79". Annals of library science and

Documentation. 25(1-4): 1978:pp.55-61.

3. Nazim Ali, S. " Food Science and Technology literature: A

Bibliometric study". Library Science with a Slant

Documentation. 20(U:1983: pp.30-38.

4. Begum (Khaiser Jahan) and Sharada, B.A. "Journals Most

Frequently cited by Indian Linguistic :A Citation Analysis!

Annals of Library Science Documentation. 31(3-4);1984: pp.

173-180.

5. Nagappen, Maheshwarappa and Mothious. " Collaborative

Research in Science and Technology in India A

Bibliometric study". Journal of library and iformation

science. 19(2): 1984:pp.54-56

6. Begum, Khaiser Jahan and Salaja, T.S. "Characteristics of

literature used by the nutritionists: A Citation Study".

Annals of Library Science and Documentation. 32(3-4);

1985: pp.122-128

7. Narendra Kumar. " Literature Contribution in Journal of

Environmental Biology: A Bibliometric study". Annals of

Library Science and Documentation. 33(1-2): 1986:pp 31-40.

52

8. Maheswarappa, B.S and Mathioas " Authorial Collaboration

in various disciplines of physical science: A Bibliometric

study". Journal of Library and Information Science. 12(2);

1987:pp.52-54

9. Arvind,P and Ready, V.P. "Physical Anthropology literature:

A citation analysis". ILA. Bulletin. 15(1); 1989:pp.21-25

10. Kalyane, V.L. and Sen , B.K. "A Bibliometric Study of the

journals of Oilseeds Research". Annals of Library Science

and documentation.42(4); 1993:pp.81-95.

11. Humayoon Kabir. " World Literature on Bibliometric: A

Authorship and Growth Patterns". Annals of library science

and Documentation.41(1); 1993:pp.13-18.

12. Arora, J and Kaur, S. " Bibliometric : A Study Based on the

Annual Review of Immunology". Annals of Library Science

and Documentation. 141(3); 1994:pp.84-94.

13. Madan, S R and Agarwal, Sunita. " Authorship Trends in

Indian Wildlife and Fisheries Literature: A Bibliometric

Study. Annals of Library Scienceand Documentation. 41(1);

1994: pp. 13-18.

14. Dalai, B.K. and Ramesh, D.B. "Publication Pattern in

Scientific & Industrial Research in India:A Bibliometric

Study". Annals of Library Science and Documentation.

42(1); 1995:pp.35-38.

15. Bandyapdhy, A.K. "Analysis of Doctoral Dissertation in

Mathematics Using dBase 111+". Annals of Library Science

and Documentation 43r3V199fipp 81-107

16. Maheswarppa, B.S and Ningoji, M.M. "The Growth of

Literature Science in India (1965-89)". International

Information and Education. 15n 1)-1996 pp Sl-ss

53

17. Sudhir, K.G." Output Science research in Kerala: A

Bibliometric Analysis". Annals of Library Science and

Documentation.44(4): 1997:pp. 113-126.

18. Suchitra Das and Seth, M.K."Citation Analysis of in

Hydrmetallurgy: A Bibliometric Study". International

Communication and Education. 16(1); 1997:pp.48-55.

19. Meera. "Plant Ecology Literature: A Bibliometric Study".

International Information Communication and Education.

17(1); 1998:pp.41-59.

20. Sornam, S.AUy and Vijaya, G. "Aids Literature : A Citation

Study". International Information Communication and

Education. 17(l);1998:pp.37-40.

21 . Biradar, BS and Sujatha Mathd, M.S. "Bibliometric Analysis

of Ecological Literature". SRELS Journals of Information

Management.37(3).2000:pp.225-229.

22. Shahu, J.R. "National Mapping of Science -India:Earth

Sceience".Information today & Tomorrow. 19(3);2000:pp.8-

10.

23. Aditya Kumar, H and Shivraman. "The Nucleus :An

International Journal of Cytology and cited topic-A

Bibliometric study." SRELS journal of Information

Management .37(1): 2000:pp.47-59.

24. Mahapatra, G and Das, B. "Impact of research Collaboration

on the Growth of Literature on Geology: A Bibliometric

Study". SERELS Journals of Information Managemen.37(2):

2000:pp.95-105.

25. Mehta, N.S. "National Mapping of Science; India-Chemistry

and Chemical Engineering". Information today & Tomorrow.

19(3);2000:8-10-

54

26. Praksh Chand and Sanger, D.S. "A Bibliometric Study of

Solar Energy Research in India". Journal of Library and

Infirmation Science.(25V. 2000:pp.45-46-

27. Rajeev Vij. "Library and Information Science Abstract Study

on CD-ROM: A Bibliometric Study". ILA Buletin. 37 (4):

2001 .pp. 135-142.

55

CHAPTER -

OfiJECnVte AND METHODOLOeVOF THE STUDV

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The present study aims at identification and describing some

of the characteristics of the literature published in the field of "

Personnel attitude & job satisfaction" over the period of 10 years

from 1991-2001 with a view to identifying, place, year, language,

subject areas, forms of documents, country of origin were the

document is published.

It is well known that knowledge is growing at very fast rate.

The new researches and thirst for knowledge has led to the

generation of new knowledge. It is necessary that new work and

new findings should be highlighted among the research scholars

and others who are interested in them. So Bibliometric study will

help the librarian in the selection of literature in the field of

'Personnel attitude & Job satisfaction' More precisely the main

objective of the present study are :

OBJECTIVES

(i) To know the most productive country in the field of

'personnel attitudes and job satisfaction',

(ii) To know the eminent authors in the field of 'personnel

attitudes and job satisfaction',

(iii) To know the rate of collaborative research,

(iv) To know the language(s) in which the most of literature on

the subject has been published,

(v) To know the most used form of documents,

(vi) To find out the chronological distribution of items.

56

(vii) To know the most productive journals in the field of

'Personnel attitudes & job satisfaction',

(viii) To identify the scattering of subjects,

(ix) To check the validity of Lotka's and Bradford's laws.

HYPOTHESES

(i) There may be a significant difference regarding geographical

scattering of article on personnel attitude and job

satisfaction,

(ii) Influence of group research may be seen in authorship

'patterns of personnel attitude & job satisfaction',

(iii) Most of the articles may be written in English language in

the field of "Personnel Attitude & Job Satisfaction",

(iv) Journal articles may be the most used form of documents,

(v) Chronological analysis of data may emerge as the reflection

of acceleratory growth in the research out put of the

literature year by year,

(vi) Lotka's law will be valid in the present study,

(vii) Bradford's law will stand valid in the present study.

57

METHODOLOGY

The exponential growth of literature and rapid development

of libraries generated several evolutionary studies about the

effectiveness and efficiency of information services. These

studies led to the Identification and application of appropriate

qualitative measuring techniques know as Bibliomatrics.

Research in any area calls for systematic methodologies. The

methodology for conducting the bibliometric study has been

diagrammatically represent below.

Topic Selection

Selection of Source document

Collection of data

Preparation of Entries

Analysis

I Country wise Ranking Language-wise Form wise

Distribution of author Distribution Distribution

Year wise Ranking of Subject

Distribution Periodical Distribution

58

(A) TOPIC SELECTION

For the selection of the topic various sources have been

consulted such as Chemical Abstract, Biological Abstract and

Physiological Abstract. Finally the researcher selected "personnel

Altitude & Job satisfaction" from Psychological Abstract on his

Interest in psychology.

(B) SELECTION OF SOURCE DOCUMENT

To undertake the Bibliometric study on the literatures of

"Personnel attitude & job satisfaction" the Psychological Abstract

was found to be the most comprehensive and appropriate source of

literature in the field of psychology. Psychological Abstract

published by the American Psychological Association Inc., from

Washington DC (USA) contains publication of extraordinary and

scholarly articles of the eminent personalities, scholars and expert

from different part of the world. The volume of 1992-2001 of

Psychological Abstract has been consulted were chosen as the

source document.

(C) COLLECTION OF DATA

The most Important task was to select the document from

which data has been drawn on the subject "Personnel Attitude &,

job Satisfaction" 2135 reference from the 10 volume of

Psychological Abstract i.e., from 1992 to 2001 has been collected

on 5"X3" square inches catalogue card.

(D) PREPARATION OF ENTRIES

By the help of Psychological Abstract data was collected on

catalogue cards 5"X3". Each reference consisted of information

about, author name, title, source journal, date, place, form and text

59

language were noted on card. In other words, a short bibliography

was compiled on the cards. These were arranged and rearranged

during analysis.

(E) ANALYSIS

Next step, after preparation of entries, was to analyze the

data that was collected from the source document. The total data

collected on separate cards were arranged and rearranged in order

to conduct the following studies.

(i) GEOGRAPHICAL SCATTERING OF ITEMS

This is done to determine the geographical scattering of

items while studying the use pattern of research literature in the

subject under the study. The information was collected from the

Psychological Abstract of each item, which clearly give the place

of origin of each item. The entries were grouped on the basis of

their country of origin.

(ii) RANKING OF AUTHORS

The researcher analyze the authors on the basis of their

frequency of occurrence i.e. how in any terms an author occurs.

This study has been conducted to know the eminent personalities

in the field of 'Personnel Altitude & job satisfaction'. Ranking of

authors is done to identify the most productive contributions in the

subject. For the purpose of ranking of authors, the research

arranged them alphabetically, surname of each author is the basis

for alphabetization. So all author were retrieved, arranged and

tabulated in the order of decreasing frequency of their

contribution.

60

(iii) LANGUAGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS

In this study an attempt has been made to analyse the

language wise distribution of items. Since the source of document

is of International level, and have comprehensive coverage, and

article published in almost all languages of the world. So

researcher analysed the items language-wise. In the abstract itself

the language of original text is given. While collecting the data,

noted according to the language and then arranged according to

their rank, in order to know dominant language.

(iv) FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION

There are variety of forms of documents in which literature

on 'personnel attitude & job Satisfaction' are published. There are

articles, research report, case study etc. The analysis has been

done to know the major forms of documents used for producing

new information in the subject under study. These have been

tabulated to find out most used source material.

(v) CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY

In this analysis time of origin of item were studied to know

how many items belong to a particular time period on the basis of

frequency of items belonging to a particular year. The data of

analyzed and tabulated to find the most productive year of items.

(vi) RANKING OF PERIODICALS

The main objective of this study is to identify the core

periodicals (journal) containing the research literature on

'Personnel attitude & job Satisfaction'. To conduct this study, the

items published in different periodicals were grouped together and

counted. It is necessary to know the most productive periodicals in

the subject.

^1

(vii) SUBJECT WISE DISTRIBUTION

This analysis has been done to know the scattering of

literature of 'personnel attitude & job satisfaction' in other subject

field. This analysis shows the Interdisciplinary character of the

subject field, the analysis has been done on the basis of field of

periodicals publishing in the literature. The information about the

subject field was obtained from Ulrich International Periodical

Directory (35th. Ed.)

APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS

After doing all the analysis the foremost and final job is to

apply the laws of Bibliometrics. So the researcher tried to testify

the laws of Bibliometrics by applying them on the collected data,

especially Bradford's and Lotka's law in order to find out how

much these laws are valid in the present study.

62

CHAPTER - V

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRCTATION

AND

PRESENTATION

eEOeRAPHlC AL SC ATTERlNe OF ITEMS

RANKING OF AUTHORS

LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS

FORM>\ASE DISTRIBUTION

CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY

RANKING PERIODICALS

SUBJECT-WiSE DISTRIBUTION

.APPUCATION OF BIBUOMETRIC L A W S .

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND

REPRESENTATION

For the purpose of data collection, 10 volumes of

Psychological Abstract for the years 1992 -2001 were consulted

and the total number of 2135 references were collected.

1. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

Table -1 shows list of 48 countries upto 25th rank in

publishing journals on "Personnel attitudes & job satisfaction". It

was observed that 59.53% of total number of journal were

published from USA only . UK and Canada produce 7.16% and

5.62% journals respectively. It was found that literary out put of

USA is more than other countries. In the ranking list, USA

accounted for 1271 of the total items i.e., 59.53%.

Table No. I

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

s. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Name of country

USA

Canada

UK

Australia

Germany

France

Finland

Israel

Italy

Netherland

Spain

Frequency of occurrence

1271

153

120

071

067

054

052

049

031

029

023

Cumulative Frequency occurrence

1271

1424

1544

1615

1682

1735

1788

1837

1868

1897

1920

Percentage

59.53

07.16

5.62

3.32

3.13

2.52

2.43

2.29

1.45

7.35

1.07

63

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

11

12

13

14

14

15

16

16

17

18

18

19

20

20

21

21

22

23

23

23

23

24

24

24

24

24

25

25

25

25

25

China

Japan

India

Russia

Newzeland

Nigeria

Singapore

Poland

Kan>f«.

Hungary

Greece

Turkey

South Africa

Ethiopia

Brazil

Belgium

Korea

Portugal

Czechs Republic

Switzerland

Lebanon

Malaysia

Uganda

UAE

Indonesia

Slovakia

Argentina

Peru

Belarus-

Tunisia

Bangladesh

023

019

017

013

013

Oil

010

010

009

008

008

007

006

006

005

005

004

003

003

003

003

002

002

002

002

002

001

001

001

001

001

1943

1962

1979

1992

2005

2016

2026

2036

2054

2062

2070

2077

2083

2089

2094

2099

2103

2106

2109

2112

2115

2117

2119

2121

2123

2125

2126

2127

2128

2129

2130

1.07

0.88

0.79

0.60

0.60

0.57

0.46

0.46

0.42

0.37

0.37

0.32

0.28

0.28

0.23

0.23

0.18

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

64

44

45

46

47

48

25

25

25

25

25

Combodia

Colombia

Thailand

Zambia

Yugoslavia

001

001

001

001

001

Total = 2135

2131

2132

2133

2134

2135

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

65

Diagram No. 1 Representing Country Wise Literary Output

59.53

27.69

Canada Others

Countries

27.69

5.62 59-53

7.16

2. RANKING OF AUTHORS :-

In every subject there are certain personalities who are were

well recognized of in their own fields. The prime objective of this

study is to find out the authors whose contribution is significant in

the field of 'personnel attitude & job satisfaction'. For this

purpose a ranking list of most productive authors has been

prepared and presented in the table 2 in order of their frequency of

occurrence.

It was found that 597 items i.e., (27.96%) were written by

single authors (i.e. only one contribution) and 1538 items (i.e.

72.03%) were written by multiple author (i.e. more than one

contribution). This shows that the present trend of research is

group oriented rather than single. The first five eminent authors in

this field are. Burke, (Roland J), Wlit (L.A.), Orper (Christopher)

Cohen (Awan) Judge (Timothy A).

Note: Table of Ranking of authors on Next page

67

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3. AUTHORSHIP PATTERN

The analysis of authorship patterns Indicates that papers

contribute by single author is 597 i.e, (27.96%) of the total items

and 1538 (72.03%) paper have been contributed by multiple

authors. It was found that the tendency towards joint authorship

was on an increase. This is indicates that researchers normally

prefer cooperative or group work which has been characteristic

feature of the subject.

Table No.3

Authorship Pattern

Single authorship

No. of items

597

%

27.96

Multiple authorship

No. items

1538

%

72.03

Total No.

items

2135

77

•M

Pu a en Wi

O

s <J

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e C CO

a a

Q_

z 1 o 5 § 1 • ^ " <U Q. O) ^ C 3 W 5 Q D

CO Oi r CM

/ ^ ? ^ ^ * ^

a

4. LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION: -

It is of great significance for researchers to know the

language in which the literature on their area of specialization is

published. The analysis of the languages used to transmit the

subject literature is useful not only to understand the coverage

patterns, but also to gives an indication of the foreign language

problem likely to be faced by users.

Table 4 shows that total number of items (2135) were

published in 26 different languages out of which English was

found to be the most dominant language, as 1836 items

constituting 85.99% were reported to be published in that

language. The second position is occupied by German literature

on the subject in which 81 items constituting 03.79% and Third

position is occupied by French 63 items i.e.,2.95%.

Table No. 4

LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION

s. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

9

10

11

Language

English

German

French

Finnish

Italian

Russian

Spanish

Dutch

Chinese

Japanese

Polish

Norwegian

Frequency occurrence

1836

81

63

36

24

16

12

9

7

7

6

5

Percentage of Frequency

85.99

03.79

02.95

01.68

01.12

00.74

00.56

00.42

00.32

00.32

00.28

00.23

Cumulative Frequency of

percentage

85.99

89.78

92.73

94.41

95.53

96.27

96.83

97.25

97.57

97.89

97.17

98.40

79

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

11

12

12

13

13

13

14

14

14

14

15

15

15

15

Swedish

Hungarian

Indonesian

Portuguese

Romanian

Serbo-Croatian Roman

Czech

Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic

Swish

Turkish

Arabic

Korean

Slovaks

Thai

5

4

4

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

Total = 2135

00.23

00.18

00.18

00.14

00.14

00.14

00.09

00.09

00.09

00.09

00.04

00.04

00.04

00.04

98.63

98.99

98.99

99.13

99.27

99.41

99.50

99.59

99.68

99.77

99.81

99.85

99.89

99.93

80

DiagramNo.3 Language Wise Distribution of Items

85.99

90-

80

70-

60

c =- 50

3 2 40

Zi 30

20

10

0-

W\-\-\-\

'i

j j

V-

« -i

\ " ft ' 1

HI

. 1 - 1

English

3.79 2.95

:NXSV

German French

Languages

7.27

>???

i'i'i'> I I I ' l

Others

7.27

3.79

• English

B German

D French

Bothers

85.99

5. FORM WISE DISTRUBUTION

The analysis of table number 5, shows that the literature on

this subject are published are 7 different forms. It is evident from

the data that 1562 items constituting 73.16% of total data was

published in the form of Articles. This is followed by other forms

like Survey report with 285 items i.e., 13.34% and, case study, 128

items i.e., 59.99% occupies second and third position respectively.

It may thus be concluded that the Article published in journals are

most vital forms of media of communication among information

seekers belonging this subject area.

Table No. - 5

FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION

s. No.

1

2 3

4

5

6 7

Rank

1

2 3

4

5

6 7

Name of Forms

Article

Survey Report Case study

Research Report

Reviews

News Letter Conference proceeding

Frequency occurrenc

e 1562

285 128

091

033

021 015

Frequency Percentage

73.16

13.34 05.99

04.26

01.54

00.98 00.70

Cumulative Frequency

% 73.16

86.50 92.49

96.75

98.29

99.27 99.97

82

Diagram NO. 5 Representing Bibliographic Form of Literature

Articles Survey Report Case Study

Forms

others

5.99 7.51

13.34 I Articles

D Survey Report • Case Study

I Others

73.16

6. CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY :-

This study is aimed at knowing the currency of information in

Psychological Abstract. For the purpose number of items

originated in different year in separate volumes were taken into

consideration. As mentioned earlier the volume of 1992-2001 of

Psychological Abstract were taken into consideration for the

collection of data. It was found that out of the total number 2135

articles the year of publication varied from 1991-2001 in the 10

volumes. Therefore counting was done to know how many articles

are published in each years. Table shows the chronological

scattering of all the references in which it is observed that most of

literature on the subject 13.39% was published in the year 1992,

followed by 13.16% in the year 1993, 10.72% in the year 1999,

which cumulates to 37.27% and in the rest of the years i. e. 1994,

1995, 1996,1997, 1998, 2000 and 2001 items published are 9.83%,

10.30%, 9.13%, 7.40%, 8.57%, 8.52% and 5.01% respectively.

84

e

08

H

o H

n

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ON

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vo ON ON

NO

VO

o

00

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r--

00

00

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1-H

00 ON ON

00

vd 00

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ON

ON

rr ON

00

00

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cs

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C D ^ l - C N O O O C D ^ r C N O

(o/o U!) 9jnjBja»n

7. RANKING OF JOURNALS

Now a days, journals have got key position, as an importance

source of current information, they play a significant role is

scientific communication. Article of the journals provide the most

of required information to information sources. However, not all

journals contribute equally with regards to the articles of interests

of information seekers. As such. It may be found that certain core

journals contribute most of the literature on particular topic. This

information of core journals in various subject will go a long way

in preparing the subscription list of journals by the librarian and

information scientists. It especially acts when one takes into

consideration the limited resources of the library and ever

increasing demand of the users. The present study therefore, is

meant to identify the most important journals, constituting the

most of the literature of research value in the field of "personnel

altitude & job satisfaction".

In the Collected data, all the 2135 reference were found to be

in 229 journals, which have been ranked upto 34 position, on the

basis of their decreasing frequency. In this study the first rank was

occupied by the journal titled "Journal of Organizational

Behaviour" with the frequency of 214, which accounts for 10.02%

of the total references. Next three position are occupied by

journals like "Journal of Business research" (5.48%), "Journal of

Vocational Behaviour" (3.74%) and "Human Relation" (3.37%)

respectively as shown in table 7.

87

TABLE-7 RANKING OF JOURNALS

s. No.

1

2 3

4 5 6

7

8

9

10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18

19 20

21

22

23

24

25 26 27

28

Rank

1

2 3

4 5 6

7

8

9

10

10 10 11 11 11 12 13

14

15 15

16

17

17

17

18 18 19

19

Name of Journals

Journal of Organizational & Behavior Journal of Business Research Journal of Vocational Behavior Human Relation Psychological Repot Journal of Applied Social Psychology Group & Organizational Management Employment Responsibility

& Right Journal Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology Journal of Business & Psychology Journal of Social Behavior Work & Occupation Journal of Psychology Journal of Sociology Work & Stress Journal of Marketing Journal of Occupational & Research Psychology Academy Management Journal Personnel Psychology Public Resources Management Applied Psychology : International Review European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology Journal of Managerial Psychology Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Process Personnel Review Sex Role Employment association Quarterly Journal of Social Behavior & Personality

Countries

USA

USA USA

USA USA USA

USA

USA

Canada

USA

UK Canada

USA Canada

USA USA

Australia

USA

USA USA

UK

Netherland

UK

USA

UK USA

Newzeland

USA

Frequency

214

117 80

72 70 67

52

40

37

35

35 35 34 34 34 33 30

28

23 23

20

19

19

19

18 18 17

17

Cumulative Frequency

214

331 411

483 553 620

672

712

749

784

819 854 888 922 956 989 1019

1047

1070 1093

1113

1132

1151

1170

1188 1206 1223

1240

%age

10.02

5.48 3.74

3.37 3.27 3.13

2.43

1.87

1.73

1.63

1.63 1.63 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.54 1.40

1.31

1.07 1.07

0.93

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.84 0.84 0.79

0.79

ii

29

30 31

32

33 34 35

36

37

38

39 40 41 42 43

44 45 46 47

48

49

50 51

52 53 54

55

56

57

58 59

20

20 20

21

21 22 22

23

23

23

23 23 24 24 24

24 24 24 25

25

25

25 25

25 25 26

26

26

26

26 26

Academy, Management Review Human Organization Journal of Marketing Research Journal of Counseling Psychology Stress Medicine Journal of Applied Behavior Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology

Human Resources Development Quarterly Journal of Academy of Marketing Science Journal of Career Assessment Personnel Management Social Problem American Behavior Scientist Counseling Psychology Journal of Applied Communication Research Psychological Studies Psychology & Marketing Receptual and Motor Skills Administrative Science Quarterly Basic Applied Social Psychology Behavior and Information Technology Ergonomics Journal of Employment Counseling Organizational Dynamics Social Behavior Personality American Journal of Economic Psychology Anxiety, Stress and Costing: An Industrial Journal Career Development Quarterly European

Human Performance Journal of Vocational

Israel

USA USA

Canada

Japan USA India

Australia

Australia

USA

USA Finland

USA USA USA

UK Singapore

USA USA

USA

Australia

UK Netherland

USA USA USA

USA

France

UK

Australia Israel

16

16 16

15

15 13 13

12

12

12

12 12 11 11 11

11 11 11 10

10

10

10 10

101 10 9

9

9

9

9 9

1256

1272 1288

1303

1318 1331 1344

1356

1368

1380

1392 1404 1415 1426 1437

1448 1459 1470 1480

1490

1500

1510 1520

1530 1540 1549

1558

1567

1576

1585 1594

0.74

0.74 0.74

0.74

0.70 0.70 0.60

0.60

0.56

0.56

0.56 0.56 0.51 0.51 0.51

0.51 0.51 0.51 0.46

0.46

0.46

0.46 0.46

0.46 0.46 0.42

0.42

0.42

0.42

0.42 0.42

89

60 61 62 63

64 65

66

67 68

69 70 71

72

73

74 75 76

77 78 79 80 81 82

83

84

85

86

87

88 89

90 91 92

26 26 27 27

27 27

27

27 27

27 27 28

28

28

28 28 28

28 28 28 28 29 29

29

29

29

29

29

29 29

29 29 30

Behavior Organizational Behavior Psychological Bulletin Journal of Indian Psychology Journal of Organizational Behavioral Mnagement Journal of Socuo-Econimics Measurement and Evaluation Quarterly Organizational Research Methods Organization Sceince Scandenevian Journal of Work, Environment & Healt Sociological Forum Work & Occupation Academy Journal of Managerial Review American Journal of Business American Journal of Sociology Behavioral Medicine Indian Journal of Behavior International Journal of Stress Management Miliary Medicine Organization Studies Social Forces Social Psychology Quarterly Human Relations Journal of Applied Psychology Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Journal of Economic Psychology Journal of Family Psychotherapy Journal of Health & Social Behavior Journal of Management Development Journal of Mortality Science Journal of Psychology Romantic Research Military Psychology Psychological Medicine Applied Ergonomics

USA UK

India France

UAE Itly

USA

USA Scanderivice

USA USA

Canada

USA

USA

Netherland India

Netherland

USA UK

Canada USA

Canada USA

Canada

Israel

USA

USA

Nertherland

USA Japan

Spain UK

Sweden

9 9 9 8

8 8

8

8 8

8 8 7

7

7

7 7 7

7 7 7 7 6 6

6

6

6

6

6

6 6

6 6 5

1603 1612 1620 1628

1636 1644

1652

1660 1668

1676 1684 1691

1698

1705

1712 1719 1726

1733 1740 1747 1754 1760 1766

1772

1778

1784

1790

1796

1802 1808

1814 1820 1825

0.42 0.42 0.37 0.37

0.37 0.37

0.37

0.37 0.37

0.37 0.37 0.32

0.32

0.32

0.32 0.32 0.32

0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.28 0.28

0.28

0.28

0.28

0.28

0.28

0.28 0.28

0.28 0.28 0.23

98

122 123

i 144 145

i 171 172

i 229

31 32

i 32 33

i 33 34

i 34

Western & Health American Sociological Review 1

Revista de Psychological SocialAnalise Psicologica

i Youth and Society Applied preventive Psychology

Violence and Victims

Japan USA

i France

Germany

i USA USA

i Canada

4 3

i 3 2

i 2 1

i 1

Total=

1957 1960

i 2033 2025

i 2077 2078

i 2135

2135

0.18 0.14

i 0.14 0.09

i 0.09 0.04

i 0.04

98.85

8. SUBJECT WISE DISTRIBUTION

According to the law of scattering as explained earlier, most

of the material of given subject appears in a certain core journals.

However, a significant amount of literature is published in

journals of other related or marginal subject. The analysis

pertaining to subject wise distribution of items has been done on

the basis of subject field of journals, in which the literature on

subject is published. To find out the field of journals, Ulrich

International Periodicals Directory, SS*'' edition and sear's list of

subject heading, H**" edition have been consulted.

Table- 7 shows that, the total number of 2135 items

appearing in 229 journals, which belongs to 43 different subjects.

The most dominant subject area was found to be (OB)

Organizational Behaviour in which 823 items which constitute

38.54%. The second and third rank goes to **Vocational

Behaviour'' with 354 items i.e., 16.58% 'Psychology - Business'

with 182 items i.e. 8.71% respectively.

91

Table No. -8

Subject Wise Distribution

s. No.

1

2 3

4

5 6

7

8

9

10 11

12

13

14 15

16

17

18 19

20

21

22 23

24

25

26 27

28 29 30

31

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

13

14

15

16

16

17

18

19

20

20

21

22

23

23

24

24

24

25

Subject Area

Organizational Behaviour

Vocational Behaviour

Psychology-Business

Psychology-human behaviour

Industrial Psychology

Occupational Psychology log

Psychology-organization

Social Psychology

Stress-psychology

Psychology-Market

Psychology-Health

Psychology-Learning

Psychology-Management

Exprimental Psychology

Applied psychology

Psychology-personnel

Psychology - personality

Psychology-Medicine

Psychology

Psychology-Family

Psychology - counseling

Political Psychology

Psychology-Economic

Psychology-sex

Clinical Psychology

Psychotherapy

Psychology - woman

Military Psychology

Emotion motivation

Psychology-community

Mental Psychology

Frequency occurrence

823

354

186

110

79

64

53

38

34

31

27

24

22

22

20

19

17

17

16

15

14

12

12

11

10

9

9

8

8

8

7

Percentage of frequency

38.54

16.58

8.71

5.15

3.70

2.99

2.48

1.77

1.59

1.45

1.26

1.12

1.03

1.03

0.93

0.88

0.79

0.79

0.74

0.70

0.65

0.56

0.56

0.51

0.46

0.42

0.42

0.37

0.37

0.37

0.32

Cumulative of

percentage Frequency

38.54

55.12

63.83

68.98

72.68

75.67

78.15

79.92

81.51

82.96

84.22

85.34

87.40

87.40

88.33

89.21

90.79

90.77

91.53

92.23

92.88

93.44

94.00

94.51

94.97

95.39

95.39

96.18

96.92

96.92

97.24

92

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

26

26

27

27

27

27

28

28

29

29

29

29

Abnormal Psychology

Environmental psychology

Psychology-career assessment

Managerial Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Management-Market

Psychology-Ethnic

Psychology-child

Educational Psychology

Psycho-Somatic

Psychology-Adjustment

Psychology-Psychiatry & Neurology

6

6

5

5

5

5

4

9

3

3

3

3

2135

0.28

0.28

0.23

0.23

0.23

0.23

0.18

0.18

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

EN = 99.82

97.52

97.80

98.83

98.26

98.49

98.72

98.90

99.26

99.40

99.54

99.68

99.82

93

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8. APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS

To check, the validity of bibliomtehc laws over the collected and

analyzed data, the next step is the application of bibliometric

laws, after their interpretation.

8.1. LOTKA'S INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Alfred, J. Lotka's, in the year 1926, proposed his inverse

square law, correlating contribution of scientific papers to their

number of contribution that has been, earlier explained in

Chapter II according to law " number of scientists who contribute

'n ' paper will be 1/n of those who contributed only 1 paper".

In the present study, it was observed that 1668 authors, have

contributed2135 items. Out of 1668 contributor only 212 authors

as contributed more than 1 paper and the rest 1456 have

contributed only 1 paper each.

Lotka's law was applied to know the number of authors

contributing 2 papers, 3 papers and 4 papers respectively. Author

table has been consulted for the derivation.

Table - A

No. of Authors

1456

135

47

14

No. of article contributed

1

2

3

4

8.1.1. AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 2 PAPERS

As we know that the number of authors contributing only 1

paper is 1456, therefore number of authors constituting only 2

paper may be calculated by the formula.

95

noofcmthorhmglpaper No. of authors publishing n paper ^

On substituting, n = 2, in the above formula

No. of author publishing 2 papers. = — ^ = —— = 135(/.e.l35<364)

The number of authors publishing 2 papers should be 364.

However, an analysis of the data indicates that only 135 authors

have contributed 2 papers which is far less than the figure,

obtained by applying the law

8.1.2. AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 3 PAPERS

On substituting, n = 3, in the above formula

No. of authors publishing 3 papers. =—— = = 161.77 = 162

= i.e. (47<162)

But the present analysis shows that only 47 authors have

contributed 3 papers, which is far less than the figure obtained by

applying Lotka's Law

8.1.3. AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 4 PAPERS

On putting n = 4 in the formula

No. of authors publishing 4 papers. =—— = = 91(/.e.l4<91)

The present analysis shows that only 14 authors contributed 4

papers which is again far less than the calculated figure.

It may be concluded that the trend of research now a days,

have changed as compared to the period, when law was

formulated. That is why on the basis of the analysis of the present

data, it is difficult to satisfy the Lotka's Law.

96

8.2 BRADFORD'S LAW OF SCATTERING

This law states that if scientific journals are arranged

according to their decreasing productivity of articles on a given

subject, they may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals, more

particularly devoted to the subject and several groups or zones,

containing same number of articles as nucleus, when the number of

periodicals in the nucleus and succeeding zones will be given as ;-

1 : n n^ ( where ' 1 ' is number of Journals in the

nucleus and 'n ' is the multiplier)

By using Table-7 of ranking of journals 229 journals were

set and divided according to there frequency of occurrence in three

zones the first zone contains 8 journals carrying 712 items i.e.

almost 1/3' '* of total items, second zone consists of 34 journals

carrying 714 items i.e., almost l/S'** of total items and the third

and last zone consists of 187 journals carrying 709 items i.e.,

almost 1/3" ^ of total items, as shown in table. The zones, thus

identified will form an approximately geometric progression.

Present study shows.-

8 : 34 : 187

Here, 8 = 8 x 1 , journals produced 712 items, in nuclei zone

34 = 8 x 5 journals produced 714 items, in second zone

187 ^ 8 x 5 x 5 journals produced 709 items, in last zone

Therefore, putting here n = 5

It got as, 8 : 8n : 8n^

i.e., 1 : n : n^

Thus, Bradford's law is proved pseudo- scientifically.

97

Bradford's Table s. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Total

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Total

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Total

No. of Journal

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

=8

1

3

3

1

1

1

2

1

3

2

2

3

2

2

5

2

=34

4

7

8

9

10

11

13

18

22

27

58

= 187

Cumnlation of Journal

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

12

15

16

17

18

20

21

24

26

28

31

33

35

40

42

46

53

61

70

80

91

104

122

144

171

229

No. of Journals x Respective Freq.

1 X 214 = 214

1 X 117 = 117

1 X 80 = 80

1 X 72 = 72

1 X 70 = 70

1 X 67 = 67

1 X 52 = 52

1 X 40 = 40

Total = 712

1 X 37 = 37

3 X 35 = 105

3 X 34 = 102

1 X 33 = 33

1 X 30 = 30

1 X 28 = 28

2 X 23 = 46

1 X 20 = 20

3 X 19 = 57

2 X 18 = 36

2 X 17 = 34

3 X 16 = 48

2 X 15 = 30

2 X 13 = 26

5 X 12 = 60

2 X 11 = 22

Total = 714

4 X 11 = 44

7 X 10 = 70

8 X 9 = 72

9 X 8 = 72

10 X 7 = 70

11 X 6 = 66

13 X 5 = 65

18 X 4 = 72

22 X 3 = 66

27 X 2 = 54

58 X 1 = 58

Total = 709

Cumulation of Items

214

331

401

483

553

620

672

712

749

854

956

989

1019

1047

1093

1113

1170

1206

1240

1288

1218

1344

1404

1426

1470

1540

1612

1684

1754

1820

1885

1957

2023

2077

2135

98

Taking Log 'n ' on x-axis and number of items in each zone on y-

axis a graph was plotted as shown. The bibliograph, thus obtained

is found to be, by and large similar to Bradford's bibliograph. As

the graph begins as a rising curve APi and ' continuos as a straight

line. The rising put of graph represent the nucleus of highly

productive journals. The point Pi, P2 and P3 on the bibliograph are

the boundaries of three equi-productive zones in which almost the

same number of articles as the nucleus represented by OYl =

Y1Y2 =Y2Y3 derived from as increasingly larger number of

journals represented by 0X1, X1X2 and X2X3.

Log Value of 8 journals in the First Zone = 0.903089987

Log Value of 34 journals in the Second Zone = 1.531478917

Log Value 187 journals in the Last Zone = 2.271841607

99

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CHAPTER - ¥l

CONCLUSION

AND

IMPUCATION

TENABlLTlY OF HYPOTHESES

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION

The prime objective of the bibliometric study i.e., a quantitative or

numerical or statistical analysis of recorded communication, is to

know the leading core journal, countries, years, languages,

subjects, forms, contributors etc. in the Subject 'Personnel

Attitudes & Job Satisfaction' After the collection of data form

Psychological Abstracts, it was analyzed according to

Bibliometric technique and results were drawn in the form of

tables, graphs and Pie charts. At last Lotka's and Bradford's Laws

were tested comprehensively.

On the basis of said study major findings may be concluded

as follows.

(1) From Geographical study, it was found that USA is the

biggest producer of new literary warrant in field of

Personnel Attitudes and job satisfaction". It accounts for

59.53% i.e. 1271 of the total literature. The second, third,

fourth most producing countries are Canada (7.16%), UK

(5.62%), Australia (3.32%).

(2) In Authors Wise Analysis, it is found that 597 items i.e

27.96% were written by single authors and 1538 items i.e.

72.03% were written by more than one authors. This trend

shows that research work are being done in contribution

i.e., collective efforts is involved to complete research

work. The most productive authors in field of 'personnel

attitude job satisfaction' are :-

(i) Burke (Ronald J.)

(ii) Witt (L A)

(iii) Orpen (Christopher)

101

This information will be useful for librarians and users

choosing the document.

(3) Language Wise Distribution analysis shows that 85.99%

literature in this field is published in English language, and

3.79% German, 2.95% French. So, English is the most

dominant language in this field. This study may help in the

provision of translation service by information centers. This

analysis suggest that researchers should know at least one

foreign language other than English.

(4) From the Form Wise Distribution, it is found that Articles

are most popular form, with 1562 items i.e., 73.16%,

followed by survey report with 285 item i.e. 13.34% case

study with 128 items i.e., 5.99%. This analysis may be

useful for the librarian to decide about the various forms of

documents, which are to be procured in the library to serve

the requirements of researchers on the subject.

(5) From the study dealing with year wise distribution of items.

It is found that highest amount of document were produced

in the year 1992 with 286 items, i.e., 13.39% on the subject

"personnel attitudes & job satisfaction". The other most

productive years are 1993 and 1999 accounts for 281 items

i.e., 13.16% and 229 item i.e., 10.72% respectively.

(6) From Table no.-7, it was found that the journal title "

Journal of organizational behavior" published from USA

is,most productive, reporting 214 items i.e., 10.02% of the

total; followed by journal of Business research" published

from USA with 117 items i.e., 5.48%, " Journal of

Vocational Behavior" published from USA with 80 item

i.e., 3.74% respectively. The information of core journal in

various subject will go a long way in preparing the

102

subscription list of journals by the librarian and

information scientist.

(7) The subject description analysis shows the scattering of

subjects i.e., due to explosion of knowledge new and new

subject are developed and this way lead to scattering of

subjects. The most dominating subject field in which

literature on personnel attitude & job satisfaction was

produced is "Organizational Behavior" with 823 items i.e.

38.54%. Scattered disciplines are "Vocational Behavior,**

with 354 items, i.e. 16.58%, "Psychology Business** with

186 item i.e. 8.71% etc. This study may help the librarian in

providing the abstracting and indexing CAS, SDl service

and preparing the documentation list.

(8) At last Bradford's and Lotka's Laws were applied to the

collected data to testify the validity of laws in the present

context. However, Lotka's law could not be verified, as it

seems to be out dated for the literature on 'Personnel

Attitude and job Satisfaction' is concern. But Bradford's

law is valid psudo-scientifically in the present study.

Finally it may be concluded that Bibiliometric study is

very well-established technique of identification and describing

some of characteristics of literature. This study helps the librarian

or information scientist in deriving certain conclusions. Which

help them in taking certain fruitful steps in the smooth running of

library and also helps in satisfying the need of the users to the

great extant. Now a days bibliometrics studies are becoming very

popular, because of explosion of knowledge.

ic3

TENABILITY OF HYPOTHESIS

The tenability of hypothesis can be checked in the light of

the finding;.

HYPOTHESIS-(I)

There may be significant difference regarding geographical

scattering of articles on " Personnel attitude & job satisfaction".

Finding shows that USA is the most productive country in

the field of " Personnel attitude and job satisfaction" 59.53%

articles were published from USA followed by Canada (07.16%).

It shows that there is a significant difference of geographical

scattering of articles. So this hypothesis is fully true.

HYPOTHESIS - ( I I )

Influence of group research may be seen in authorship

pattern o f Personnel Attitude & Job satisfaction".

From the analysis of data, it reveals that most of the papers

contributed by multiple authors i.e, and 72.3% and single author

contributed only 27.96%. So hypothesis is fully true.

HYPOTHESIS -(III)

Most of the articles may be written in English language in

the field of" Personnel Attitude & Job satisfaction".

It is clear from the result of the analysis that most of the

literature (85.99%) in this field are published in English language

only. So this hypothesis is fully true.

104

HYPOTHESIS -(IV)

Journal articles may be most used forms of documents.

Table no. 5 reveals that the journal articles are the

most used bibliographic form of documents. Most of the citations

73.16% are published in article form. So hypothesis is true.

HYPOTHESIS - (V)

Chronological analysis of data may emerge as the reflection of

accelaratory growth in the research output of the literature, year by year.

Hence the hypothesis stand null.

Table no. 6 reveals that there is no progressive increment in

the research output of the literature year by year in the field of

'Personnel Attitude & Job satisfaction.'

HYPOTHESIS - (VI)

Lokta's law will be valid in the present study.

The analysis of data reveals that, 1456 authors contributed

one paper, 135 authors contributed 2 papers, 47 authors

contributed 3 papers and 14 authors contributed 4 papers, the

calculated value obtained by applying Lokta's law is far less than

the expected value. Hence the hypothesis stan4 null.

HYPOTHESIS - (VII)

Bradford's law will stand valid in the present study.

By adjusting the datas regarding the journal's productivity

in accordance with the Bradoford's law gives the result as

follows :-

First 8 Journal produce 712 items

Then, next 34 Journal produce 714 items

Last 187 Journal produced 709 items

105

Which varied slightly from the figure obtained by the

applying Bradford's formula 1 : n : n^

2135 8 x 1 journal item = = 711.6

8 X 5 = 40 journal's items = 711.6

and 8 x5 X 5 = 200 journal's items = 711.6

Bradford's table reveals that hypothesis is proved fi-yoo^ci^^i

106

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organisational climate. Indian Journal of Applied Psychology. 17(2); 1980:

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5. Devarjan, G., Ed. Bibliometric studies; New Delhi: Ess Ess publication;

1997: pp 1-33.

6. Fairthome, R.A. Empirical HyperboUc (Bradford, zipt, Mendalbort) for

Bibliometric description and production. Journal of Documentation. 1969:

pp 319-343.

7. Harlock, E.B. Introduction to personality development. 4* Ed., New York:

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8. Hubbert, J.J. Bibliometric models for journals productivity. Social

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9. Mohamed Taher. Flow of Islamic information through journal articles:A

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10. Ranganatfaan, S.R. Lihrametry and its scope. DRTC seminar 7. Paper DA.

Bangalore. DRTC; 1969: pp 285-301.

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