LITERATURE CITEO - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/32930/11/10_chapter...

L I T E R A T U R E C I T E O

Aase, H.C. 1915, Vascular anatomy of the megasporo-

phylls of conifers. Bot. Gaz. 6,0 : 277 - 313.

Allen, G.S. 1947. Embryogeny and development of tha

apical meristeia of oaeudotsuoa II. Late

Embryogeny. Amer. 3our. Bot. _34 t 73 - 80.

A1 Sherifi, K.A. 1952. Histological studies on

the shoot apices and leaves of certain

Cupressacaae. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. California,

Berkeley, U.S.A.

85

Baird, A.M. 1953, The life history of Callitris.

Phytomorphology £ * 258 «* 284,

Bannan, P1.U. 1942, Wood structure of the native

Ontario species of Juniperue. Amer , 3, Bot,

2 2 I 245 - 252.

Barton, Lela V. 1951, Germination of seeds of

Juniperus vlroiniana L. Contrib. Boyce.

Thompson. Inst, ig S 387 - 393.

*Belajeff, U.C. 1893. Zur Lehrs Von dem Pollenschlauche

der Gynnospermen -II. Ber. Oeutschen bot. Ge3.

11 * 196 - 201.

#Bouer, F.O. 1894-1903. Studies in the Morphology

of Spore producing Member a.

Brennan, R & Doyle, 3. 1956. The gametophyte and

embryogeny of Athrotaxls L. Sci. Proc. Roy.

Dublin Soc. 2 2 * 193 - 257.

Buchholz, 3. T. 1918. Suspensor and early embryogeny

of Plnus. Bot. Gaz. £ £ I 185 - 228.

Buohholz, 3. T. 1920. Embryo development and

polyembryony in relation to tha phylogeny

of conifers. Amer, 3. Bot. 3 125 - 145.

Buchholz, 3. T. 1929. The embryogeny of the

conifers. Proc. Int. Cong, PI, Sci, 1 1 359 - 392.

Buchholz, 3.T. 1932. The embryogeny of Chamaecvparls

obtusa. Amer. 3our, Bot, JjJ f 230 - 238.

Buchholz, 3. T. 1948. Generic and subgeneric

distribution of the coniferales. Bot. Gaz. 110?

80 - 91.

86

Buchholz, 3. T. 1950. Embryology of gymno3perms.

Proc, 7th Int. Sot. Cong, Stockholm 375- 376.

Chesnoy, L, 1967. Nature et evolution des formation

dites "asteroides" ds la cellule centrale

da l'arghe'gona du JBBBiaWlL& L */Elude en microscapie photonique et

slectronique. C.R. Aoad. Sci. (Paris)

2640 X 1016 - 1019.

Choudhury, C.R. 1962* The embryogeny of conifers!

a review. Phytomarphology JJg, * 313 - 338.

Cokerf tJ.C. 1902* Notes on the gametophytes and

embryos of Podocarous. Bot. Gaz. 3£ I 89 - 107,

Coker, U.C. 1903. On the gamBtophytes and embryo

of Taxodium. Bot. Gaz, 3J5, : 1 - 27.

Coker, U.C. 1904. On the spores of certain conifers.

* Bot. Gaz. 32. * 206 - 213.

Cookf P. L. 1939* A neu type of embryogeny in

eonifnrs. Amer. 3. B0t, * ^38 - 143.

Cross, G#t. 1939. The structure and development

of the apical maristem in the 3hoots of

Taxodium dlatichum. Bull, Torrey. Bot.

Club 66 : 431 - 452.

Dallimorey U. & Dackson, A.B. 1966. A Handbook of

Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae (revised by

S.G. Harrison). London.

87

Deshpande, B.D. and Bhatnagar* P. 1961* Apical

meristem of Ephedra foliata. Bot* Gaz,

122 * 279 - 284.

Dluhosch, M. 1937, Ole Blutan der Coniferen: Tall

III. Entuicklungs-geschichte Untersuch-

ungen libar die Mikrosporophyll gestaltung

der Coniferen, Bibllotheca Botanica J£8 * 1 - 24.

Doak, C. C. 1932. Multiple mala cells in Cupreasua

aRtattoto* Dot« Gaz* * 168 ~ 1B2*

Doak, C. C. 1937. Morphology of Cupreasua arlzonlca

gametophytes and embryogeny# Bot. Gaz. 98 S

808 - 815.

Dogra, P. D. 1966. Embryogeny of the Taxodiaceae.

Phytomorphology * 125 - 141.

Dogra, P. D. 1967. Seed sterility and disturbances

in embryogeny in conifers uith particular

reference to seed testing and tree hreedlng

in Pinaceae. Stud, Forst, Sueclca ^ * 1 - 97.

Dogra, P, 0. 1978. Morphology, development and

nomenclature of conifer embryo. Phytomorphology

* 307 - 322.

Oogra, P. 0. 1980. Embryogeny of gymnosperms and

taxonomy, an assessment. Glimpses of plant

Res, Vol. £. Vikas, n b u Oelhi,

Doyle, 3. 1954. Development in Ppdocamus nivalis

in relation to other podocarps- III.

General conclusion. Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin

Soc. 2&* 347 ~ 377 •

88

Doyle, 3. 1957* Aspects and problems of conifer

embryology# Advanc. Sci. M > 120 - 130.

Doyle, 3. 1963* Proembryogeny In Plnua in relation

to that in other conifers - a survey* Proc*

Roy* Irish* Acad. £22, t 181 - 216.

Doyle, 3. & Brennan, M. 1971* Cleavage polyembryony

in conifers and Taxads, a survey - X.

Podocarps, Taxads and Taxodioids, Sci* Proc*

Roy. Dublin. Soc* jyj * 57 - 88.

Doyle, 3. & Brennan, PI. 1972. Cleavage polyembryony

in conifers and Taxads, a survey - II.

Cupressacaae, Pinaceae and conclusions. Sci.

Proc* Roy. Dublin Soc* i 137 - 158,

Doyle, 3. & Saxton, 'J.T. 1933* Contribution to the

life history of Fitzrova. Proc. Roy. Irish

Acad. ilB * 191 - 217.

Duhoux, M. E. 1973. Observation infrastructurales

des parois au cours de la germination in

vitro du pollen du 3uniperu3 communis L.

(Cupressaceas). Carvoloaia 25 (Suppl.) I

191 - 200.

Duhoux, M. E. & Norreel, B. 1974. Sur lisolement✓

de colonies tissulaire d origins pollinique

a parter de cone male du 3unlperus chlnensis L .

du 3uniperus communis L. et du Cuprassus ariUBnlaa

G. Cultives JLn vitro. C.R. Acad. Sci (Paris)

2790 J 651 - 654.

89

Endlicher 1847. Generum plantarum Supplementum

Quartum part II.

♦Engelraann, G. 1877. Tha American junipers of

Section Sabina. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis.

III. 586.

Erdtman, G. 1960. The acetolysis method - a

revised description. Svensk Bot. T. 54! 561-4564.

Evans, E.G. & Rasmussen, P.H. 1971. Chromosome

counts in three cultivars of Juniperus L.

Bot. Gaz. 132 * 259 — 262.

Fagerlind, F. 1961. The initiation and early

development of the sporangium in vascular plants.

Svensk Bot. T. 55 t 229 - 312.

Fagerlind, F. 1971. The initiation and early

development of sporangia and the sporangial

* forming organ system in the genus Ephedra L.

Cellule fit * 287 - 344.

Gamble, 3. S. 1902. A Manual of Indian Trees.

London.

Gauseen, B. 1967. Classification of the junipers.

C.R.Hebd. Seances. Acad. Sci. Sor. 0. Sci.

Nature (Paris) 265 S 954 - 957.

•Groom, P. 1885. Ueber den Vegetationspunkt der

Phanerogamen. Ber. dtsch. Bot. Ges. 3 t 303-312.

Guttenberg, H. V. 1955. Histologische studien on

Ouoressus sempervirens L. und Casuarina dlstvla

Vent. Osterr. Bot. Z. 1Q2 J 420 - 435.

90

Hall, PI. T.f Ntikherjee, A. & Crouley, U. 1979. Chromosome

numbprs of eult5.vated junipers* Bot. Gaz.

140 : 364.

Hill, T,G. & de Fraine, E. 1908* The seedling

structure of gynnosperms - I. Ann. Bot.

22 t 689 - 712*

♦Hofraaister* U. 1851. Vergleichends untersuchungen

hoherer kryptogamen und der Samenbildung

der conifern. Leipzig.

*Hofraeisterv 1858* Neuera Beobachtungen Uber

Enbryobildung der Phanerogamen, 3ahro. fur

Uiss. Bot. X * 82 - 188.

Hooker* 3. 0. 1888* Flora of British India, Vol, V*

Loti don.

3ack, 3. G. 1893. The fructification of 3uniperus

<•> communis. Bot. Gaz. 18, : 369 - 375.

3aokmant V.H. 1960. The shoot apex of some

New Zealand gymnosperms* Phytoraorphology 1,0 s

145 - 157.

3ohansen, 0. A. 1940* Plant Microtechnique. PJc-Grau-

Hill. Neu York.

3ohnsen, N.T. 1963. Anatomy of scale-like leaves of

Arizona junipers. Bot* Gaz* 1248 220 - 224.

3ohnson, M.A. 1951* The shoot apex in gymnosperms.

Phytomorphology J, * 188 - 204,

Jorgenson, C.A., Sorenson, T.H. & Uestergaard, N.1958,

The flouRring plants of Greenland. A

taxonomical and cytolonical survey. Biol.Skr.

Donsk. V/idensk. Sslsk. jJ * 1-172.

91

Duel, H.C. 1904. Uber den Pollsnschlauch won.

Cupresaua. Flora 93 : 56 - 62.

Kaeiser, PI. 1953. flicrostructure of the wood of

Juniperus. Bot. Ga2. 115 s 155 - 162.

Kaeiser, M. 1954. A report on the mature wood of

the Syrian or Drupe- fruited juniper,

3uniperu3 drupaceae. Labill. The American

Midland Naturalist 51 I 306 - 310.

♦Kersten, G. 1886. Uber die Analage seitlicher

Organs bei den Pflanzen. Leipzig.

*Koch, L. 1891. liber Bau und Uachstum der Spross—

spitze der Phanerogaraen -I. Die Gymnosperman.

3b. Uiss. Bot. 22 J 441 - 600.

Konar, N. N. & Banerjea, S.K. 1963. The morphology

and embryology of Cuprassus funebris Endl.

** Phytomorphology JM5 s 321 - 328.

Konar, R.N. & Oberoi, Y.P. 1969. Studies on the

morphology and embryology of Podocarous

oracilor Pilgor. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 45 :

329 - 376.

Land, U.CJ.C. 1902. Morpholoqical study of Thuja

occidentalis. Bot. Gaz. 34s 245 - 259.

Lauson, A.A. 1907. The gametophyte3 and embryo of

Cupreasineae uith special reforance to

Llbocedrus decurrens. Ann. Bot. 21 : 281 - 301.

Lemoine Sabastion, C. 1964. Obervation sue les cones

femelies do quelquas Juniperus. Societe/

Botanique De Francs. III. (7/fl) : 316 -320.

92

Lemoine Sebastion, C. 1967# La Cone femalle dea

3unipereae. Trav, du Lab# foresteir de

Toulouse, t, I# |> s art# 25#

Looby, U.3, & Doyle# 3. 1940# New observation on the

life history of Callitrla. Soi# Proc, Roy,

Dublin s Soc, 22 t 95 - 117,

Love, A. & Love, 0, 1956, Cytotaxonomical conspectus

of Icelandic flora, Acta, Horti, Gotoburgensia

20 I 65 - 290,

Waheshuari, P. I. Sanual, W, 1963, The archegoniun

in gymnosperms, a roviou. Memoirs Indian Bot,

Soc. 4 S 104 - 119.

*flartens, P. 1971, Lea Gnetophytes, Borntraeger,

Berlin, Stuttgart,

Martin, Phyllis C, 1950. A morphological comparison

Biota and Thuia. Proc. Pennsylvania Acad,

Sci. £4 : 65 - 112.

Platheus, A. C. 1939, Tho morphological and cytological

development of the spcrophylls and seed of

PunioeruF virginiana L. 3. Elisha Witchell

Sci. Soc. 55 : 7 - 62.

Mohra, P. N. 1076. Conifers of Himalayas with

particular rpfererco to Abies and 3uniperus

complex. The Nucleus 19 I 123 — 139.

Nehra, P.M. & 3ain, K.K. 1976. Abies and Juniperus

complexes in E.Himalayas uith observation on

Larix arlffithil Hock, and Tsuga dumosa

Eichler. Sarasuaty Press Ltd. Calcutta.

93

Wehra, P.N. & Kho shoo, T.N. 1956. Cytology of conifers.

1.3. Genet. 54* 165 - 180.

Mehra, P.N. and Maihotra, R.K. 1947. Stages in

the embryology of Cuoraaaua seiaoervirena Linn.

with particular reference to the occurrence

of multiple male gametophytes. Proc. Nat.

Acad. Sci. India 1,7 t 129 —153.

Mehra, P.N, & Sircar, M.K. 1949. The structure and

development of the female and male gametophytes

in Cupreasus funebris. ^roc. Nat. Inst.Sci.

India 15 I 15 - 23.

Moseley, M.G. 1943. Contribution to the life history,

morphology and ohylogeny of Uiddrinqtonla

cupresaoHes. Lloydia 6, l 109 - 132.

nujoo, S. and Dhar, G.L. 1981. Cytology of -«k

3unlperua communis asp. nana Syrae. The nucleus

£4 (1,2) 3 46 - 48.

Nouman, l.V. 1961. Pattern in the mHriatems of

vascular plants. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.3.U. 3

9 - 59.

Nichola, G.E. 1910. « morphological study of 3unlperus

communis var. drprnssa. Beih. Bot. Zbl. 25

201 - 241.

Noren, C.O. 1904. U0ber Befruchtung bar 3unioerus

communis. Varlanfige flilklung. Arkiv. Bot.

Svensk, Velensk. ftkad. 3. M.

94

Noren, C.O. 1907. Zur Entuicklungsyeschichte dea

Juniperua sommunis. Uppsala Univ. Arsskr. J, s

1 - 64.

Ottley, A.M. 1909. The development of the gametophytea

and fertilization in Junioerua communis

and vlroiniana. Bot. Gaz. 4^ 3 31 - 46.

Peirce, A.S. 1937. Systamatio anatomy of the woods of

ths Cupraaaaceae. Trop. Uooda £ 2 s 5-21.

Pilger, R. 1926. Coniforee in A. Engler & K. Prantlfa

Die naturlichen pflanzenfamilien. Leipzig

13, * 121 - 407.

Pillai, A. 1963. Structure of the shoot apex in aome

Cupreaaaceae. Phyton (Austria) 1^ 5 261-271.

Pillai, S.K. 1963. Structure and seasonal study of

the ahoot apex of some Cupressua species.

New Phytol. 62 J 335 - 341.R.

Pillai, S.K. Baby Chacko, Bande, M.B. and Divakarn,1972.A

The shoot apex in gymnosperms; trends of

specialization. Biology Land Plants:44 - 56.

Raizada, fl.B. & Sahni, K.C. 1955. Living Indian

Conifers. Part - I. Indian Forest Records

( M.S.) Bot. 5 : 73 - 150.

Renner, 0. 1904. Uebar Zwitter bluthen bei

Junioarus communia Flora 93 r 297- 300.

Ross, 3.G. & Ouncan, B.E. 1949. CytoloQical

evidencoa of hybridization between Jttniperua

vlroiniana and 3 .horlzontalls. Bull. Torrey

Bot. Club 76 1 414 - 429.

95

Rushton, U. 1915* Structure of the uood of Himalayan

junipers. 3* Linn, Soc. Lond. 63 i 1 - 13.

Sax, K. & Sax 3.3.1933. Chromosome numbers and

morphology in the conifers. 3. Arnold Arboratuv

14 : 356 - 375.

Saxton, U.T. 1909. Preliminary account of the ovule,

gametophytes and embryo of Uiddrinotonla

cuprassoides. Bot. Gaz. £§ * 161 - 178.

Saxtonv U.T. 1910a. Contribution to the life history

of Uiddrinotonla cupressoidas. Bot. Gaz. 501

30 - 48.

Saxton, U.T.1910b. Contribution to the life history

of Callitria. Ann. Bot. 24 S 557 - 569.

Saxtonv U.T. 1913a. Contribution to the life history

of Actinostrobus pyramidalis Wig. Ann. Bot* ^7 * ^ 321-3 5

Saxton* U.T.1913b. Contribution to the life history

of Tetraclinis artlculata with notes on the

phylogeny of Cupressoideae and Callitroideaa.

Ann. Bot. 27 : 577 - 605.

Schopf, 3.M. 1943. The embryology of Larix III. Bio.

flonoqr. ,19, i 3 -97.

Shah9 3.3., and Thulasy, K.S. 1966. Structure and

organization of the shoot apex of Picea

smithiana (Uall.) Boiss. The proceedings of

Indian Academy of Science (jS (5) s Sec* 8.

Singh, H. 1960. Morphological studies on Cephalotaxus

druoaceae Sieb. et Zucc.Ph.D. Thesis,

Oelhi UniUjDelhi, India.

96

Singh, H. 1978, Embryology of Gymnosperms.

Brontraeger, Barlin, Stuttgart.

Singh, H. & Oberoi, Y.P. 1962. A contribution to the

life history of Biota orlentalis Endl.

Phytomorphology * ^73 ~ 393.

Sludsky, N. 1905. Uaber die entuickelungs geschichedea

3unlperua communis, Bantsch. Bot. Gaaell. 22. *

212 - 216.

♦Sokoloua, C. 1890. Naisaanca da lendoaperma dans Leaac

embryonnaire da quelquas gymnospermas. 9yull.

Hoak. Qbsbch. Ispyt. Prir, N.S. t 446 - 497.

Spurr, A.R. 1949. Histogenais and organization of the

embryo in Pinua strobua L . Amer. 3our.8ot. 3& *

629 - 641.

Sterling, C. 1948. Gametophyte dRvelopraent in Taxus

cuaaldata. Bull. Torrey Bot. El. 75 : 469-485.

Sterling, C. 1958. Dormant apical buds of AoathpLs

lancaolata. Bot. Gaz. 120 t 49 - 53.

Steuart, R.R. 1972. An Annotated Catalogue of the

Vascular Plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir.

Karachi.

Stiff, M.L. 1951. A naturally occurring triploid

juniper. Virgina. 3. Sci. 2. * (vide PI.

Breed. Abstr. 1952) 22, * No* 1474 *

•Straaburger, E. 1869. Die Befructung bei den

coniferen. 3ena.

♦Straaburger, E. 1872. Die coniferen und die

Gantaceen. 3ena.

97

♦Strasburger, E. 1878* Usher Bafructung und

zelltheilung. Dena.

Sugihara, Y. 1938. Fertilization and early erabryogeny

of Charaaccvoarla olsifera 3. at Z. Sci. Rep.

Tohoku Univ. (Biol* ) * 9 *» 14.

Sugihara, Y. 1939. Embryological observations om

Itedtip.aJLa dpitekraka var« iaanM flakino. sci.Rap* Tohoku Univ. ( Biol. ) 291 - 303.

Sugihara, Y. 1956. Ths embryogeny of Cuoressus

funabrls Endlicher. Bot. Mag. (Tokvo)69 »

439 - 441.

Suzuki, M. 1979a. The course of rasin canals in

shoots of conifers - I* Taxaceae,

Caphalotaxaceae and Podocarpaceae. Bot. Mag.

_ (Tokyo) 92, J 235 - 251.

Suzuki ,M.1979b. The course of resin canals in the

shoots of conifnrs - II. Araucariaceae,

Cuprassaceae and Taxodiaceae. Bot# ^ag. (Tokyo)

2 2 I 253 - 270.

Tang, S.H. 1948. Observation on tha embryogeny of

Juninerus chinensls. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica 2i 1

13 - 18.

Thomson, R.B. 1905. The megaspore membrane of the

gyranosperms, Univ. Toronto Stud. Biol. *

85 - 146.

* Original not seen

I L L U 5 T R A T I 0_N S

Figs. 1-5

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

A male shrub maintained in the Botanic Garden Kashmir University.

A branch bearing mature female cones.

A branch bearing mature male cones.

A monoecious branch bearing main and female cones.

A branch bearing more than one main cone arising in the axils of sterile scales.

Figs. 6 - 1 1

(Abbreviations* male cone j fomale conej mg. microsporangium; ml. micro*sporophyll; bac. bract-scale complex.)

Fig. 6. Current years shoot bearing male cones, x 3

Fig. 7. Mature male cons, x 9

Fig. 8. Currant years branch bearing female cone, x 3

Figs. 9-11. 1st, 2nd and 3rd yearfemale cones, x 9

rigs. 12-14

( Abb£e\*ation: cotyledonary leaf.)

r i g .

fig.

fig.

12* Progressive stages in seed germination of single-seeded cone, XI,

13. Simultaneous germination of two seeds in tuo-seeded cone. XI.

14. Saddling throuqh 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4?th year of grouth. XI.

* ♦ %

13

(Abbreviations! rij, resin duct; atonylayer; £gf female gametophyte.)

Figs* 15 - 104.

Figs* 15 & 15a* Seed from 1-seeded eone and its cross section* x 14

Figs* 16 & 16a# Send from 2-seeded eone and Its cross section# x 14

Figs* 1? & 17 a* Seed from 3-seeded eons and its eross section* x 14

Figs* 18 & 18a. Seed from 4-seeded eone and its eross section* x 14

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Figs. 19—22

(Abbreviations: fbf fibro-vascular element;t,, transfusion tissue.)

19. Vertical section of a young leaf.x 115

20. A nortion of mature leaf, x 114.

21. Q portion of leaf from fig. 19 enlarged, to shou vascular bundle. Note fibro- vascular elements, x 410.

22. Vascular bundle of a mature leafc, enlarged to shou transfusion tissue, x 360.

Figs, 23 - 27

(Abbreviations! mt. meristemoid; stomata pb# cells having dark contents.)

Fig. 23. Abaxial surface of a leaf shouingextent of resin canal, x 14

Fig. 24. Whole mount of a resin gland leading into canal. x14

Figs. 25& 26. Paradermal sections of a leafshouing stomatal development and mature stomata, x 544 & x 409

Fig. 27. Vertical section of a lea<f shouing sunken stomata, x 544 **

«*

11 I

23

Figs. 2 8 - 3 1

(Abbreviation; oct oil cells. )

Fig. 28.

Fig. 29.

Fig. 30.

Fig. 31.

Adaxial leaf surface showing stomata (Scanning electron micrograph ) x 300.

Adaxial epidermal peel of leaf showing two bands of stomata.(Note the bands meroing occasionally.)

x 93.

Adaxial view of bract-scale comlex bearing a feu stomata, x 566. A

Cross section of bract-scale complex showing spongy tissue, x 517.

Figs. 32-34

Fig, 32* Transection of young stem shauing three separate vascular bundles, x 110.

Fig. 33. Transection of young stem at a nodeshouing triffrcation of each bundle, x 110,

Fig . 34 Transection of one year old stem shouing vascular cylinder, x 110.

rig .

Fig.

Figs

(Abbreviations* leaf trace; fb. fibro- vaseular elements.)

Figs. 35-37

35# Tranaectinn of stem showing entrance of vascular trace into leaf, x 116.

36. Portion of fig. 35 enlarged to showfibro-vascular elements in leaf trace.x 525,

37. Transfusion tissue of Mature leaf magnified to shout tuo type a of thickenings, x 525.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig,

Fig.

(Abbreviations: c p . cross-field pit; u p . uood parenchyma.)

38. T.5. uood. Note grouth ring and scatteredwood parenchyma, x 90,

39* An enlarged portion of fig. 38 x 670

40, R. L, S. uood. Note crosa-fiald pits, x 150,

41, Portion of fig. 40 enlarged-x 450.

Figs* 38-41.

Fig,

f i g .

fig.

Fig.

(Abbreviation: pf, phloem fibers)

42. T.L.S, uood. x 88,

43. Portion of fig. 42 enlarged. (Notepresence of biseriate rays.) x 408

44. T,S. young root, x 88

45. Cross section of phloem, x 444

Figs, 42-45.

Figs. 46 - 56

(abbreviations: p, phloem; px, protoxylera; inx. metaxylem; clb. cotylodonary bundle; plb, plumular bundle).

Fig* 46. fl young seedling. Figs. 47-57 represent transection bettmen levels marked A and 9 x .3

Fig. 47. T.S. in the region of cotyledons, x 25

Fig. 48. Cofcylndonary bundle onlarqod fromfig. 47 & 264.

Fig. 49. T.S. through plumular ragion. x 259

Fig. 50. C0tyladonary bundle from fig. 49enlarged. (Note that pftloem and metaxylem masses have started bifurcating), x 264

Fig. 51. T.S. cotyledonary node, x 25

Fig. 52. Fig* 51 magnified, x 264

Fig* 53. T.S. through hypocotyl region, x 25

Fig. 54. Fig. 53 magnified, x 264

Fig. 55. T.S. of hypocotyl at sliqhtly louor level, x 25

Fig. 56. Fig. 55 enlarged, showing typical exarch structure, x 264

Figs. 5? - 64

(Abbreviations! ai . apical initials} aai. subapical initials; p m , pith mother ceils;E* P*thi li* foliage leaf; baa, bud scale primordiaj flp. foliate leaf primordia).

Tig, 57* A schematic diagram of the zonation of the shoot apex* (lAf apical initials; IB, surface layer on flanks; 2, subapical initials; 3, flanking merlstem; 4. pith mother cells and pith.)

Fig. 58. Longisection of shoot apex showing zonation. x 38?

Fig. 59-64. Longisection of apical buds indifferent growth periods* Fig. 59 shows bud in period of buS elongation. Figs, 61 and 62 represent the beginning anrt the end of bud scale formation. Figs. 63 and 64 represent the beginning and and of foliaqe leaf formation, x 36

Fig, 65

Fig, 65% Graph showing variations in thediamensions of the shoot apex during a year*

Microrii

Figs* 66-68.

fig* 66* Longlaootion of apical bud in incipient resting period, x 396*

fig* 67* Longiaeotion of apical bud in bud elongation period, x 396*

Fig* 68. Longlsection of apical bud showingbeginning of bud scale formation,x3%.

Figs. 69 - 71

Fig. 69. Longisection of apical bud showing end of bud scale formation, x 396*

Figs. 70 & 71. Longisections of apical budsshowing beginning and end of foliage leaf formation x 396.

(Abbreviations* bt. bract trace; at. seals trace)

Figs. 72 - 79, Vasculature of female cone, x 15

Figs* 80 - 83* Vasculature of male cone, x 15

Figs* 72 “ 83*

Fig* 84

(Abbreviations: Af female bud initiation;J3, Archesporium differentiation; £, Arches— porium deep seated; 0 9 pollination drop appears; E f megaspore mother cell differentiation; £, raicropyle closing; megaspore tetrad formation; H, free nucleate gametophyte formation;

enlargement of ovule; cellular female gametophyte formation; K # archegonial initial;C. archegonial complex formation; M., fertilization; N.f proembryo formation; 0, cotyledon differentiation; P # mature ovule,

j., male bud initiation; Jb, archesporial differentiation, £ t formation of wall layers; d, microspore mother cell formation; £» meiosis;T, pollen formation; difiiacenceS ht pollination;

development of male gametophyte).**

Fig* 84. Graphic recjfenaentatinn of thelife - history of Junlperi^s communis ssp. nana Syme. inrelation to the mc£ibh$.* of a year.

rig3 . 85 - 105

(Abbreviations* ml. microsporophyllj a s . micro- sporongium; tpt tappturn.)

Fins, 85-98* Abaxial view oF microsporophylls (in ascending ordor) of a mala cone showing variation, x 9

Fig. 99. Adaxial vieu of a microaporophyll, x9

Fig, 100* Longisection of male bud showingmicroaporophyll initiation, x 25

Figs, 101 & 102. Longisections of young aporophylls shouing extent of the hypoie>rmal archesporium. x 274

Fig* 1(33 . Lonqisection of a sporophyll ahouing sterilization of tissue in%etueen tuo archesporial masses, x 274

Fig, 104* Cross section of undifferentiated microsporangiurn.(Note periclinal divisions in epidermis), x 274

Fig* 105* Cross section of a fully differentiated «icroranglutR,(Note periclinal divisions in epidermis), x 274

Figs. 106 - 112

(Abbreviations* rd. resin duct; m l . microsporophyll; m s . microsporanqium; p b , cells uith dense contents).

Fig, 106. Cross section of a microsporangium shouinq differential staining property of soma of the microspore mother cells, x 280

Fig. 107. Cross section of a mature microsporangia, (Note unthickened epidermal cells at the region of dahiscance. x 59

Fig. 108. Cross section of a Microsporangiumshowing degenerated wall layers at the microspore shedding stage#

X 280

Fig. 109, Portion of microsporangial uallenlarged to shou radially thickened epidermal cells, x 372

Fig. 110 & 111. Vertical and longisection of a microsporophyll showing resin duct and its extent, x 26

Fig* 112* Longisection of a mature mala eone. x 26

Fig, 113, Microspore mother cells displayingthe tendency of togetherness, x 933.

Fig, 114. 'Ucrospore mother cell atmetaphase I* x 1482.

Fig. 115. Wicrospors mother cell at anaphase I*x 1386

Fig, 116. A laggard and a bridge at anaphase I- x 1599

Fig£ 117 & 118* Telophase IX shoeing various typesA of spindle orientation* x 933.

Figs. 119 & 120. Various types of tetrads, x 933.

Figs. 113-120.

fig*

Fig.

fig.

Fig.

121* Pollen architecture (Scanning electron micrograph), x 2800,

122. ftcetolysed pollen grain, x 933.

123. Tangential section of a microsporangium showing tapetal cells*

124. A magnified tapetal cell, x 933,

Figs. 121 - 124.

x 420.

Fioa. 125 - 132

(Abbreviations: al. antheredial cell; tn.tube nucleus! ot» pollen tube; he. body cell? sc. stalk cell; we. male colls).

Fig, 125. A poller* grain uith an antberedial cell and a tube nucleus, x 362

Fig. 126. Two-colled pollen tube.(Noto sinous qrowfchjt x 362

Fig* 127, Pollon tube uith tube nucleus at the tip of the tube, x 265

Fig* 128. A three-celled branched pollan tube, x 265

Fig. 129. Longisection of nucellus showing two docfrtding pollen tuba^ x 265

Fig. 130. One year old pollen tube.(Note increase in the size of body cell), x 362

Fig, 131. Longiaection of an ovule uithmore than tuo pollen tubes, x 55

Fig. 132. Tuo male cells, x 266

Figs. 133 - 137

(Abbreviations* o, ovulej ocl. outer cell;3Cl. surface cellj oat, primary archesporial cell; 3U. sporo^genous tissue.).

Fig, 133. Outline diagram of L.S. of female shoot showing initiation of two ovules, x 27

Figs. 134-136. Longisection of young ovulesshowing successive stages in the formation of nucellus and archesporial tissue, x 383

Fig. 137. Longisection of ovule showing sporogenous tissue, x 288

(Abbreviations s ocl. outer cell ; scl. surface cell; pal« primary archesporial cell•)

Figs. 138 -140. Longisection of young ovulesshowing successive stages in the development of nucellus and archesporial tissue, x 665

Fig. 141. Longisection of ovule shouing deep seated archesporium. x 1050.

Figs. 142 - 146

(Abbreviations! int. integument; nu. nucellus; su. sporogenous tissue).

Fig, 142, Longisection of upper portion of an ovule C*- 3hai£«ctivation of cells of inner integument lining the micropyle, x 82

Figs, 143 & 144, Outline diagram of longisection of an ovule showing closure of micropyle. Area marked in fig, 143 enlarged in fig, 144, x 24 & x 259.

Figs, 145 & 146, Outline diagram of upper portion of nucellus showing formation of "rudimentary pollen chamber".Portion marked in fig, t45 enlarged in fig, 146, *24 & x 259,

Figs. 147 - 155

Fig.

Fig,

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig, 147. Sporogenous tissue with megaspore mother cell, x 401

148. flegaspor® mother cell at metaphase I.x 401

149. A megaspore diad. x 401

150* Linear tetrad uith functional chalazal Hmgaspore . x 401

151* Linear tetrad showing functional micropylar mngaspore. x 401

152. Linear tetrad showing third functional megaspore, x 401

153, Isobilateral megaspore tetrad.x 401

154. A nsgaspore triad, (Note failure of II division in upper diad cell and two nucleate female gametophyte).

X 401

155. Two linear megaspore tetrads in an ovule, x 401,

Fig#

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Figs, 156-159.

156, A megaspore mother cell, x 765.

157. Ad isoMlateral n^gaapore tetrad, x 765.

158, Functional msgaspore just before first division, x 765.

159, Sector of a free nuclear female gametophyta, (Wot© simultaneous divisions of nuclei), x 765.

Figs* 160 • 168,

Pigs* 160-162, 0net tuo and four nucleate female gametophyte. x 351

Figs. 163 & 164* Eight and sixteen-nucleate female gametophyte. x 351

Fig* 165. Section of female gamstophyte showing simultaneous nuclear divisions* x 351

Fig* 166* nature free-nucleate female gamstophyte* x 25

Figs, 16?* Portion of fig* 166# magnified* x 351

Fig, 168* Longisection of female gametophyteshowing initiation of uall formation,

x 351

Figs. 169 - 174

(Abbreviations! tn. tube nucleus; al. antheredial cell; b£f body cell )•

Fig. 169. Longisection of a young ovule showing 2-nucleate male gametophyta. x 697

Fig. 170. Pollen tube showing body cell, tube nucleus and stalk nucleus, x 561

Fig. 171. An archegonium in which zygoticnucleus has undergone first division.

x 765

Fig. 172. Flultinucleate cells of mature female gametophytlc tissue, x 450

Fig. 173. L.S. of female cone showing inter- locking of bract-scale complex at maturity, x 61

Fig. 174. L.S. of an ovule showing closure of micropyle. x 99

Figs. 175 - 183.

(Abbreviations: ni. neck initial; nc« nock cells;

tf central cell; go. archegonium; ot« pollen tube;, body cell; nu, nucellus; fa, female gametophyte)

Fig, 175, Part of a young archegonium, x 531

Figs, 175-178, Different modes of division of neck initial, x 531

Fig, 179, Central cell showing its division into ventral canal and egg nuclei, x 531

Fig, 180. Outline diagram of longisection of f am ale gametophyte shot^Lateral archegonia x 54

Fig, 181, Lateral archegonium in fig, 180 enlarged; x 531

Fig, 182, Outline diagram of longisection of nucellus showing pollen tube and archegonial complex, 54

Fig, 183, Longisection of micropylar portion of female gametophyte showing archegonial complex with archegonial jacket, x 271

175 176

Figs. 184 - 191

(Abbreviations: suspensor; e,t embryonal celleS| embryonal suspensor)

Figs. 184. Fusing male and egg nuclei. x600

Figs. 185 & 186. Eight and twelve - nucleate proembryo x 390

Fig. 187. A young embryo shouing beginning of suspensor elongation, x 62

Fig. 188. A young embryo uith embryonal suspensors. x 62

Figs. 189 A 190. Embryonal suspensors shouing abnormal lobing. x 62

Fig. 191. Longisection of mature female gametophytic cells shouing formation of multinucleate cell, x 293

Figs. 192 - 199.

(Abbreviations: auapenaor; e a . embryonal aua-pensor; a, embryonal cell )

Fig. 192. A mass of auapenaora showing thair embryonal nature and lobing of embryonal auapenaora.

x 62

Figs. 193 -198. Varied lobing patterns of embryonal auapenaora. x 293

Fig. 199. Swollen embryonal auapenaor. x 293

Figs. 200 - 209

(Abbreviations* j|# suspensor} es|t embryonalsuspensor; at, embryonal tube.;

fig. 200, A young embryo showing embryonal suspensory up to 6th order,(Note embryonic nature of suspensor tier), x 58

Figs, 201-204, Various typos of "embryonal tetrads", x 275

Figs, 205 & 206, Embryonal masses showing segmentation, x 275

Fig, 207, Formation of "twin" embryos, x 275

Fig. 208 & 209, Embryonal masses shouing initial and later stage of embryonal tubas.

x 275 & 58.

rig.

Pig.

rig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

210. Ten weeks old embryo, x 53

211. Terminal cell at metaphase to form embryonal mass, x 666

212. Abnormal anaphasic separation of terminal cell, x 666

213. "Twin embryo" formation, x 61

214. narked area of fig. 213 enlarged, x 400

215. Isobilateral embryonal tetrad.

Figa. 210 - 215

x 384

Figs. 216 - 221

Fig. 216, Linear embryonal tetrad, x 368

Fig, 217, Embryonal mass showing embryonal tubes, x 59

Fig, 218, Uhole mount of a complex showing polyembryony, x 25

Fig, 219, L, S, embryo showing differentiation of root tip* x 77

Fig, 220, L. S, embryo showing partly differentiated stem tip, x 67

Fig, 221, U, S, of embryo showing a provascular strand, x 74

m i m -

(Abbreviations* nu. nucellus; su. sporogenous tissue; integument; ol, outer layer;11. inner layerJ roe, middle layer; fo. female gamBtophyts; em. embryo; ao. archegonium; pt. pollen tube; rd. resin duct).

Figs. 222 - 230.

Figs. 222. Outline diagram of longisection of pre-pollination ovule, x 20

Fig. 223. Portion marked (a ) in fig. 222 enlarged, x 210

Fig, 224. Outline diagram of longisection ofan ovula at free nuclear gametophytic stage, x 20

Fig. 225, Portion marked(A) in fig. 224 enlarged, x 210

Fig. 226, Outline diagram of longisection ofan ovule with archegonial complex, x 20

Fig. 227. Portion marked(A) in fig, 226 enlargedX 210

Fig, 228. Outline diagram of longisection of an ovule when young embryos are observed, x 20

Fig, 229, Portion marked (A) in fig, 228 enlarged, x 210

Fig. 230. Outline diagram of longisection of a mature 3eod. x 20

Figs. 231 - 230

(Abbreviations : m, male cone; £, ovule; ms. microsporangium; m l . microsporophyll)

Fig. 231. A branch bearing more than ona mala cones in axils of sterile bracts, x 3

Fig. 232. A hermaphrodite cono. x 9

Fig. 233. Outline diagram of a lonqisection of h rmophrodite cone, x 25

Fig. 234. Outline diagram of a hermaphrodite cone with abaxial ovule, x 25

Figs. 235 & 236. flegaspore mother cell and a linear magaspore tetrad in an ovule of a hermaphrodite cone, x 351

Fig. 237 & 238. Maturation of microsporangium in a hermaphrodite cone, x 351

231

235

AJ L ? J U U > J L X < Reprint )

Cytology of Juniperus CLoinmunta ssp. nana Syaa.

Ths nucleus £&(lt2)j 46-48 (1981).

CY CLO H EX IM ID E ON CHROMOSOM E PA IR IN G 45

type of cell division. Following treatment with the drug a small percentage of cells in the testis fail to show the expected nieiotic sequence and continue to proceed along a mitotic pathway. The evidence is quite conclusive, for no such abnormal development is observed in the nontreated males or males treated with distilled water. Thus, the follicles of the untreated adult insects contained cells in interphase of meiosis. Similar observations were made in the course of an earlier study using the antibiotic actinomycin D (Jain and Singh 1967, 1969). The study has shown that some of the modifications of the meiotic process reported earlier by Stern and his colleagues (1. c.) on the basis of study of cells in culture can be reproduced in vivo.Stern and Hotta (1969 b), Hotta et al. (1968) and Roth and Parchman (1969, 1971) have suggested an important role for protein synthesis during the course of meiotic prophase of lily plants in relation to the process of chromosome pairing and crossing over. One of their important findings has been that treatment of meiotic cells in culture with cycloheximide inhibits the meiotic process. Meiotic development is completely arrested at the concentrations exceeding 2 /J-g/ml, and the selective inhibition of protein synthesis at lower concentrations of the chemical at the end of zygotene, causes a failure of chiasma formation (see Roth and Parchman 1969, 1971). The effect of cycloheximide is observed at all meiotic stages up to metaphase. The authors conclude that protein synthesis during the prophase interval may be necessary for chromosome pairing as well as for chiasma formation. However, the effect may be a direct one or an indirect one. The proteins could exert their indirect effect by being associated with the synthesis of D N A since certain nuclear proteins are essential to the syntheses of D N A and combinations of these syntheses that occur during zygotene and pachytene are essential to chromosome pairing and chiasma formation.

S u m m a ryAn interesting observation in the present study is the complete failure o f meiotic development in a small percentage o f spermatocytes in the desert locust— Schistocerca gregaria, following treatment o f the male insects with cycloheximide, with the result that these cells now show a mitotic type o f cell division. Treatment o f male locusts with this chemical when their spermatogonial cells are showing the mitotic development can be expected to suppress a number o f gene loci whose activity probably is a prerequisite for the meiotic sequence to develop.

Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Dr H K Jain, Director, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, for his help and guidance during this work. Thanks are also due to Professor S Ramanujam, Head, Division o f Genetics, for providing me the facilities. I am grateful to Dr K N Mehrotra, Head, Entomology Division o f this Institute for supplying me the stocks o f desert locust.

R eferen cesB a r b e r HN (1942) The e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n t r o l o f

c h r o m o s o m e p a i r i n g i n Fritillaria. J . Genet. 43: 359.

D o w r ic k GJ (1957) The influence o f temperature on meiosis. Heredity 11: 37.

H e n d e r s o n SA (1962) Temperature and chiasma formation in Schistocerca gregaria. II. Cytological effects at 40°G and the mechanism o f heat- induced univalence. Chromosoma 13: 437.

H e n d e r s o n SA (1969) Chromosome pairing, chias- mata and crossing over. In : A . Lima-de-Faria (ed), Handbook o f Molecular Cytology: Amsterdam. North-Holland Pub. Co. 326.

H o t t a Y, P a r c h m a n LG a n d S t e r n H (1968) Protein synthesis during meiosis. Proc. N a tl. Acad. Sci. U SA 60 : 575.

J a in H K a n d S i n g h U (1967) Actinomycin D- induced chromosome breakage and suppression o f meiosis in the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Chromosoma 2 1 : 463.

J a in H K a n d S i n g h U (1969) RN A synthesis and chromosome behaviour in Schistocerca. In: Chromosomes Today. CD Darlington and K R Lewis (ed), Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd,2 : 70.

J o h n B a n d N a y l o r B (1961) Anomalous chrom osome behaviour in the germline o f Schistocerca gregaria. Heredity 16: 187.

R o t h TF a n d P a r c h m a n LG (1969) Achiasmatic meiocytes produced by cycloheximidc disruption o f the synaptonemal complex at late zygonema. J . Cell Biol. 43: 120a.

R o t h TF a n d P a r c h m a n LG (1971) Alteration o f meiotic chromosomal pairing and synaptonemal complexes by cycloheximide. Chromosoma 35: 9.

S is l e r H D a n d S i e g e l M R (1967) Cycloheximide and other glutarimide antibiotics. In : A n tibiotics. D. Gottlieb and PD Shaw (ed), Beilin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1: 283.

‘(iMSl) puB uasuaf‘(gggl) XBS PUBXBg jo osoqj o.ib sjgdxunf jo bxb) snouBA ui siunoD auiosomojip jo s).iodoi .ioi[.re;j

•JBUI.IOUSBAV UOT5BUIJOJ -3§B}S SIIJ1 Sjpo%g ui punoj 3.I3M ssSpuq puB spj-eSHvj

■ \ \ Sy) uoii^So.iSss pnbo tpiAv pojoos sjpo %cq ui jbuijou sea\ uon^SajSas j osiujd-euy -j asBqdupui ib jpo jad ££ Supq oSb.io.vb ub uo f paSuB-UB AjiuopuB.1

3jb B'lBUiSBiip aqj^ -azis jpip ui uoijbijba jqSijs qjtM ‘(g Sg) j asBqdBjaui puB s;s3uj>[B[p £3U3)o[drp sjpo J3qioui ajod -sojoiui ut pajunoD 3J3A\ siu3p3Aiq uaAajg

’(S "U) [B3i.il3unnX.s st sdX-ioAJB^ aq ^ 'tur/ Qfq Supq q)Su3j urjBuiojqo ubsixi : uni f-f 01 ranI 9-9 uuojj si i|)Su3{ ut oSubj aqj 'lu’ig'OZl SI qjSuaj unBuicuip ibjoj oq -uv.Tpaui-qns s.ib 9 puB uBtpaui sjb 9{ sauiosoiuoaqo djjbuios g3 aqj jo joq■(j .'n,ij)s3ui0b'0ui0Jip pt’sids jpM qjiA\ sjpo xis mo.y paipnjs 3J3a\ sjiBjap otdAjoAjB^ tioissnasip pms sjjnsa-g

•[EJEdns a; psjunoui pm: "souss [oqoojE jAjnq w-ppc qSno.iqi osoqi SuissEd Aq junuEtu.isd

3pEUI 3J3M S3pi]S 3qj_ •3UIUUE30J33E % I UI p3qscnbs 3J3M ElSuBJOdSOJOIJAJ '[OUEqlS %Ql ii; p3AJ3S -J-id puE aaiiexij pauoijuaui SAoqe sqi ui i[f£ joj poxij :s3rpnjs opopui joj judy Ajjeq 0} qa.iejY3JEJ U33AV|3q p.)}0Jj[03 3J3AI S3U03 3JEUI SunO_\

•3UIUUE30133E %| III SpKUI O.I3A\ saijsenbs 'Anbimp.ii usSjnsj 0} Suipj033E pauiEjs puE uiui gj-oi J°J 0,09 IOH N I ui pasteup -Ai[ sbm |eu3}eui oqj, 'jouBqio %0i 11F psAJOsa.Td' u9i{} pue q|>2 joj (ppE op33E jEpEjS : iu.iojo.iO]qa :\ouEqp) ui paxij iaajEM. tpi.w paqsKA\ ‘.v^iJOJ Oc-fz }E 3upiql[00 %£Z-0 lPFM p3}E3J)-3jd ‘S]p3 dp-jE3i aiojj apeui 3J3M ssipnjs sijEuiog ‘Ajisjsa -iiiQ ,iuuqSK5[ ’a.ip.iEf) siuEjog aqj ui psurejuiEiu sqnjqs sjeui oq1 uiojj p3j33]j03 sem jeuoieui aq j spoi[)3ta puE ]CM3)ejv

•XpAipadsaj ‘ui OOS'C PUB 001‘I J° sp^jpjB ui3 xe sqSubj pUBUBA\aBq^2 sqi Suoju jtuiqsB^ ut sanooo ipiqAA 'SuiXg mwu -dss siunuiuioo ■£'jo SjtBiop {BopSojojAo oq) soaiS jadud jxrasajd 3t( ^

'(9/6! Bjqap^) vuvuxvf •jba wp» •£ puB vpocjoxovm £ ‘vjviuvnbs £

‘siunmmoj £ ‘vuiqvsopnasrf •£ apnpui sapsds UBABJBUIIfJ lS3y\\ 3qx 'sqn.iqs f PUB S33J) c SutsudraoD sopads g jo sjsisuos jusuod -moo uBX.B{BixtifJ[ aqj^ '(9961 uos>[OBf puu 3JomqjBQ) s3psds Q9 JnoqB Aq p3!U3S3Jd3.i si (3B30Bss3jdn;)) sn.u<fmn£

(1861 ‘I I 3unf «0 p3Ap33 )

mpuj ‘mmfsvjj ‘xvtivuix$ ‘tCpsxMiufi xiiuysvyj ‘tCuv)og fo }um}xvfo(j

hvhq q •£) onv oofnpY hsoxnvs

3was FiVw -jss smnmvoD samdmnf jo aooioiad

1861 ‘8f—9b - (z‘1) W, IOA snapnu sqj

‘LLl "•LIZ 3 'MS '(ox 'sumj' 'Ijtjj -sisopui jo Xjjsirasqsoig (HQ\) A vxxojj qnv h Naaxg•puEipH

•I|UO\' :UIEpj31SUIV ! (po) EI.tE ,[-3p-EUirj V•1CfiopjiO xvpio^am fo qooqpuvjj : u ( -sisopui

jo X.nsiui3qoo;g (q696l) A vxxoh onv jj Naaxg ' LZ :I9 'l4<fns soipU3Q ’uoiiEaiJoj

EUISEIqO pus SulJIEd 3UIOSOUIOJIJ3 0} UOIJEpjui sisbipuXs VN(i (E696l) A vxxojj a.vv fj NHaxg

'if81 !0SI nuips ■UOI}EI}U3»JJlp JO [0JJU03 3IJ3U3J) (596l) HH HXIKS

HONIS OVHKa9t

CY TO LO G Y OF JU N IPE R U S 47

Ross and Duncan (1949), Stiff (1952), Mehra and Khoshoo (1956), Love and Love (1956), Jorgenson et al (1958), Evans and Rasmussen (1971), Mehra (1976), and Hall et al (1979). The studies

indicate that, of the 60 Juniperus species, 52 taxa under 16 species have so far been studied cytologically.Ofthese,33 are diploid (2n = 22), three triploid (2n=33) and 16 tetraploid (2n =44).

The present investigation confirms the earlier count of 2 n = 2 2 by Sax and Sax (1933), Love and Love (1956) and six cultivars or varieties by Hall et al (1979).

The subspecies under report has either median or submedian chromosomes only. The karyotypic details have known only in J . procera (Mehra and Khoshoo 1956) where two chromosomes have subterminal and the rest median or submedian centromeres.

Meiosis in the material under report is normal. The presence of laggards and, bridges in some cells at anaphase I might be an indication of some structural aberrations. This needs to be confirmed from pachytene studies.

The presence of three triploids and 16 tetraploids in this genus and variation in

48 SANTOSH M U JOO AND GL C H A R

chromosome morphology together with the present observation of laggards at anaphase I in this taxon indicate that polyploidy and chromosomal alteration might have played vital roles in evolution within this genus.

S u m m aryDetailed cytological studies have been carried out in Juniperus communis ssp. nana Syme. 11 and 22 have been found to be the haploid and diploid chromosome numbers respectively. Meiosis is by and large normal. However, in 5% of cells scored laggards and chromatin bridges have been observed at meiotic anaphase I.

Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Dr R N Gohil and Dr Ranjana K oul for valuable suggestions, and to Professor P Kachroo for providing laboratory facilities.

R eferencesD a l l im o r e W a n d J a c k s o n AB (1966) A handbook

o f Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae. London.E v a n s E G a n d R asm u ssen PH (1 9 7 1 ) C h r o m o s o m e

counts in three cultivars o f Juniperus L. Hot. Gaz. 132: 259.

H a l l M T , M u k h e r j e e A a n d C r o w l e y W (1979) Chromosome numbers o f cultivated junipers. B ot. G az. 140: 364.

J o r g e n s o n C A , S o r e n s e n T H a n d W e s t e r g a a r d M(1958) The flowering plants o f Greenland. A taxo-

nomical and cytological survey. B iol. Skr. Dansk Vidensk Selsk. 9 : 1.

L o v e A a n d L o v e D (1956) Cytotaxonomical conspectus o f Icelandic flora. Acta Horti. Gotoburgensis 20: 65.

M e h r a PN (1976) Conifers o f Himalayas with particular reference to Abies and Juniperus complex. The Nucleus 19: 123.

M e h r a PN a n d K h o s h o o T N (1956) Cytology o f conifers— I. J . Genet. 54: 165.

Ross JG a n d D u n c a n R E (1949) Cytological evidences o f hybridization between Juniperus virginiana and J . horizontalis. B u ll. T oney Bot. Club 76: 414.

S a x K a n d S a x HJ (1933) Chromosome numbers and morphology in the conifers. J . Arnold Arboretum 14: 356.

St i f f M L (1951) A n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r in g t r ip lo id j u n i p e r . Va. J . Sci. 2 :3 1 7 v id e P L Breed. Abstr. (1952) 22: N o . 1474.

the nucleus v o l 2 4 (1 , 2 ) : 4 8 - 5 6 , 1981

DIFFERENTIAL X R A Y SENSITIV ITY OF SY R IA N H A M ST E R C H R O M O SO M E S

G. K . M a n n a 1 a n d S. K . D e y 2

Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741 235, India

Received on April 28, 1981

After the artificial induction of gene mutation in Drosophila (Muller 1927), chromosome aberration in maize (Stadler 1928) and variation in Nicotiana (Goodspeed and Olson 1928), by X-rays,

1 Grateful acknowledgment is made to the University Grants Commission for the award o f a National Fellowship to G K M .

2 Present Address: Department of Zoology,Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal.

tremendous progress has been made on the study of effects of ionizing radiations on chromosomes of human and mammalian models deploying more of cultured cells than in vivo condition (Bender 1964 a, b, 1968; Bender and Gooch 1962 a, b, 1963; Bender et al 1962; Bell and Baker 1962; Bick and Brown 1975; Dey and Manna 1978; Dzhemilev and Macha- variani 1976; Dubinin et al 1960; Ford et al 1957; Hsu et al 1962; Lyon and

AUa;i k)■/.- T ih;ary i i <■■&«*■

A ce ho ..

?! U N

LITERATURE CITEO - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/32930/11/10_chapter...

Documents

Transcript of LITERATURE CITEO - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/32930/11/10_chapter...