Literary Terms. Types of Literature: prose: the ordinary form of spoken or written language writing...
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Transcript of Literary Terms. Types of Literature: prose: the ordinary form of spoken or written language writing...
Types of Literature:prose: • the ordinary form of spoken or written language • writing that is not poetrypoetry: rhythmic, compressed language written to appeal to emotion and imagination
drama: a story written to be acted for an audience
Example:
Example:
Elements of the Plot:
exposition: the beginning of the story that tells who the characters are and what the conflict is
Continued
Example:
Elements of the Plot (Continued)
rising action: the part of the story in which various problems arise as the characters try to resolve the conflict. The tension of the story builds. Our textbook calls rising action complications.
climax: the critical point in a story when the outcome is decided one way or another
Continued
Example: RTT washed away by flood; RTT meets Nag and Nagaina in garden
Example: RTT chases Nagaina down the hole and kills her and crushes the egg.
Elements of the Plot (Continued)
falling action: events that follow the climax that contain action or dialogue needed to lead to the resolution. The tension decreases.
resolution: the characters’ problems are solved and the story ends. The conflict is resolved.
Example: Coppersmith bird sings to let all garden animals know Nagaina is dead!!!!
Example: Victor is going to help Teresa with French (he gets books from library)
character: a person or animal who takes part in the action of a story, play, or other literary work
Example: In “Hum”, Sami Salsaa, Tum Tum, Hugh Mason
A couple of ways to think about characters:
protagonist: the main character in a work of literature. The author focuses the most attention on the protagonist’s problems.
antagonist: a person or thing that fights against the main character; the bad character or force Example: “Hum” other students
bully/antagonize Sami –AND the terrorist are other antagonists
Example: 1. “7th Grade”, Victor is the main character, he has the most conflicts (crush) “Hum” 2. Sami faces conflicts of friendship, fitting in etc…
More ways to think about characters:
dynamic character: a character who changes as a result of the story’s events
static character: a character who does not change much in the story
Example: “Hum” – Sami changed after 9-11 b/c then he had to work hard to create friendships (Dialogue Club, Hugh)
Example: “Hum” - Hugh, Tum Tum never change from the beginning to the end of the story
conflict: a struggle or clash betweenopposing characters or forces
Example: “7th Grade” – Victor had a crush on Teresa and she didn’t know it
Types of Conflicts:
external conflict: a struggle with some outside force
Person vs. personPerson vs. society
Person vs. nature Person vs. the supernatural
Example: “Hum” – Sami was bullied by other students
Example: RTT vs. NagExample: Nag vs. garden animals
Types of Conflicts:
internal conflict: a struggle within a character’s mind. The character has a problem deciding what to do or think.
Example: “Hum” – the parents struggle after 9-11 b/c life in America is turning out to be difficult
theme: the truth about life revealed in a work of literature
• The theme is not the same as the subject of a story.
• A theme must be written as a sentence.
• A story can have more than one theme, but one will often stand out over another.
Example: “Hum” – Friendship is born out of acceptance
symbol: a person, place, thing, or event that has its own meaning and stands
for something beyond itself
Example: RTT’s red eyes = anger
flashback: an interruption in the action of a story to tell what happened
at an earlier timeExample: In RTT, we learn that he was only fed dead snakes, never actually fought any
foreshadowing: using clues to suggest events that will happen later in the plotExample: 3SK – when we learn about the 3 convicts that previously died on the island
NarratorThe person telling the story
Point of view Position from which the story is told
or vantage point
Example:
Example:
Third person omniscient point of viewThe all-knowing narrator tells the story. The narrator
is not actually in the story, but sees it all…like a god.
Third person limited point of viewNarrator focuses on the thoughts/feelings of one
character. You see the action through the eyes/feelings of one character in the story.
First person point of viewOne of the characters tells the story. The pronoun “I”
is used. You really get to know that one character well, but then again you only know their side.
There are different types of Point of View…..
Example: Personal Narrative, 7th Grade
Example: RTT
Example: Personal Narrative and 3SK
CharacterizationThe process of revealing the character through
description…how they feel, act, think, look like etc..
Indirect characterizationWe find out about characters indirectly through
thoughts, comments, or actions of the characters.
Direct characterizationThe narrator or a character in the story tells us
what we need to know about a character.
Example: RTT, was brave for chasing Nagiania
Example: Personal Narrative and Hum = Hugh was blind
Mood:Overall emotion created by the passage (sad, scary, hopeful etc.)Ex) RTT: anxiety, anger 3SK : suspenseful, creepy
Imagery Using words that appeal to the sensesEx) 3SK: wailing rats, pouring of rats
Figurative languageThere are two basic purposes for studying Figurative
Language:
1.To help you recognize the greatness of a writer’s talent as you read
2.To teach you how to use those same skills to improve your writing.
Figurative language creates IMAGERY in your mind as you read!
Similecomparison in which one thing is compared to another unlike thing by using specific words of comparison like like, asEX) 3SK: the rats were hanging like fruit from a tree
MetaphorComparing two unlike things. Sometimes a metaphor is a whole poem or paragraph.EX) the weather was a warm blanket
Personification speaking of something that is not human as if it had human abilities and human reactionsEX) the sun was smiling
DialectWay of speaking that is characteristic of a particular region/group of peopleEx) southern twang
Alliteration repetition of a single letter in the alphabetEX) The Kindness Campaign kicked off on Monday.
Hyperbolegreat exaggeration used to emphasize a point, and is used for expressive or comic effectEX) I have told you a million times!!!
OnomatopoeiaSingle word that sounds like the thing it refers toEX) The crackling crunch of the paper. The hiss of the snake. Bang. Boom. Achoo.
IdiomGroups of words whose meaning is different from the ordinary meaning of the words. EX) That sound drives me up a wall.
motivation: any force that drives or moves a character to behave a particular way. What does the character want or need?
Physical needs: air, food, water, sleep, shelter
Safety needs: personal safety, safety of significant others, living in a safe environment, ability to get need resources—could include employment
Love/Belonging: friendship, family relationships, romantic relationship
Esteem: self-respect, confidence, achievement, recognition, respect of others, respect for others
Self-actualization: creativity, pursuit of one’s potential, self-acceptance
Poetry:
• Assonance- The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds in neighboring words.
• Rhyme- Correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.
• Repetition- Repeating a word, phrase, stanza, or effect in literature.