Literary Terms. Rhyme Identical or very similar final sounds in words usually at the end of lines of...

Literary TermsLiterary Terms

RhymeRhyme

Identical or very similar final Identical or very similar final sounds in words usually at the sounds in words usually at the end of lines of a poemend of lines of a poem

Rhyme – “Twas the Rhyme – “Twas the Night Before Night Before Christmas”Christmas” Clement Clark Moore writes his Clement Clark Moore writes his

entire poem in rhyming couplets!entire poem in rhyming couplets!

Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the houseNot a creature was stirring, not even a mouse.The stockins were hung by the chimney with care,In hopes that St Nicholas soon would be there.

Rhyme – Rhyme – Romeo and Romeo and JulietJuliet William Shakespeare ends the William Shakespeare ends the

play with a heroic couplet!play with a heroic couplet!

For never was a story of more woeThan this of Juliet and her Romeo.

Rhyme – “Richard Rhyme – “Richard Cory”Cory” Edwin Arlington Robinson uses an Edwin Arlington Robinson uses an

ABAB rhyme scheme in his poem!ABAB rhyme scheme in his poem!

Whenever Richard Cory went down townWe people on the pavement looked at him:

He was a gentleman from sole to crown,Clean favored, and imperially slim.

Rhyme - “Stopping by Rhyme - “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Woods on a Snowy Evening”Evening” In his poem, Robert Frost chooses In his poem, Robert Frost chooses

an AABA rhyme scheme!an AABA rhyme scheme!

Whose woods these are I think I know,His house is in the village though.He will not see me stopping here,To watch his woods fill up with snow.

Rhyme – “Humpty Rhyme – “Humpty Dumpty”Dumpty” We learn to recognize rhyme as We learn to recognize rhyme as

infants and toddlers through infants and toddlers through nursery rhymes!nursery rhymes!

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.

All the King's horses, And all the King's menCouldn't put Humpty together again!

Rhyme – Feminine Rhyme – Feminine rhymerhyme These words are more than one These words are more than one

syllable, which makes the rhyme syllable, which makes the rhyme a bit weaker.a bit weaker.

A woman's face with Nature's own hand A woman's face with Nature's own hand paintedpaintedHast thou, the master-mistress of my Hast thou, the master-mistress of my passionpassion;;A woman's gentle heart, but not A woman's gentle heart, but not acquaintedacquaintedWith shifting change, as is false women's With shifting change, as is false women's fashion fashion

Cause and EffectCause and Effect

Cause statements stem from Cause statements stem from actions and events, and effects actions and events, and effects are what happen as a result of are what happen as a result of the event of actionthe event of action

Cause and EffectCause and Effect

The boy kicked The boy kicked the ball. the ball.

The girl teased The girl teased the cat. the cat.

Sally studied Sally studied hard for a test. hard for a test.

Joe became Joe became really tired. really tired.

The ball rolled.The ball rolled.

The cat growled.The cat growled.

Sally earned an A Sally earned an A on her test.on her test.

Joe went to sleep Joe went to sleep early.early.

Cause and Effect Cause and Effect ParagraphParagraph In recent decades, In recent decades, cities have grown so large (effect)cities have grown so large (effect)

that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs (cause)(cause),, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas. Second, there were people from rural areas. Second, there were many schools many schools established to educate the children of the new established to educate the children of the new factory laborers (cause)factory laborers (cause). The promise of a better . The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. Finally, as the cities communities and move to the cities. Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, museums. For many people, these facilities made city these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm life appear more interesting than life on the farm (cause)(cause), and therefore drew them away from rural , and therefore drew them away from rural communities. communities.

Cause and Effect ChartCause and Effect Chart

Cause and Effect ChartCause and Effect Chart

BatteryBattery BulbBulb

Expository TextExpository Text

Text written to explain and Text written to explain and convey information about a convey information about a specific topic; contrasts with specific topic; contrasts with narrative textnarrative text

Expository Text - Expository Text - DescriptionDescription The Olympic symbol consists of five The Olympic symbol consists of five

interlocking rings. The rings represent interlocking rings. The rings represent the five continents - Africa, Asia, Europe, the five continents - Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America - from North America and South America - from which athletes come to compete in the which athletes come to compete in the games. The rings are colored black blue, games. The rings are colored black blue, green, red, and yellow. At least one of green, red, and yellow. At least one of these colors is found in the flag of every these colors is found in the flag of every country sending athletes to compete in country sending athletes to compete in the Olympic games.the Olympic games.

Expository Text – Expository Text – Chronological OrderChronological Order The Olympic games began as athletic festivals to The Olympic games began as athletic festivals to

honor the Greek gods. The most important festival honor the Greek gods. The most important festival was held in the valley of Olympia to honor Zeus, the was held in the valley of Olympia to honor Zeus, the king of the gods. It was this festival that became the king of the gods. It was this festival that became the Olympic games in 776 B.C. These games were ended Olympic games in 776 B.C. These games were ended in A.D. 394 by the Roman Emperor who ruled Greece. in A.D. 394 by the Roman Emperor who ruled Greece. No Olympic games were held for more than 1,500 No Olympic games were held for more than 1,500 years. Then the modern Olympics began in 1896. years. Then the modern Olympics began in 1896. Almost 300 male athletes competed in the first Almost 300 male athletes competed in the first modern Olympics In the games held in 1900, female modern Olympics In the games held in 1900, female athletes were allowed to compete. The games have athletes were allowed to compete. The games have continued every four years since 1896 except during continued every four years since 1896 except during World War II, and they will most likely continue for World War II, and they will most likely continue for many years to come.many years to come.

Expository Text – Expository Text – Comparison/ContrastComparison/Contrast The modern Olympics is very unlike the ancient The modern Olympics is very unlike the ancient

Olympic games. Individual events are different. While Olympic games. Individual events are different. While there were no swimming races in the ancient games, there were no swimming races in the ancient games, for example, there were chariot races. There were no for example, there were chariot races. There were no female contestants and all athletes competed in the female contestants and all athletes competed in the nude. Of course, the ancient and modern Olympics are nude. Of course, the ancient and modern Olympics are also alike in many ways. Some events, such as the also alike in many ways. Some events, such as the javelin and discus throws, are the same. Some people javelin and discus throws, are the same. Some people say that cheating, professionalism, and nationalism in say that cheating, professionalism, and nationalism in the modern games are a disgrace to the Olympic the modern games are a disgrace to the Olympic tradition. But according to the ancient Greek writers, tradition. But according to the ancient Greek writers, there were many cases of cheating, nationalism, and there were many cases of cheating, nationalism, and professionalism in their Olympics too. professionalism in their Olympics too.

Expository Text – Expository Text – Cause and EffectCause and Effect There are several reasons why so many There are several reasons why so many

people attend the Olympic games or watch people attend the Olympic games or watch them on television. One reason is tradition. them on television. One reason is tradition. The name Olympics and the torch and flame The name Olympics and the torch and flame remind people of the ancient games. People remind people of the ancient games. People can escape the ordinariness of daily life by can escape the ordinariness of daily life by attending or watching the Olympics. They attending or watching the Olympics. They like to identify with someone else's individual like to identify with someone else's individual sacrifice and accomplishment. National pride sacrifice and accomplishment. National pride is another reason, and an athlete's or a is another reason, and an athlete's or a team's hard earned victory becomes a team's hard earned victory becomes a nation's victory. There are national medal nation's victory. There are national medal counts and people keep track of how many counts and people keep track of how many medals their country's athletes have won.medals their country's athletes have won.

Expository Text – Expository Text – Problem/SolutionProblem/Solution One problem with the modern Olympics is that it has One problem with the modern Olympics is that it has

become very big and expensive to operate. The city or become very big and expensive to operate. The city or country that hosts the games often loses a lot of country that hosts the games often loses a lot of money. A stadium, pools, and playing fields must be money. A stadium, pools, and playing fields must be built for the athletic events and housing is needed for built for the athletic events and housing is needed for the athletes who come from around the world. And all the athletes who come from around the world. And all of these facilities are used for only 2 weeks! In 1984, of these facilities are used for only 2 weeks! In 1984, Los Angeles solved these problems by charging a fee Los Angeles solved these problems by charging a fee for companies who wanted to be official sponsors of for companies who wanted to be official sponsors of the games. Companies like McDonald's paid a lot of the games. Companies like McDonald's paid a lot of money to be part of the Olympics. Many buildings that money to be part of the Olympics. Many buildings that were already built in the Los Angeles area were also were already built in the Los Angeles area were also used. The Coliseum where the 1932 games were held used. The Coliseum where the 1932 games were held was used again and many colleges and universities in was used again and many colleges and universities in the area became playing and living sites.the area became playing and living sites.

Expository Text Expository Text ParagraphParagraph One reason I hate mosquitoes is because they One reason I hate mosquitoes is because they

are so annoying while I am outside. For are so annoying while I am outside. For example, whenever we have cookouts, they example, whenever we have cookouts, they want to swarm all around the food. Also, when want to swarm all around the food. Also, when I go fishing with my Dad, we always have to I go fishing with my Dad, we always have to wear bug spray. The bug spray always stinks to wear bug spray. The bug spray always stinks to high heaven! Then, if you do not want to use high heaven! Then, if you do not want to use bug spray, the only other way to get them to bug spray, the only other way to get them to leave you alone is to wear long sleeves. Yet, leave you alone is to wear long sleeves. Yet, who wants to wear long sleeves when it is hot who wants to wear long sleeves when it is hot outside? Nothing ruins your day like outside? Nothing ruins your day like bloodsucking mosquitoes.bloodsucking mosquitoes.

Public DocumentPublic Document

A document that focuses on civic A document that focuses on civic issues or matters of public safety issues or matters of public safety at the community level and at the community level and beyondbeyond

Public DocumentsPublic Documents

Adoption registriesAdoption registries Birth recordsBirth records Marriage/Divorce recordsMarriage/Divorce records Business/people-finder directoriesBusiness/people-finder directories Phone directoriesPhone directories Criminal recordsCriminal records Missing personsMissing persons Most wanted personsMost wanted persons

Conventions of Conventions of LanguageLanguage Mechanics, usage, and sentence Mechanics, usage, and sentence

completenesscompleteness

Conventions of Conventions of Language – Sentence Language – Sentence CompletenessCompleteness Parts of speechParts of speech Parts of a sentenceParts of a sentence PhrasesPhrases ClausesClauses Fragments/Run-onsFragments/Run-ons

Conventions of Conventions of Language - UsageLanguage - Usage Subject/verb agreementSubject/verb agreement Pronoun/antecedent agreementPronoun/antecedent agreement Verb tenseVerb tense ModifiersModifiers

Conventions of Conventions of Language - MechanicsLanguage - Mechanics CapitalizationCapitalization PunctuationPunctuation SpellingSpelling Words often confusedWords often confused

Folktales Folktales

A story originating in the oral A story originating in the oral tradition that falls into a variety of tradition that falls into a variety of categories, including legends, categories, including legends, ghost stories, fairy tales, fables, ghost stories, fairy tales, fables, and anecdotes based on historical and anecdotes based on historical figures and eventsfigures and events

FolktalesFolktales

Pecos BillPecos Bill Johnny AppleseedJohnny Appleseed Grimm’s Fairy TalesGrimm’s Fairy Tales Aesop’s FablesAesop’s Fables Chicken LittleChicken Little The Legend of King ArthurThe Legend of King Arthur Heroes and VillainsHeroes and Villains Urban Legends – find one Urban Legends – find one

AllusionAllusion

An implied or indirect reference in An implied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person, literature to a familiar person, place, or eventplace, or event

Allusions - ObamaAllusions - Obama

"I was not born in a manger. I was actually born on "I was not born in a manger. I was actually born on Krypton and sent here by my father, Jor-el, to save the Krypton and sent here by my father, Jor-el, to save the Planet Earth."Planet Earth."(Senator Barack Obama, speech at a fund-raiser for (Senator Barack Obama, speech at a fund-raiser for Catholic charities, October 16, 2008)Catholic charities, October 16, 2008)

"Senator Obama's call to 'ask not just what our "Senator Obama's call to 'ask not just what our government can do for us, but what we can do for government can do for us, but what we can do for ourselves' had an even more direct connection to the ourselves' had an even more direct connection to the inaugural address of the first G.I. Generation president inaugural address of the first G.I. Generation president of the United States."of the United States."(Morley Winograd and Michael D. Hais, (Morley Winograd and Michael D. Hais, Millennial Millennial MakeoverMakeover, Rutgers University Press, 2008) , Rutgers University Press, 2008)

AllusionsAllusions

"As the cave's roof collapsed, he was swallowed up in "As the cave's roof collapsed, he was swallowed up in the dust like Jonah, and only his frantic scrabbling the dust like Jonah, and only his frantic scrabbling behind a wall of rock indicated that there was anyone behind a wall of rock indicated that there was anyone still alive". still alive".

"Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no "Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities". bare necessities".

"Like the prodigal son, he returned to his home town "Like the prodigal son, he returned to his home town and was welcomed by all who knew him". and was welcomed by all who knew him".

"Marty's presence at the dance was definitely a 'Catch "Marty's presence at the dance was definitely a 'Catch 22' situation; if he talked to Cindy she'd be mad at him, 22' situation; if he talked to Cindy she'd be mad at him, but if he ignored her there'd be hell to pay. His anger but if he ignored her there'd be hell to pay. His anger bubbled to the surface. He realized that by coming to bubbled to the surface. He realized that by coming to the dance he had brought his problems with him like a the dance he had brought his problems with him like a Trojan Horse, and he could only hope he would be able Trojan Horse, and he could only hope he would be able to keep them bottled up". to keep them bottled up".

Allusions - AssignmentAllusions - Assignment

HamletHamlet was a character from Shakespeare who had a difficulty making a was a character from Shakespeare who had a difficulty making a decision.decision.

FalstaffFalstaff was another of Shakespeare's characters who was a large jovial man was another of Shakespeare's characters who was a large jovial man with a keen wit.with a keen wit.

The The Three StoogesThree Stooges were a comedy team of not-too-bright buffoons. were a comedy team of not-too-bright buffoons.

Benedict ArnoldBenedict Arnold was an American traitor. was an American traitor.

The 'The 'cowardly lioncowardly lion' from the Wizard of Oz was a coward.' from the Wizard of Oz was a coward.

JudasJudas betrayed Jesus. betrayed Jesus.

Mother TeresaMother Teresa was a nun who selflessly devoted her life to caring for the poor was a nun who selflessly devoted her life to caring for the poor and sick. and sick.

Don QuixoteDon Quixote was a fictional hero; a dreamer who was always going on quests was a fictional hero; a dreamer who was always going on quests to try to accomplish impossible tasks. to try to accomplish impossible tasks.

Your assignment is to write a few sentences or a short paragraph (or poem) that Your assignment is to write a few sentences or a short paragraph (or poem) that contain an allusion to three of the characters above.contain an allusion to three of the characters above.

Literary DevicesLiterary Devices

Tools used by an author to Tools used by an author to enliven and provide voice to the enliven and provide voice to the writingwriting

Literary Devices – Literary Devices – write an example illustrating each of the following techniques Metaphor and Metaphor and

similesimile..

Personification.Personification.

Symbolism.Symbolism.

Irony.Irony.

HyperboleHyperbole

Rhythm and Rhythm and meter.meter.

Rhyme.Rhyme. Assonance.Assonance.

Alliteration.Alliteration.

Repetition.Repetition.

Onomatopoeia.Onomatopoeia.

ImageryImagery

A word or group of words in a A word or group of words in a literary work which appeal to one literary work which appeal to one or more of the senses; figurative or more of the senses; figurative languagelanguage

Imagery – Paragraph Imagery – Paragraph

As As the last seconds ticked down, the fans the last seconds ticked down, the fans gripped their chilled drinks in anticipation. gripped their chilled drinks in anticipation. After After the clock hit zero, the yellow and black the clock hit zero, the yellow and black suits stormed the green beaten field. They suits stormed the green beaten field. They cried in excitement and exhaustion cried in excitement and exhaustion while while they they hugged teammates. hugged teammates. From From the sky red, blue, the sky red, blue, and white streamers danced down through the and white streamers danced down through the gentle smoke from the fireworks. The gentle smoke from the fireworks. The headcoach was showered with freezing cold headcoach was showered with freezing cold Gatorade that soaked every inch of his body Gatorade that soaked every inch of his body andand ran into his mouth and greeted him with ran into his mouth and greeted him with sweetness. The look on his face was proud sweetness. The look on his face was proud as as he was clearly in disbelief that this happened he was clearly in disbelief that this happened to him-yes, he won the Superbowl.to him-yes, he won the Superbowl.

After Apple Picking – After Apple Picking – Robert Frost Robert Frost My long two-pointed ladder's sticking My long two-pointed ladder's sticking

through a tree through a tree Toward heaven still, Toward heaven still, And there's a barrel that I didn't fill And there's a barrel that I didn't fill Beside it, and there may be two or three Beside it, and there may be two or three

Apples I didn't pick upon some bough. Apples I didn't pick upon some bough. But I am done with apple-picking now. But I am done with apple-picking now. Essence of winter sleep is on the night, Essence of winter sleep is on the night, The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. I cannot rub the strangeness from my I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight sight I got from looking through a pane of I got from looking through a pane of glass glass I skimmed this morning from the I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough drinking trough And held against the world of hoary And held against the world of hoary grass. grass. It melted, and I let it fall and break. It melted, and I let it fall and break. But I was well But I was well Upon my way to sleep before it fell, Upon my way to sleep before it fell, And I could tell And I could tell What form my dreaming was about to What form my dreaming was about to take. take. Magnified apples appear and disappear, Magnified apples appear and disappear, Stem end and blossom end, Stem end and blossom end,

And every fleck of russet showing clear. And every fleck of russet showing clear. My instep arch not only keeps the ache, My instep arch not only keeps the ache, It keeps the pressure of a ladder-round. It keeps the pressure of a ladder-round. I feel the ladder sway as the boughs I feel the ladder sway as the boughs bend. bend. And I keep hearing from the cellar bin And I keep hearing from the cellar bin The rumbling sound The rumbling sound Of load on load of apples coming in. Of load on load of apples coming in. For I have had too much For I have had too much Of apple-picking: I am overtired Of apple-picking: I am overtired Of the great harvest I myself desired. Of the great harvest I myself desired. There were ten thousand thousand fruit There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch, to touch, Cherish in hand, lift down, and not let fall. Cherish in hand, lift down, and not let fall.

For all For all That struck the earth, That struck the earth, No matter if not bruised or spiked with No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble, stubble, Went surely to the cider-apple heap Went surely to the cider-apple heap As of no worth. As of no worth. One can see what will trouble One can see what will trouble This sleep of mine, whatever sleep it is. This sleep of mine, whatever sleep it is. Were he not gone, Were he not gone, The woodchuck could say whether it's like The woodchuck could say whether it's like his his Long sleep, as I describe its coming on, Long sleep, as I describe its coming on, Or just some human sleep. Or just some human sleep.

Types of Imagery

Visual – sight Auditory – sound Olfactory – smell Gustatory – taste Tactile – touch Organic – internal sensation (hunger, fear) Kinesthetic – movement

If you had to give up one of your senses, which would you choose and why? (40-50 words)

Visual imagery - Visual imagery - something seen in the something seen in the mind's eye mind's eye After Apple-Picking - magnified apples After Apple-Picking - magnified apples

appear and disappear...every fleck of russet appear and disappear...every fleck of russet showing clear showing clear

Once by the Pacific - the clouds were low and Once by the Pacific - the clouds were low and hairy...like locks blown forward in the gleam hairy...like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes. of eyes.

Birches - the iced branches shed "crystal Birches - the iced branches shed "crystal shells" shells"

October - Enchant the land with amethyst October - Enchant the land with amethyst Good Hours - the cottages up to their shining Good Hours - the cottages up to their shining

eyes in snow eyes in snow

Auditory imagery - Auditory imagery - represents a sound represents a sound After Apple-Picking - the rumbling .. of load After Apple-Picking - the rumbling .. of load

on load of apples coming in. on load of apples coming in. Mowing - the scythe whispering to the Mowing - the scythe whispering to the

ground ground The Runaway - the miniature thunder... the The Runaway - the miniature thunder... the

clatter of stone clatter of stone An Old Man's Winter Night - the roar of trees, An Old Man's Winter Night - the roar of trees,

the crack of branches, beating on a box the crack of branches, beating on a box Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening - the Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening - the

sweep of easy wind and downy flake sweep of easy wind and downy flake

Olfactory imagery - Olfactory imagery - smell smell After Apple-Picking - Essence of winter sleep in on After Apple-Picking - Essence of winter sleep in on

the night, the scent of apples the night, the scent of apples Note: just the mention of "the scent of apples" Note: just the mention of "the scent of apples"

does not make it an image, but when connected does not make it an image, but when connected to to

"essence of winter sleep" the scent gains "essence of winter sleep" the scent gains vividness. vividness.

To Earthward - musk from hidden grapevine To Earthward - musk from hidden grapevine springs springs

Out, Out - the sticks of wood "sweet scented stuff" Out, Out - the sticks of wood "sweet scented stuff" Unharvested - A scent of ripeness from over a Unharvested - A scent of ripeness from over a

wall...smelling the sweetness in no theft. wall...smelling the sweetness in no theft. To a Young Wretch - the boy takes the tree and To a Young Wretch - the boy takes the tree and

heads home, "smelling green" heads home, "smelling green"

Gustatory imagery - Gustatory imagery - taste taste After Apple-Picking - although not specifically After Apple-Picking - although not specifically

mentioned, the taste of the apples is implied mentioned, the taste of the apples is implied To Earthward - I craved strong sweets ...now To Earthward - I craved strong sweets ...now

no joy but lacks salt no joy but lacks salt Blueberries - the blueberries as big as your Blueberries - the blueberries as big as your

thumb...with the flavor of soot thumb...with the flavor of soot A Record Stride - the walking boots that taste A Record Stride - the walking boots that taste

of Atlantic and Pacific salt of Atlantic and Pacific salt The Exposed Nest - A haying machine passes The Exposed Nest - A haying machine passes

over a bird nest without "tasting flesh" over a bird nest without "tasting flesh"

Tactile imagery - touch Tactile imagery - touch

After Apple-Picking - the fruit to "Cherish in After Apple-Picking - the fruit to "Cherish in hand" hand"

Moon Compasses - "So love will take between Moon Compasses - "So love will take between the hands a face.." the hands a face.."

The Death of the Hired Man - Mary touches the The Death of the Hired Man - Mary touches the harplike morning-glory strings and plays some harplike morning-glory strings and plays some tenderness. tenderness.

The Witch of Coos - the bed linens might just The Witch of Coos - the bed linens might just as well be ice and the clothes snow as well be ice and the clothes snow

On Going Unnoticed - You grasp the bark by a On Going Unnoticed - You grasp the bark by a rugged pleat,/ And look up small from the rugged pleat,/ And look up small from the forest's feet. forest's feet.

Organic imagery - Organic imagery - internal sensation: internal sensation: hunger, thirst, fatigue, hunger, thirst, fatigue, fear fear After Apple-Picking - My instep arch not only After Apple-Picking - My instep arch not only

keeps the ache, It keeps the pressure of a keeps the ache, It keeps the pressure of a ladder round ladder round

Storm Fear - My heart owns a doubt, It costs Storm Fear - My heart owns a doubt, It costs no inward struggle not to go no inward struggle not to go

Birches - It's when I'm weary of Birches - It's when I'm weary of considerations/ And life is too much like a considerations/ And life is too much like a pathless wood, etc pathless wood, etc

The White-Tailed Hornet - "To stab me in the The White-Tailed Hornet - "To stab me in the sneeze-nerve of a nostril" sneeze-nerve of a nostril"

Spring Pools - the trees drinking up the pools Spring Pools - the trees drinking up the pools and along with it, the flowers and along with it, the flowers

Kinesthetic imagery - Kinesthetic imagery - movement or tension movement or tension After Apple-Picking - "I feel the ladder After Apple-Picking - "I feel the ladder

sway as the boughs bend."sway as the boughs bend."Bereft - Leaves got up in a coil and Bereft - Leaves got up in a coil and hissed,/ Blindly struck at my knee and hissed,/ Blindly struck at my knee and missed. missed.

Ghost House - the black bats tumble and Ghost House - the black bats tumble and dart dart

A Late Walk - the whir of sober birds, is A Late Walk - the whir of sober birds, is sadder than any words sadder than any words

Once by the Pacific: "Shattered Once by the Pacific: "Shattered water ...Great waves looked over others water ...Great waves looked over others coming in," coming in,"

ParaphraseParaphrase

Restate text or passage in other Restate text or passage in other words, often to clarify meaning or words, often to clarify meaning or understandingunderstanding


OriginalOriginal: Developing complex skills in the classroom : Developing complex skills in the classroom involves the key ingredients identified in teaching involves the key ingredients identified in teaching pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl. The key pigeons to play ping-pong and to bowl. The key ingredients are: (1) inducing a response, (2) reinforcing ingredients are: (1) inducing a response, (2) reinforcing subtle improvements or refinements in the behavior, (3) subtle improvements or refinements in the behavior, (3) providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior. maintain their behavior.

ParaphraseParaphrase: According to Gredler (2001), the same : According to Gredler (2001), the same factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred and maintained. and maintained.


OriginalOriginal: However, although humans are : However, although humans are comparatively poor sprinters, they also comparatively poor sprinters, they also engage in a different type of running, engage in a different type of running, endurance running (ER), defined as running endurance running (ER), defined as running many kilometres over extended time periods many kilometres over extended time periods using aerobic metabolism.using aerobic metabolism.

ParaphraseParaphrase: Having limited success in : Having limited success in sprinting compared to other mammals, sprinting compared to other mammals, humans perform better in endurance humans perform better in endurance running, which is a form of aerobic running running, which is a form of aerobic running over extended distances and periods of time over extended distances and periods of time (Bramble).(Bramble).


OriginalOriginal: In : In The SopranosThe Sopranos, the mob is besieged as , the mob is besieged as much by inner infidelity as it is by the federal much by inner infidelity as it is by the federal government. Early in the series, the greatest threat to government. Early in the series, the greatest threat to Tony's Family is his own biological family. One of his Tony's Family is his own biological family. One of his closest associates turns witness for the FBI, his mother closest associates turns witness for the FBI, his mother colludes with his uncle to contract a hit on Tony, and colludes with his uncle to contract a hit on Tony, and his kids click through Web sites that track the federal his kids click through Web sites that track the federal crackdown in Tony's gangland.crackdown in Tony's gangland.

ParaphraseParaphrase: In the first season of : In the first season of The SopranosThe Sopranos, , Tony Soprano’s mobster activities are more Tony Soprano’s mobster activities are more threatened by members of his biological family than threatened by members of his biological family than by agents of the federal government. This familial by agents of the federal government. This familial betrayal is multi-pronged. Tony’s closest friend and betrayal is multi-pronged. Tony’s closest friend and associate is an FBI informant, his mother and uncle are associate is an FBI informant, his mother and uncle are conspiring to have him killed, and his children are conspiring to have him killed, and his children are surfing the Web for information about his activities surfing the Web for information about his activities (Fields).(Fields).

ValidityValidity

Refers to statements that have Refers to statements that have the appearance of truth or realitythe appearance of truth or reality

Validity – Deductive Validity – Deductive ReasoningReasoning An argument is An argument is deductively deductively

validvalid if, whenever all premises if, whenever all premises are true, the conclusion is also are true, the conclusion is also necessarily true. necessarily true.

All men are mortal: Socrates is a All men are mortal: Socrates is a man: Therefore, Socrates is man: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.mortal.

Validity – Formal Validity – Formal

An argument is An argument is formally validformally valid if if its form is one such that for each its form is one such that for each interpretation under which the interpretation under which the premises are all true also the premises are all true also the conclusion is true. conclusion is true.

If no god is mortal, then no mortal If no god is mortal, then no mortal is a god.is a god.

Validity – Not TruthValidity – Not Truth

One thing we should note is that the One thing we should note is that the validity of deduction is not at all validity of deduction is not at all affected by the truth of the premise or affected by the truth of the premise or the truth of the conclusion. The the truth of the conclusion. The following deduction is perfectly valid:following deduction is perfectly valid:

– All fire-breathing rabbits live on Mars All fire-breathing rabbits live on Mars – All humans are fire-breathing rabbits All humans are fire-breathing rabbits – Therefore all humans live on Mars Therefore all humans live on Mars

Context CluesContext Clues

Information from the reading that Information from the reading that identifies or defines a word or identifies or defines a word or group of wordsgroup of words

Context Clues – Context Clues – Examples Examples The professor was a favorite among the The professor was a favorite among the

students at the college. His sagacity was students at the college. His sagacity was helpful to them as they pursued their helpful to them as they pursued their degrees. The professor was known to use his degrees. The professor was known to use his experience, insight, and common sense to experience, insight, and common sense to help students pursue their education.help students pursue their education.

Using the example clue, the word Using the example clue, the word sagacitysagacity in this sentence meansin this sentence means silliness silliness thoughtlessness thoughtlessness wisdom wisdom negligence negligence

Context Clues – Context Clues – Explanations Explanations Katie appeared infallible in math class Katie appeared infallible in math class

because she had never gotten a because she had never gotten a problem wrong.problem wrong.

Using the explanation clue, the word Using the explanation clue, the word infallibleinfallible in this sentence means in this sentence means never wrong never wrong mistaken mistaken wrong wrong incorrect incorrect

Context Clues – Context Clues – Synonyms Synonyms The man was sent to the penitentiary, The man was sent to the penitentiary,

or prison, for stealing cars.or prison, for stealing cars.

Using the synonym clue, the word Using the synonym clue, the word penitentiarypenitentiary in this sentence means in this sentence means paradise paradise hotel hotel prison prison heaven heaven

Context Clues – Context Clues – Antonyms Antonyms While Lily was careful not to be seen While Lily was careful not to be seen

as she peeked out the window, Phil as she peeked out the window, Phil was not as cautious and was seen!was not as cautious and was seen!

Using the antonym clue, the word Using the antonym clue, the word cautiouscautious in this sentence means in this sentence means careful careful not careful not careful risky risky trouble trouble

Context Clues – Context Clues – Comparisons Comparisons The mother was determined to prove The mother was determined to prove

her son's innocence; the father was her son's innocence; the father was resolute as well.resolute as well.

Using the comparison clue, the word Using the comparison clue, the word resoluteresolute in this sentence means in this sentence means wavering wavering determined determined not determined not determined unsure unsure

Context Clues – Context Clues – Contrasts Contrasts After being ill and unable to eat for After being ill and unable to eat for

three days, Beverly had a voracious three days, Beverly had a voracious appetite.appetite.

Using the contrast clue, the word Using the contrast clue, the word voraciousvoracious in this sentence means in this sentence means satisfied satisfied quenched quenched small small big big

Context Clues – Context Clues – Assignment Assignment

Write a sentence using each of Write a sentence using each of the methods of context cluesthe methods of context clues– ExampleExample– ExplanationExplanation– SynonymSynonym– AntonymAntonym– ComparisonComparison– ContrastContrast

PhonicsPhonics

The relationship between letters The relationship between letters and sounds fundamental in and sounds fundamental in beginning readingbeginning reading

PhonicsPhonics

sh in ship, shape, shine, shop sh in ship, shape, shine, shop th in this, through, thin, th in this, through, thin,

thoroughthorough ti in nation, partial, attentionti in nation, partial, attention

Phonics GuidelinesPhonics Guidelines

1. Sometimes the rules don't work.1. Sometimes the rules don't work.

2. Every syllable in every word must have a vowel.2. Every syllable in every word must have a vowel.

3. "C" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "s". 3. "C" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "s". "cyst", "central", and "cyst", "central", and "city". "city".

4. "G" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "j". 4. "G" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "j". "gem", "gym", “gist”"gem", "gym", “gist”

5. When 2 consonants are joined together and form one new sound, they are a 5. When 2 consonants are joined together and form one new sound, they are a consonant digraph. consonant digraph. "ch,sh,th,ph and wh". "ch,sh,th,ph and wh".

6. When a syllable ends in a consonant and has only one vowel, that vowel is short.6. When a syllable ends in a consonant and has only one vowel, that vowel is short. "fat, bed, fish, spot, luck". "fat, bed, fish, spot, luck".

7. When a syllable ends in a silent "e", the silent "e" is a signal that the vowel in 7. When a syllable ends in a silent "e", the silent "e" is a signal that the vowel in front of it is long. front of it is long. "make, gene, kite, rope, and use". "make, gene, kite, rope, and use".

8. When a syllable has 2 vowels together, the first vowel is usually long and the 8. When a syllable has 2 vowels together, the first vowel is usually long and the second is silent. second is silent. "pain, eat, boat, res/cue, say, grow". "pain, eat, boat, res/cue, say, grow".

9. When a syllable ends in any vowel and is the only vowel, that vowel is usually 9. When a syllable ends in any vowel and is the only vowel, that vowel is usually long. long. "pa/per, me, I, o/pen, u/nit, and my". "pa/per, me, I, o/pen, u/nit, and my".

10. When a vowel is followed by an "r" in the same syllable, that vowel is "r-10. When a vowel is followed by an "r" in the same syllable, that vowel is "r-controlled". controlled". "R-controlled"R-controlled "er,ir,and ur" often sound the same (like "er"). "term, sir, fir, fur, far, for, "er,ir,and ur" often sound the same (like "er"). "term, sir, fir, fur, far, for, su/gar, or/der". su/gar, or/der".

Phonics Instruction – Phonics Instruction – Sequence (2Sequence (2ndnd grade) grade) Consonants Consonants (soft c, soft g)(soft c, soft g) Consonant clustersConsonant clusters (spl, spr, scr, thr, shr, squ, (spl, spr, scr, thr, shr, squ,

sch)sch) Consonant digraphs Consonant digraphs (ph, -tch, -dge)(ph, -tch, -dge) Long vowel patterns Long vowel patterns (a, ay, ea, ee, ey, ei, ie, oa, (a, ay, ea, ee, ey, ei, ie, oa,

oe)oe) R-controlled R-controlled (er, ir, ur, ar, or, air)(er, ir, ur, ar, or, air) /Y/ at end of words /Y/ at end of words (y=i [fry]; y=e [funny])(y=i [fry]; y=e [funny]) Vowel diphthongsVowel diphthongs (/ou/, /ow/, /oy/, /oi/ ) (/ou/, /ow/, /oy/, /oi/ ) Silent consonants Silent consonants (knee, write, quick)(knee, write, quick) Begin multisyllabic words (open & closed Begin multisyllabic words (open & closed

syllables) syllables) (donut)(donut) Prefixes; suffixes Prefixes; suffixes (un-, re-, pre-; -er, -est, -tion)(un-, re-, pre-; -er, -est, -tion) Homophones Homophones (to, too, two; there, their, they're)(to, too, two; there, their, they're)

Problem/SolutionProblem/Solution

An organizational structure in An organizational structure in nonfiction texts, where the author nonfiction texts, where the author typically presents a problem and typically presents a problem and possible solutions to itpossible solutions to it

Problem/Solution Problem/Solution Structure Structure In problem-solution you argue that there is a In problem-solution you argue that there is a

problem...you explain it...give proof to it! You must show problem...you explain it...give proof to it! You must show a need. Who is involved, how widespread is it? How long a need. Who is involved, how widespread is it? How long has it existed, where, when, etc. Give details to prove it. has it existed, where, when, etc. Give details to prove it. Not only that, show us how WE are involved in the Not only that, show us how WE are involved in the problem...adapt to the audience to help us see that we problem...adapt to the audience to help us see that we are connected to the issue. If you can not find any way in are connected to the issue. If you can not find any way in which we are connected...then you have not narrowed the which we are connected...then you have not narrowed the topic effectively and have not adapted to the audience in topic effectively and have not adapted to the audience in a meaningful way. a meaningful way.

Next, give us a specific way to solve the problem. Here Next, give us a specific way to solve the problem. Here you will show the plan and the practicality. You will need you will show the plan and the practicality. You will need to be specific. NEVER just say "we need to educate to be specific. NEVER just say "we need to educate ourselves" or "pass a law" without mentioning any ourselves" or "pass a law" without mentioning any specifics!!! Give proof that your solution will work. Be specifics!!! Give proof that your solution will work. Be specific, better yet, find and cite a model solution. Where specific, better yet, find and cite a model solution. Where have they passed such a law. HOW CAN WE BE have they passed such a law. HOW CAN WE BE INVOLVED???INVOLVED???

Problem/Solution Problem/Solution ChartChart


Source: World History, Chapter 3, The Fertile Crescent, par. 3Source: World History, Chapter 3, The Fertile Crescent, par. 3 First Sentence: The two main rivers that flow through First Sentence: The two main rivers that flow through

Mesopotamia are the Tigris and the Euphrates.Mesopotamia are the Tigris and the Euphrates. Topic Sentence: Little rain fell on the fertile soil of the valley Topic Sentence: Little rain fell on the fertile soil of the valley

between the rivers.between the rivers. Full text: The two main rivers that flow through Full text: The two main rivers that flow through

Mesopotamia are the Tigris and the Euphrates. More than Mesopotamia are the Tigris and the Euphrates. More than 7,000 years ago, people began to farm the land. Little rain 7,000 years ago, people began to farm the land. Little rain fell on the fertile soil of the valley between the rivers. This fell on the fertile soil of the valley between the rivers. This meant that to keep their seedlings alive, farmers had to dig meant that to keep their seedlings alive, farmers had to dig canals to bring river water to the fields. People began to live canals to bring river water to the fields. People began to live in small villages so that they could work together to bring in small villages so that they could work together to bring water to their land.water to their land.

Problem: Little rain fell (explicit); lacked rain for crops Problem: Little rain fell (explicit); lacked rain for crops (implicit)(implicit)

Solution: dig canals, work together, bring water to their landSolution: dig canals, work together, bring water to their land


Source: Critical Literacy/Articles/School Issues: How to Source: Critical Literacy/Articles/School Issues: How to succeed at schoolsucceed at school

First Sentence: Besides, you have a secret weapon here: First Sentence: Besides, you have a secret weapon here: If you don't understand something, ask your teacher.If you don't understand something, ask your teacher.

Topic Sentence: First sentence.Topic Sentence: First sentence. Full text: Besides, you have a secret weapon here: If you Full text: Besides, you have a secret weapon here: If you

don't understand something, ask your teacher. Teachers don't understand something, ask your teacher. Teachers LIVE for this. And often, they will let you know in not very LIVE for this. And often, they will let you know in not very subtle ways just what's on that test. Instead of spending subtle ways just what's on that test. Instead of spending one second worrying about your grades, spend that time one second worrying about your grades, spend that time understanding the subject. The payoff will come--both in understanding the subject. The payoff will come--both in class and later in life. Because that's how things really class and later in life. Because that's how things really work: If you don't know your stuff, you won't succeed.work: If you don't know your stuff, you won't succeed.

Problem: You don't understand somethingProblem: You don't understand something Solution: Ask, ask, and ask againSolution: Ask, ask, and ask again

PROBLEM AND SOLUTIONPROBLEM AND SOLUTION

When he could no longer get along When he could no longer get along with his parents, he moved to his with his parents, he moved to his own apartment.own apartment.

The hurricane knocked out power The hurricane knocked out power lines so people resorted to using lines so people resorted to using candles.candles.

Riots erupted in many cities after the Riots erupted in many cities after the news of Martin Luther King’s death.news of Martin Luther King’s death.

InferenceInference

A judgment based on reasoning A judgment based on reasoning rather than an explicit statement; rather than an explicit statement; a conclusion based on facts and a conclusion based on facts and circumstances; understanding circumstances; understanding gained by “reading between the gained by “reading between the lines”lines”

Types of Inferences Types of Inferences Skilled Readers Use Skilled Readers Use Recognize the antecedents for pronouns Recognize the antecedents for pronouns Figure out the meaning of unknown words from context clues Figure out the meaning of unknown words from context clues Figure out the grammatical function of an unknown words Figure out the grammatical function of an unknown words Understand intonation of characters’ words Understand intonation of characters’ words Identify characters’ beliefs, personalities, and motivations Identify characters’ beliefs, personalities, and motivations Understand characters’ relationships to one another Understand characters’ relationships to one another Provide details about the setting Provide details about the setting Provide explanations for events or ideas that are presented Provide explanations for events or ideas that are presented

in the text in the text Offer details for events or their own explanations of the Offer details for events or their own explanations of the

events events Understand the author’s view of the world Understand the author’s view of the world Recognize the author’s biases Recognize the author’s biases Relate what is happening in the text to their own knowledge Relate what is happening in the text to their own knowledge

of the world of the world Offer conclusions from facts presented in the text Offer conclusions from facts presented in the text

Inference PracticeInference Practice

http://www.philtulga.com/Riddles.html

http://www.quia.com/pop/89736.html

http://www.fcatexplorer.com/parent/4gr/en/tipslister/question_tip_zoo.asp?src=tip207a.swf&skill=Inference

Type of inference: Figure out the grammatical function of an unknown word Example: In the following

sentence, what part of speech will the missing word be?

He drove a __________ car to work every day.

Type of inference: Figure out the meaning of unknown words from context clues Example: Guess the meaning of

the boldfaced word. The liquid is flammable, so do

not smoke by it.

Type of inference: Identify characters’ beliefs, personalities, and motivations Example: Based on the

description of the rat, Templeton, from Charlotte’s Web, which detail supports the idea that he loves to eat?

Type of inference: Offer conclusions from facts presented in the text Example: The food was described

as round, flat, and covered in sauce. Obviously, the food is pizza.

Type of inference: Provide details about the setting Example: The San Nicholas Island

(the inspiration for Island of the Blue Dolphins), off the California coast, is covered in volcanic rock, coyote brush, and a few trees.

Type of inference: Provide explanations for events or ideas that are presented in the text Example: Scrooge (in A Christmas

Carol) may have decided to send a turkey to his employee, Bob Cratchit, because he realized that he had been wrong for being miserly and needed to be kind.

Type of inference: Recognize the antecedents for pronouns Example: Who is it the word “her”

refers to in the following sentence?– Sara lost her keys again.

Type of inference: Recognize the author’s biases Example: I don’t choose girls to

be on my kickball team, because they are not very strong and they don’t try as hard as the boys.

Type of inference: Understand characters’ relationships to one another Example: Because the Hardy boys

are so close in age, the two brothers are dedicated to one another and never hesitate to help one another in a crisis.

Type of inference: Understand the tone of characters’ words Example: Think about how the

warden from Holes responds to Stanley’s discovery when she says, “Stanley, won’t you just open it? Just let me see what’s inside it, please!”

Inference AssignmentInference Assignment

Choose a text that we’ve read Choose a text that we’ve read this year. Write an example of this year. Write an example of the different types of inference the different types of inference using this text.using this text.

ExaggerationExaggeration

To make an overstatement or To make an overstatement or stretch the truthstretch the truth


Factual Statement:– Aesop Elementary School had many items in

its lost and found box. Exaggeration:

– “The place looked magical—almost likeAladdin’s cave. Instead of heaps of gold andmountains of jewels, however, there wereheaps of snow boots and mountains of beanbag animals.”


Factual Statement– Dana, a student at Wayside School,

had beautiful eyes. Exaggeration:

– “And if she had a hundred eyes, all over her face and her arms and her feet, why, she would have been the most beautiful creature in the world.”

Exaggeration in Exaggeration in LiteratureLiterature

The CrucibleThe Crucible: Betty's illness. : Betty's illness. People immediately start leaping People immediately start leaping to witchcraft the second one girl to witchcraft the second one girl in town starts acting a little in town starts acting a little strange? Once the witch card is strange? Once the witch card is thrown, everyone seems to lose thrown, everyone seems to lose all reason.all reason.

Exaggeration PoemExaggeration Poem

My Dad is tougher than your dad.My Dad is tougher than your dad.He wrestles alligators every morning just to get his He wrestles alligators every morning just to get his heart pumping.heart pumping.Instead of eating toast and coffee for breakfast, he Instead of eating toast and coffee for breakfast, he eats the toaster and the coffeemaker.eats the toaster and the coffeemaker.He doesn't drive to work, he runs to work--ten miles a He doesn't drive to work, he runs to work--ten miles a day.day.When he gets home from work he relaxes in a hot When he gets home from work he relaxes in a hot bath of boiling water.bath of boiling water.He prefers chewing nails to chewing gum.He prefers chewing nails to chewing gum.And when he sees someone for the first time, he says And when he sees someone for the first time, he says "Hello, nice to meet you," so loud and fearsome "Hello, nice to meet you," so loud and fearsome people run away and hide.people run away and hide.My dad is tougher than your dad.My dad is tougher than your dad.

--Bruce --Bruce LanskyLansky

Exaggeration Exaggeration AssignmentAssignment Directions: Write an example of exaggeration

for each factual statement.

The book was funny.

Paige Turner liked being a librarian.

Mr. Jupiter enjoyed reading to his students.

Mrs. Gorf was a mean teacher.

Myron was a good class president.

FocusFocus

The center of interest or attentionThe center of interest or attention

Focus - InstructionsFocus - Instructions

This has to do with not getting off the This has to do with not getting off the subject, not bringing in material that is subject, not bringing in material that is irrelevant. You might think of this in terms of irrelevant. You might think of this in terms of focusing a camera: you want to get a picture focusing a camera: you want to get a picture of something in particular, with perhaps a of something in particular, with perhaps a little background or context, and you want little background or context, and you want the details to be sharp. Problems with focus the details to be sharp. Problems with focus often originate in the planning stage of often originate in the planning stage of writing, so if you have trouble with this you writing, so if you have trouble with this you might try outlining or taking notes to clarify might try outlining or taking notes to clarify for yourself what you should include. for yourself what you should include.

Focus - SentencesFocus - Sentences

Unfocused:Unfocused: Too many people treat animals badly in experiments. Too many people treat animals badly in experiments. Focused:Focused: The cosmetic industry often harms animals in The cosmetic industry often harms animals in

unnecessary experiments designed to test their products. unnecessary experiments designed to test their products.

Unfocused:Unfocused: Grades are an unfair pain in the neck. Grades are an unfair pain in the neck. Focused:Focused: Course grades based solely on one term paper don't Course grades based solely on one term paper don't

accurately measure a student's knowledge on a subject. accurately measure a student's knowledge on a subject.

Unfocused:Unfocused: Getting the right job is important and can lead to Getting the right job is important and can lead to rewarding experiences. rewarding experiences.

Focused:Focused: Getting the right job can lead to an improved sense of Getting the right job can lead to an improved sense of self-esteem. self-esteem.

Unfocused:Unfocused: The Fourth of July picnic was a big success. The Fourth of July picnic was a big success. Focused:Focused: Everyone at the Fourth of July picnic ate well, enjoyed the Everyone at the Fourth of July picnic ate well, enjoyed the

swimming pool, and had a chance to chat with old friends. swimming pool, and had a chance to chat with old friends.

Focus – Paragraphs Focus – Paragraphs

Weak Example:Weak Example: When I first brought my cat home from the When I first brought my cat home from the humane society she was a mangy, pitiful animal. It cost a lot to humane society she was a mangy, pitiful animal. It cost a lot to adopt her: forty dollars. And then I had to buy litter, a litterbox, food, adopt her: forty dollars. And then I had to buy litter, a litterbox, food, and dishes for her to eat out of. Two days after she came home with and dishes for her to eat out of. Two days after she came home with me she got taken to the pound by the animal warden. There's a me she got taken to the pound by the animal warden. There's a leash law for cats in Fort Collins. If they're not in your yard they leash law for cats in Fort Collins. If they're not in your yard they have to be on a leash. Anyway, my cat is my best friend. I'm glad I have to be on a leash. Anyway, my cat is my best friend. I'm glad I got her. She sleeps under the covers with me when it's cold. got her. She sleeps under the covers with me when it's cold. Sometimes she meows a lot in the middle of the night and wakes Sometimes she meows a lot in the middle of the night and wakes me up, though. me up, though.

Strong Example:Strong Example:When I first brought my cat home from the When I first brought my cat home from the Humane Society she was a mangy, pitiful animal. She was so thin Humane Society she was a mangy, pitiful animal. She was so thin that you could count her vertebrae just by looking at her. Apparently that you could count her vertebrae just by looking at her. Apparently she was declawed by her previous owners, then abandoned or lost. she was declawed by her previous owners, then abandoned or lost. Since she couldn't hunt, she nearly starved. Not only that, but she Since she couldn't hunt, she nearly starved. Not only that, but she had an abscess on one hip. The vets at the Humane Society had had an abscess on one hip. The vets at the Humane Society had drained it, but it was still scabby and without fur. She had a terrible drained it, but it was still scabby and without fur. She had a terrible cold, too. She was sneezing and sniffling and her meow was just a cold, too. She was sneezing and sniffling and her meow was just a hoarse squeak. And she'd lost half her tail somewhere. Instead of hoarse squeak. And she'd lost half her tail somewhere. Instead of tapering gracefully, it had a bony knob at the end. tapering gracefully, it had a bony knob at the end.

Focus – Task Focus – Task

Narrate a single remembered incident and tell why it was (is still) important to writer.

Focus – Essay Focus – Essay

My most memorable experience was when I was going to mybrothers basketball game at North High School. Before my brothers game the girl varsity were playing and at half time we were losing by 3. When all the girls were going into the locker room there was this man that came out in the middle of the court. He said anyone that wants a chance to win a hundred dollars that you had to pay a dollar and then you had to shoot a foul shot and if you hit it you would shoot a three pointer and if you hit that you would get to shoot a half court shot in the boys varsity game and if you hit that you win a hundred dollars.

Focus – Essay cont.Focus – Essay cont.

I went up to the man and gave him my dollar and I got a basketball and I shot the free throw and I hit it when I was at the three point line and shot it and it rolled around the goal three times and finally just dropped strait in. I could’nt belive it I was going to have a chance to win a hundred dollars. I went running back up the bleachers where my dad and sister was setting there just smiling like a lion. When it shows it’s teeth. I went over in the front of the gym pacing back and forth say I can do it. Everybody had confidence for me on East side but North didn’t even think about me hitting it. At the end of the girls game the score was North 50 and East 47. Then it was the boy varsity game I was even more nervous.


Before the boys halftime I went and got me a drink.

After that the buzzard went off for halftime to start. The man said everyone that hit your shots to come

to the middle of the court. There were six people counting me.

I was so nervous my legs were shaking. This older

guy about 20 tried to make me shoot first but I said No way hosae. So then we all got in line I was


in the very back showing fingers. The first guy that shot airballed, it the second person hit the backboard, the third person airballed, it

the forth person hit the backboard, the fifth person hit the rim, and the

sixth person was me I got a turn and go and threw it up it went straight in nothing but net. Everyone screamed and hollered because no one

really through the youngest one would hit it after everyone else had

missed it.

The man took me back in the room and gave me exactly $100.00. That’s the most memorable experience I have ever had in my hole

life, well so far any how.

Focus – Essay – Focus – Essay – Analysis Analysis The writer establishes a clear

focus, and the paper progresses to a climactic ending. The writer remains focused on the $100.00 basketball shot throughout the piece.

Focus – Essay 2Focus – Essay 2

One thing that happened in my life that I will never forget is my 5th grade teacher Mrs. Bourne. She was kind, funny, and cool. I will never forget her because she would let us stay outside longer, didn’t give homework, and took my friends and

I places when we got good grades. When she let us stay outside longer she would play 4-square alot with us. Sometimes she would even bring her camera and let us make movies. But the best thing of all was she would play soccer, and she wasn’t that bad! The one thing she said at the begeming of the year was that she wouldn’t give alot of homework.

Focus – Essay 2Focus – Essay 2

We did most of the work in class so we didn’t have much homework. She made us study hard and long, but it was wuerth it. The only homework she would give was a few math problems. The last thing is that when we got good grades on tests all month she would take the ones that did this and go somewhere with them. One time she took us to the mall and we had a blast! We ate at chick-fil-a, looked at toys, and played at the arcade. Another time was when she took us to Cristos and went bowling. I got my best score that day and beat everyone. Mrs. Bourne was a loving and caring teacher and that is why I will never forget her.

Focus – Essay 2 – Focus – Essay 2 – AnalysisAnalysis This paper focuses on a teacher

and some aspects of her personality and classroom, rather than a single remembered incident. Therefore, the focus is not appropriate to the task.

Focus AssignmentFocus Assignment

http://www.io.com/~tcm/structure/cgi-bin/exer_choix2.cgi?codes=parag_topics&source=parag_topic_ident2&version=classroom

Write the answers down – as well Write the answers down – as well as the score you receiveas the score you receive

SuffixSuffix

Groups of letters after a word Groups of letters after a word used to modify its meaning or used to modify its meaning or change it into a different part of change it into a different part of speechspeech

SuffixesSuffixes

able, ible able, ible capable ofcapable of portable - able to portable - able to be carried, legible be carried, legible - able to be read - able to be read

ac, ic ac, ic like, like, pertaining pertaining to to

cardiac - cardiac - pertaining to the pertaining to the heart, aquatic - heart, aquatic - pertaining to the pertaining to the water water

acious, acious, icious icious

full of full of audacious - full of audacious - full of daring, avaricious daring, avaricious - full of greed - full of greed

SuffixesSuffixes

ant, ent ant, ent full of full of eloquent - eloquent - pertaining to pertaining to fluid, effective fluid, effective speechspeech

ary ary like, like, connected connected with with

dictionary - dictionary - book book connected connected with words with words

ate ate to make to make consecrate to consecrate to make holy make holy

SuffixesSuffixes

eer, er, or eer, er, or person who person who censor person censor person who deletes who deletes improper improper remarks remarks

ism ism doctrine, doctrine, belief belief

monotheism monotheism belief in one god belief in one god

osis osis condition condition hypnosis hypnosis condition of condition of induced sleep induced sleep

tude tude state of state of certitude state of certitude state of sureness sureness

Voice Voice

The fluency, rhythm, and The fluency, rhythm, and liveliness in writing that makes it liveliness in writing that makes it unique to the writerunique to the writer

Voice – ComparisonsVoice – Comparisons

I love the heady cruelty of spring. The I love the heady cruelty of spring. The cloudcloudshows in the first weeks of the season are shows in the first weeks of the season are wonderfully adolescent: "I'm happy!" "I'm wonderfully adolescent: "I'm happy!" "I'm mad, I'm brooding." "I'm happy--now I'm mad, I'm brooding." "I'm happy--now I'm going to cry ..." The skies and the weathergoing to cry ..." The skies and the weathertoy with us, refusing to let us settle back toy with us, refusing to let us settle back down into the steady sleepy days and down into the steady sleepy days and nights of winter. nights of winter.

Anne Lamotte – a contemporary USAnne Lamotte – a contemporary USwriter and diarist. writer and diarist.

Voice – Comparison Voice – Comparison

I believe I have some idea of how the refugee I believe I have some idea of how the refugee feels, or the immigrant. Once, I was thus, or feels, or the immigrant. Once, I was thus, or nearly so. ...And all the while I carried around nearly so. ...And all the while I carried around inside me an elsewhere, a place of which I could inside me an elsewhere, a place of which I could not speak because no one would know what I was not speak because no one would know what I was talking about. I was a displaced person, of a kind, talking about. I was a displaced person, of a kind, in the jargon of the day. And displaced persons in the jargon of the day. And displaced persons are displaced not just in space but in time; they are displaced not just in space but in time; they have been cut off from their own pasts. ... If you have been cut off from their own pasts. ... If you cannot revisit your own origins--reach out and cannot revisit your own origins--reach out and touch them from time to time--you are for ever in touch them from time to time--you are for ever in some crucial sense untethered.some crucial sense untethered.

Penelope Lively (example 2,) a British author who Penelope Lively (example 2,) a British author who spent her childhood in Cairo in the 1940s. spent her childhood in Cairo in the 1940s.

Voice – Comparison Voice – Comparison

Privacy in the workplace is one of the more Privacy in the workplace is one of the more troubling personal and professional issues of troubling personal and professional issues of our time. But privacy cannot be adequately our time. But privacy cannot be adequately addressed without considering a basic addressed without considering a basic foundation of ethics. We cannot reach a foundation of ethics. We cannot reach a meaningful normative conclusion about meaningful normative conclusion about workplace privacy rights and obligations workplace privacy rights and obligations without a fundamental and common without a fundamental and common understanding of the ethical basis of justice understanding of the ethical basis of justice and a thorough understanding of individual and and a thorough understanding of individual and organizational concerns and motivations. organizational concerns and motivations.

Laura Hartman (example 3) is an academic Laura Hartman (example 3) is an academic who writes about ethics and technology. who writes about ethics and technology.

Voice – Twain Voice – Twain

"There was a feller here once by the name of Jim Smiley, in"There was a feller here once by the name of Jim Smiley, inthe winter of '49 — or may be it was the spring of '50 — I don'tthe winter of '49 — or may be it was the spring of '50 — I don'trecollect exactly, somehow, though what makes me think it was one or recollect exactly, somehow, though what makes me think it was one or the other is because I remember the big flume wasn't finished when he the other is because I remember the big flume wasn't finished when he first came to the camp; but any way, he was the curiosest curiousest first came to the camp; but any way, he was the curiosest curiousest man about always betting on any thing that turned up you ever man about always betting on any thing that turned up you ever see…But still he was lucky, uncommon lucky; he most always come out see…But still he was lucky, uncommon lucky; he most always come out winner He was always ready and laying for a chance; there couldn't be winner He was always ready and laying for a chance; there couldn't be no solitry thing mentioned but that feller'd offer to bet on it, and take no solitry thing mentioned but that feller'd offer to bet on it, and take any side you please, as I was just telling you. If there was a horse-race, any side you please, as I was just telling you. If there was a horse-race, you'd find him flush, or you'd find him busted at teh end of it; if there you'd find him flush, or you'd find him busted at teh end of it; if there was a dog-fight, he'd bet on it; if there was a cat-fight he'd bet on it; was a dog-fight, he'd bet on it; if there was a cat-fight he'd bet on it; why, if there was two birds setting on a fence, he would bet you which why, if there was two birds setting on a fence, he would bet you which one would fly first… one would fly first…

Voice – Bradbury Voice – Bradbury

It was a pleasure to burn.It was a pleasure to burn.It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things

blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history. With his symbolic helmet down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history. With his symbolic helmet numbered 451 on his stolid head, and his eyes all orange flame with the numbered 451 on his stolid head, and his eyes all orange flame with the thought of what came next, he flicked the igniter and the house jumped thought of what came next, he flicked the igniter and the house jumped up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and yellow and up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and yellow and black. He strode in a swarm of fireflies. He wanted above all, like the black. He strode in a swarm of fireflies. He wanted above all, like the

old joke, to old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace, while the flapping shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace, while the flapping

pigeon-winged pigeon-winged books died on the porch and lawn of the house. While the books went books died on the porch and lawn of the house. While the books went

up in up in sparkling whirls and blew away on a wind turned dark with burning.sparkling whirls and blew away on a wind turned dark with burning.

Voice – Austen Voice – Austen

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However

little little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of thea neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of thesurrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of

some some one or other of their daughters.one or other of their daughters.

"My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you "My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard heard

that Netherfield Park is let at last?"that Netherfield Park is let at last?"Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.Mr. Bennet replied that he had not."But it is," returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she "But it is," returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she

told me all about it."told me all about it."Mr. Bennet made no answer.Mr. Bennet made no answer."Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife "Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife

impatiently.impatiently.

Voice – Morrison Voice – Morrison

Nuns go by as quiet as lust, and drunken men and sober eyes Nuns go by as quiet as lust, and drunken men and sober eyes sing in the lobby of the Greek hotel. Rosemary Villanucci, our sing in the lobby of the Greek hotel. Rosemary Villanucci, our next-door friend who lives above her father's cafe, sits in a 1939 next-door friend who lives above her father's cafe, sits in a 1939 Buick eating bread and butter. She rolls down the window to tell Buick eating bread and butter. She rolls down the window to tell my sister Frieda and me that we can't come in. We stare at her, my sister Frieda and me that we can't come in. We stare at her, wanting her bread, but more than that wanting to poke the wanting her bread, but more than that wanting to poke the arrogance out of her eyes and smash the pride of ownership that arrogance out of her eyes and smash the pride of ownership that curls her chewing mouth. When she comes out of the car we will curls her chewing mouth. When she comes out of the car we will beat her up, make red marks on her white skin, and she will cry beat her up, make red marks on her white skin, and she will cry and ask us do we want her to pull her pants down. We will say and ask us do we want her to pull her pants down. We will say no. We don't know what we should feel or do if she does, but no. We don't know what we should feel or do if she does, but

whenever whenever she asks us, we know she is offering us something precious and she asks us, we know she is offering us something precious and

that our that our own pride must be asserted by refusing to accept. own pride must be asserted by refusing to accept.

Voice – Hesseini Voice – Hesseini

I became what I am today at the age of twelve, on I became what I am today at the age of twelve, on a frigid overcast day in the winter of 1975. I a frigid overcast day in the winter of 1975. I remember the precise moment, crouching behind a remember the precise moment, crouching behind a crumbling mud wall, peeking into the alley near the crumbling mud wall, peeking into the alley near the frozen creek. That was a long time ago, but it’s wrong frozen creek. That was a long time ago, but it’s wrong what they say about the past, I’ve learned, about how what they say about the past, I’ve learned, about how you can bury it. Because the past claws its way out. you can bury it. Because the past claws its way out. Looking back now, I realize I have been peeking into Looking back now, I realize I have been peeking into that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years. that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years.

AnalysisAnalysis

The process or result of The process or result of identifying the parts of a whole identifying the parts of a whole and their relationship to one and their relationship to one anotheranother

Lord of the FliesLord of the Flies AnalysisAnalysis Piggy's GlassesPiggy's Glasses Piggy is the most intelligent, rational boy in Piggy is the most intelligent, rational boy in

the group, and his glasses represent the the group, and his glasses represent the power of science and intellectual endeavor in power of science and intellectual endeavor in society. This symbolic significance is clear society. This symbolic significance is clear from the start of the novel, when the boys from the start of the novel, when the boys use the lenses from Piggy's glasses to focus use the lenses from Piggy's glasses to focus the sunlight and start a fire. When Jack's the sunlight and start a fire. When Jack's hunters raid Ralph's camp and steal the hunters raid Ralph's camp and steal the glasses, the savages effectively take the glasses, the savages effectively take the power to make fire, leaving Ralph's group power to make fire, leaving Ralph's group helpless.helpless.

Pygmalion Pygmalion AnalysisAnalysis

Finally, and most significantly, Shaw Finally, and most significantly, Shaw challenges the possibly insidious assumptions challenges the possibly insidious assumptions that come with the Pygmalion myth, forcing us that come with the Pygmalion myth, forcing us to ask the following: Is the male artist the to ask the following: Is the male artist the absolute and perfect being who has the power absolute and perfect being who has the power to create woman in the image of his desires? Is to create woman in the image of his desires? Is the woman necessarily the inferior subject who the woman necessarily the inferior subject who sees her lover as her sky? Can there only ever sees her lover as her sky? Can there only ever be sexual/romantic relations between a man be sexual/romantic relations between a man and a woman? Does beauty reflect virtue? and a woman? Does beauty reflect virtue? Does the artist love his creation, or merely the Does the artist love his creation, or merely the art that brought that creation into being? art that brought that creation into being?

Macbeth Macbeth AnalysisAnalysis

The audience is left to ask whether the The audience is left to ask whether the witches are independent agents toying witches are independent agents toying with human lives, or agents of fate, with human lives, or agents of fate, whose prophecies are only reports of whose prophecies are only reports of the inevitable. The witches bear a the inevitable. The witches bear a striking and obviously intentional striking and obviously intentional resemblance to the Fates, female resemblance to the Fates, female characters in both Norse and Greek characters in both Norse and Greek mythology who weave the fabric of mythology who weave the fabric of human lives and then cut the threads to human lives and then cut the threads to end them. end them.

A Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol AnalysisAnalysis With each Ghost's tale functioning as a parable, With each Ghost's tale functioning as a parable,

A Christmas CarolA Christmas Carol advances the Christian moral advances the Christian moral ideals associated with Christmas--generosity, ideals associated with Christmas--generosity, kindness, and universal love for your kindness, and universal love for your community--and of Victorian England in general. community--and of Victorian England in general. The book also offers a distinctly modern view of The book also offers a distinctly modern view of Christmas, less concerned with solemn religious Christmas, less concerned with solemn religious ceremony and defined by more joyous ceremony and defined by more joyous traditions--the sharing of gifts, festive traditions--the sharing of gifts, festive celebrations, displays of prosperity. The book celebrations, displays of prosperity. The book also contains a political edge, most evident in also contains a political edge, most evident in Dickens' development of the bustling, struggling Dickens' development of the bustling, struggling Cratchit family, who are a compelling, if one-Cratchit family, who are a compelling, if one-dimensional, representation of the plight of the dimensional, representation of the plight of the poor. poor.

A Long Way Gone A Long Way Gone AnalysisAnalysis ““I was losing everyone, my family my friends.” Even I was losing everyone, my family my friends.” Even

while Ishmael was losing his family, friends and while Ishmael was losing his family, friends and others he knew at a young age, he continues to stride others he knew at a young age, he continues to stride to do the best in life. Throughout most of his to do the best in life. Throughout most of his childhood he is terrorized by what happens around childhood he is terrorized by what happens around him hoping it would never happen to him one day. him hoping it would never happen to him one day. Soon enough he was drafted into the government Soon enough he was drafted into the government army and forced to kill innocent civilians and act army and forced to kill innocent civilians and act against his will. A Long Way Gone, by Ishmael Beah, against his will. A Long Way Gone, by Ishmael Beah, tells of his life as a boy soldier and how he fights tells of his life as a boy soldier and how he fights himself and others to get out of murderous state. himself and others to get out of murderous state. Ishmael pushes himself to continue in his fight to exit Ishmael pushes himself to continue in his fight to exit his killer lifestyle day by day as a boy soldier. And his killer lifestyle day by day as a boy soldier. And even to this day Ishmael still goes by his moral to even to this day Ishmael still goes by his moral to never give up and keep on fighting for what’s right.never give up and keep on fighting for what’s right.

Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice AnalysisAnalysis

Mrs. Bennet is a miraculously tiresome character. Noisy andMrs. Bennet is a miraculously tiresome character. Noisy andfoolish, she is a woman consumed by the desire to see her foolish, she is a woman consumed by the desire to see her daughters married and seems to care for nothing else in the world. daughters married and seems to care for nothing else in the world. Ironically, her single-minded pursuit of this goal tends to backfire, as her Ironically, her single-minded pursuit of this goal tends to backfire, as her lack of social graces alienates the very people (Darcy and Bingley) lack of social graces alienates the very people (Darcy and Bingley) whom she tries desperately to attract. Austen uses her continually to whom she tries desperately to attract. Austen uses her continually to highlight the necessity of marriage for young women. Mrs. Bennet also highlight the necessity of marriage for young women. Mrs. Bennet also serves as a middle-class counterpoint to such upper-class snobs as Lady serves as a middle-class counterpoint to such upper-class snobs as Lady Catherine and Miss Bingley, demonstrating that foolishness can be found Catherine and Miss Bingley, demonstrating that foolishness can be found at every level of society. In the end, however, Mrs. Bennet proves such at every level of society. In the end, however, Mrs. Bennet proves such an unattractive figure, lacking redeeming characteristics of any kind, an unattractive figure, lacking redeeming characteristics of any kind, that some readers have accused Austen of unfairness in portraying that some readers have accused Austen of unfairness in portraying her—as if Austen, like Mr. Bennet, took perverse pleasure in poking fun her—as if Austen, like Mr. Bennet, took perverse pleasure in poking fun at a woman already scorned as a result of her ill breeding.at a woman already scorned as a result of her ill breeding.

AntonymAntonym

A word that is the opposite of A word that is the opposite of another wordanother word

Gradable AntonymsGradable Antonyms

These describe something which can These describe something which can be measured and compared with be measured and compared with something else. something else. – fastfast and and slowslow– smallsmall and and bigbig– hothot and and coldcold– drydry and and wetwet– cleanclean and and dirtydirty– clever clever and and stupidstupid

Complementary Complementary AntonymsAntonyms Here there is no comparison or scale; Here there is no comparison or scale;

it is a matter of being either one thing it is a matter of being either one thing or another. or another. – alivealive and and deaddead– singlesingle and and marriedmarried– malemale and and femalefemale– on on and and offoff– right right and and wrongwrong– absentabsent and and presentpresent

Converse AntonymsConverse Antonyms

These antonyms depend on each These antonyms depend on each other. other. – buybuy and and sellsell– borrowborrow and and lendlend– wifewife and and husbandhusband– above above and and belowbelow– give give andand receive receive– doctor doctor andand patient patient

EvaluateEvaluate

To analyze or study closelyTo analyze or study closely– The top level of Bloom's Taxonomy The top level of Bloom's Taxonomy

is evaluation. Here students are is evaluation. Here students are expected to assess information and expected to assess information and come to a conclusion such as its come to a conclusion such as its value or the bias behind it. value or the bias behind it.

Evaluate – Questions Evaluate – Questions

making value decisions about issues; making value decisions about issues; resolving controversies or differences of resolving controversies or differences of

opinion; opinion; development of opinions, judgements or development of opinions, judgements or

decisions decisions – Do you agree...? Do you agree...? – What do you think about...? What do you think about...? – What is the most important...? What is the most important...? – Place the following in order of priority... Place the following in order of priority... – How would you decide about...? How would you decide about...? – What criteria would you use to assess...What criteria would you use to assess...

Evaluate – Question Evaluate – Question

If a student is completing a DBQ If a student is completing a DBQ (Document Based Question) for (Document Based Question) for an AP US History course, they are an AP US History course, they are expected to evaluate the bias expected to evaluate the bias behind any primary or secondary behind any primary or secondary sources in order to see how that sources in order to see how that effects the points that the effects the points that the speaker is making. speaker is making.

Evaluate – Projects – Evaluate – Projects – choose one choose one Prepare a list of criteria to judge a Prepare a list of criteria to judge a

talent show.talent show. Rate the novels you have read this year Rate the novels you have read this year

according to interest and importance.according to interest and importance. Make a booklet about 5 rules you see Make a booklet about 5 rules you see

as important. Convince others.as important. Convince others. Write a letter to the administration Write a letter to the administration

advising on changes needed in the advising on changes needed in the curriculum.curriculum.

Limited ViewLimited View

A point of view in which the A point of view in which the speaker is speaking in the first speaker is speaking in the first person and telling things from his person and telling things from his or her own perspective or in the or her own perspective or in the third person from the perspective third person from the perspective of a narrator who does not know of a narrator who does not know the thoughts of all the charactersthe thoughts of all the characters

Limited View – Third Limited View – Third PersonPerson Mr. Johnson looked at Charles sternly. Mr. Johnson looked at Charles sternly.

He simply didn’t know what to do with He simply didn’t know what to do with this boy. Charles had been in Mr. this boy. Charles had been in Mr. Johnson’s office twice earlier this Johnson’s office twice earlier this week. Now here he was again, and week. Now here he was again, and this time he was charged with this time he was charged with something much more serious. Mr. something much more serious. Mr. Johnson shook his head. There really Johnson shook his head. There really was no doubt in his mind. Charles was was no doubt in his mind. Charles was guilty. He looked at the police officer guilty. He looked at the police officer standing next to Charles. No question standing next to Charles. No question whatsoever--Charles had done it. whatsoever--Charles had done it.

Limited View – First Limited View – First PersonPerson I can’t believe what is happening to I can’t believe what is happening to

me. I know that I’ll never convince me. I know that I’ll never convince Mr. Johnson and the cop that I had Mr. Johnson and the cop that I had nothing to do with this. Man! I nothing to do with this. Man! I didn’t do it. Why won’t anyone didn’t do it. Why won’t anyone believe me? I’ve been in trouble believe me? I’ve been in trouble before, but I’ve never done anything before, but I’ve never done anything like this! I’ve got to convince them, like this! I’ve got to convince them, or I might as well kiss my life good-or I might as well kiss my life good-bye. bye.

Limited View – First Limited View – First PersonPerson When I saw them taking Charlie When I saw them taking Charlie

into the office, I lingered outside into the office, I lingered outside the door, hoping to find out what the door, hoping to find out what he had done this time. Charlie was he had done this time. Charlie was my best friend, but I was getting a my best friend, but I was getting a little tired of defending him when I little tired of defending him when I knew he was wrong. He must have knew he was wrong. He must have done something really big this time done something really big this time to have the cops involved. to have the cops involved.

First Person – Books First Person – Books

The Catcher in the RyeThe Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger by J. D. Salinger LolitaLolita by Vladimir Nabokov by Vladimir Nabokov Jane EyreJane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë by Charlotte Brontë The Lovely BonesThe Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold by Alice Sebold The Bell JarThe Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath by Sylvia Plath To Kill a MockingbirdTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee by Harper Lee Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAdventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain by Mark Twain The OutsidersThe Outsiders by S. E. Hinton by S. E. Hinton I, ClaudiusI, Claudius by Robert Graves by Robert Graves On the RoadOn the Road by Jack Kerouac by Jack Kerouac A Clockwork OrangeA Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess by Anthony Burgess One Flew Over the Cuckoo's NestOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey by Ken Kesey Bridget Jones's DiaryBridget Jones's Diary by Helen Fielding by Helen Fielding The Kite RunnerThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini by Khaled Hosseini

Third-Person Limited - Third-Person Limited - BooksBooks Juliet's LawJuliet's Law (Silhouette Intimate (Silhouette Intimate

Moments) by Ruth Wind Moments) by Ruth Wind Mr. PerfectMr. Perfect by Linda Howard by Linda Howard Summer's EndSummer's End by Kathleen Gilles Seidel by Kathleen Gilles Seidel The Veiled WebThe Veiled Web by Catherine Asaro by Catherine Asaro The AmbassadorsThe Ambassadors by Henry James by Henry James The Red Badge of CourageThe Red Badge of Courage by Stephen by Stephen

CraneCrane

Text StructureText Structure

The author’s method of The author’s method of organizing textorganizing text

Text Structure – Text Structure – Description Description "The crocodile is the master of "The crocodile is the master of

deception in the water. It stalks deception in the water. It stalks its prey and then swiftly closes in its prey and then swiftly closes in for the kill."for the kill."

Text Structure – Text Structure – Problem/SolutionProblem/Solution "One problem to resolve in "One problem to resolve in

crocodile watching is crocodile watching is transportation. How can an transportation. How can an observer get close enough to observer get close enough to watch without scaring it away or watch without scaring it away or being attacked?"being attacked?"

Text Structure – Text Structure – Sequence/Time OrderSequence/Time Order "Archaeologists have helped us to "Archaeologists have helped us to

understand that the evolution of understand that the evolution of the crocodile began with ..."the crocodile began with ..."

Text Structure – Text Structure – Comparison/ContrastComparison/Contrast "The power of the crocodile is like "The power of the crocodile is like

that of a monstrous machine. that of a monstrous machine. With one lunge it can destroy its With one lunge it can destroy its prey and protect the kill from prey and protect the kill from other predators."other predators."

Text Structure – Text Structure – Cause/EffectCause/Effect "We observed the crocodile as it "We observed the crocodile as it

stalked a raccoon moving through stalked a raccoon moving through the moonlight toward the edge of the moonlight toward the edge of the water. As a result of a noise the water. As a result of a noise we made, the raccoon bolted..."we made, the raccoon bolted..."

Text Structure – Text Structure – Directions Directions "When observing a crocodile, first "When observing a crocodile, first

you must..."you must..."

SyntaxSyntax

The pattern of word order in The pattern of word order in sentences, clauses, and phrasessentences, clauses, and phrases

Syntax Syntax

You should always balance You should always balance parallel ideas that utilize a parallel ideas that utilize a series or a linked comparisonseries or a linked comparison. . – ““Hooked on romance novels, I Hooked on romance novels, I

learned that there is nothing more learned that there is nothing more important than being rich, looking important than being rich, looking good, and to have a good time.” good, and to have a good time.”

– How should this sentence be How should this sentence be revised? revised?

SyntaxSyntax

Place phrases and clauses so Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a glance that readers can see at a glance what they modifywhat they modify. When phrases . When phrases or clauses are oddly placed, absurd or clauses are oddly placed, absurd mis-readings can result. mis-readings can result.

– (a) “The king returned to the clinic where (a) “The king returned to the clinic where he had undergone heart surgery in 2000 he had undergone heart surgery in 2000 in a limousine sent by the White House.” in a limousine sent by the White House.”

– (b) “Traveling in a limousine sent by the (b) “Traveling in a limousine sent by the White House, the king returned to the White House, the king returned to the clinic where he had undergone heart clinic where he had undergone heart surgery in 2000.”surgery in 2000.”

SyntaxSyntax

Repair dangling modifiersRepair dangling modifiers. A . A dangling modifier fails to refer logically dangling modifier fails to refer logically to any word in the sentence. to any word in the sentence.

– (a) “Deciding to join the navy, the recruiter (a) “Deciding to join the navy, the recruiter enthusiastically pumped Joe’s Hand.” enthusiastically pumped Joe’s Hand.”

– (b) “To please the children, some fireworks (b) “To please the children, some fireworks were set off a day early.” were set off a day early.”

– (c) “Though only sixteen, UCLA accepted (c) “Though only sixteen, UCLA accepted Martha’s application.”Martha’s application.”

e.e. cummingse.e. cummings

Me up at does Me up at does

out of the floorout of the floorquietly Stare quietly Stare

a poisoned mouse a poisoned mouse

still who alive still who alive

is asking Whatis asking Whathave i done that have i done that

You wouldn't have You wouldn't have

William Carlos William Carlos WilliamsWilliams so much dependsso much depends

upon upon

a red wheela red wheelbarrow barrow

glazed with rainglazed with rainwater water

beside the whitebeside the whitechickens. chickens.

Author’s ThesisAuthor’s Thesis

The stated or implied topic in a The stated or implied topic in a piece of literature and the feeling piece of literature and the feeling or ideas associated with itor ideas associated with it

Author’s Thesis – Author’s Thesis – What?What? A thesis can be expressed as a A thesis can be expressed as a

statementstatement A thesis should be A thesis should be

understandableunderstandable A thesis should be A thesis should be coherentcoherent A thesis should be A thesis should be arguablearguable A thesis can deal with facts, A thesis can deal with facts,

interpretations, or valuesinterpretations, or values

Author’s Thesis - Author’s Thesis - TypesTypes A A descriptivedescriptive thesis makes a claim about how things thesis makes a claim about how things

are.are. – makes an “is” statement makes an “is” statement – appeals to evidence that anyone (given enough training) appeals to evidence that anyone (given enough training)

can observe and confirm can observe and confirm – appeals to logic that anyone (again, given enough appeals to logic that anyone (again, given enough

training) can test and confirm training) can test and confirm – deals in measurement, analysis, interpretation, deals in measurement, analysis, interpretation,

explanation explanation

AA prescriptive prescriptive thesis makes a claim about how thesis makes a claim about how thingsthings should be. should be. – makes a “should” statement makes a “should” statement – appeals to shared values or morals—assessments of appeals to shared values or morals—assessments of

what is “good” and “bad” or “right” and “wrong.” what is “good” and “bad” or “right” and “wrong.”

Author’s Thesis – Author’s Thesis – Examples/AssignmentExamples/Assignment Racism in this country has historical roots in “taking land Racism in this country has historical roots in “taking land

from and destroying indigenous peoples and enslaving from and destroying indigenous peoples and enslaving Africans to work that land” (Loewen, 143). Africans to work that land” (Loewen, 143).

Global warming must be stopped! Global warming must be stopped! Music teachers should teach the African American roots of Music teachers should teach the African American roots of

American popular music. American popular music. Global warming is caused by human activity, not natural Global warming is caused by human activity, not natural

changes in the climate. changes in the climate. Everyone deserves equal economic opportunity. Everyone deserves equal economic opportunity. American popular music is rooted in the folk tradition of American popular music is rooted in the folk tradition of

African Americans. African Americans. The United States does not offer equal economic opportunity The United States does not offer equal economic opportunity

to all of its citizens. to all of its citizens. We all need to work hard to overcome the legacy of slavery We all need to work hard to overcome the legacy of slavery

and racism. and racism. Determine whether these are descriptive or Determine whether these are descriptive or

prescriptive.prescriptive.

Rising ActionRising Action

The part of the story where the The part of the story where the plot becomes increasingly plot becomes increasingly complicatedcomplicated

Rising Action ExamplesRising Action Examples

dangerdanger gunsguns bombsbombs stormsstorms kidnapkidnap betrayalbetrayal chase sequenceschase sequences fractured relationshipsfractured relationships uncertaintyuncertainty

Rising Action – Rising Action – 1984 1984

Winston works in the Ministry of Truth. He Winston works in the Ministry of Truth. He alters historical records to fit the needs of the alters historical records to fit the needs of the Party. He is troubled by the Party’s control of Party. He is troubled by the Party’s control of history: the Party claims that Oceania has history: the Party claims that Oceania has always been allied with Eastasia in a war always been allied with Eastasia in a war against Eurasia, but Winston seems to recall against Eurasia, but Winston seems to recall a time when this was not true. The Party also a time when this was not true. The Party also claims that Emmanuel Goldstein, the alleged claims that Emmanuel Goldstein, the alleged leader of the Brotherhood, is the most leader of the Brotherhood, is the most dangerous man alive, but this does not seem dangerous man alive, but this does not seem plausible to Winston, as his hatred for the plausible to Winston, as his hatred for the Party grows more and more intense. At last, Party grows more and more intense. At last, he receives the message that he has been he receives the message that he has been waiting for: O’Brien wants to see him. waiting for: O’Brien wants to see him.

Plot DiagramPlot Diagram

climaxclimax

risingrising falling falling

actionaction actionaction

expositionexposition resolutionresolution

Story MapStory Map

NonfictionNonfiction

Prose writing that is not fictional; Prose writing that is not fictional; designed primarily to explain, designed primarily to explain, argue, or describe rather than argue, or describe rather than entertainentertain

Nonfiction ExamplesNonfiction Examples

magazine articlesmagazine articles textbook chapters or sectionstextbook chapters or sections newspaper articlesnewspaper articles Internet printoutsInternet printouts encyclopedia entriesencyclopedia entries essaysessays

Nonfiction BooksNonfiction Books

THE VIRTUE OF SELFISHNESSTHE VIRTUE OF SELFISHNESS by AYN RAND by AYN RAND DIANETICS:THE MODERN SCIENCE OF MENTAL DIANETICS:THE MODERN SCIENCE OF MENTAL

HEALTHHEALTH by L. RON HUBBARD by L. RON HUBBARD OBJECTIVISM: THE PHILOSOPHY OF AYN RANDOBJECTIVISM: THE PHILOSOPHY OF AYN RAND by by

LEONARD PEIKOFF LEONARD PEIKOFF 101 THINGS TO DO TIL THE REVOLUTION101 THINGS TO DO TIL THE REVOLUTION by by

CLAIRE WOLFE CLAIRE WOLFE THE GOD OF THE MACHINETHE GOD OF THE MACHINE by ISABEL PATERSON by ISABEL PATERSON AYN RAND: A SENSE OF LIFEAYN RAND: A SENSE OF LIFE by MICHAEL PAXTON by MICHAEL PAXTON THE ULTIMATE RESOURCETHE ULTIMATE RESOURCE by JULIAN SIMON by JULIAN SIMON ECONOMICS IN ONE LESSONECONOMICS IN ONE LESSON by HENRY HAZLITT by HENRY HAZLITT SEND IN THE WACO KILLERSSEND IN THE WACO KILLERS by VIN SUPRYNOWICZ by VIN SUPRYNOWICZ MORE GUNS, LESS CRIMEMORE GUNS, LESS CRIME by JOHN R. LOTT by JOHN R. LOTT

ForeshadowingForeshadowing

A device used in literature to A device used in literature to create expectation or set up an create expectation or set up an explanation of later development explanation of later development by dropping hints or suggestionsby dropping hints or suggestions

Foreshadowing - Foreshadowing - CheckhovCheckhov Uncle VanyaUncle Vanya, in which a pistol is , in which a pistol is

introduced early on as a introduced early on as a seemingly irrelevant prop and, seemingly irrelevant prop and, towards the end of the play, towards the end of the play, becomes much more important becomes much more important as Uncle Vanya, in a rage, grabs it as Uncle Vanya, in a rage, grabs it and tries to commit homicide.and tries to commit homicide.

Foreshadowing – Foreshadowing – Checkhov’s gunCheckhov’s gun One Thousand and One NightsOne Thousand and One Nights

((Arabian NightsArabian Nights), which contains ), which contains "repeated references to some "repeated references to some character or object which appears character or object which appears insignificant when first mentioned insignificant when first mentioned but which reappears later to but which reappears later to intrude suddenly in the intrude suddenly in the narrative". narrative".

Foreshadowing – Red Foreshadowing – Red herringherring The Sixth Sense – The Sixth Sense – scenes depicting the scenes depicting the

estrangement and lack of estrangement and lack of communication which occurs in the communication which occurs in the psychologist's marriage, and his psychologist's marriage, and his alienation from the world because of alienation from the world because of his problems, are later seen as clues of his problems, are later seen as clues of much darker significance (some much darker significance (some viewers were led to see the film twice, viewers were led to see the film twice, in disbelief at how effectively they in disbelief at how effectively they were misled by character interactions were misled by character interactions which could be interpreted in two which could be interpreted in two completely different ways). completely different ways).

Foreshadowing Foreshadowing ExamplesExamples Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet – both main characters – both main characters

state early on that they would rather die state early on that they would rather die than live apart. than live apart.

characters predicting the future – ranges characters predicting the future – ranges from a woman predicting that her son from a woman predicting that her son will come to a bad end if he continues will come to a bad end if he continues on his way to a character with the on his way to a character with the explicit ability to foresee the future explicit ability to foresee the future prophesying an event to a self-fulfilling prophesying an event to a self-fulfilling prophecy prophecy

Reading CriticallyReading Critically

Reading in which a questioning Reading in which a questioning attitude, logical analysis and attitude, logical analysis and inferences are used to judge the inferences are used to judge the worth of text, evaluating worth of text, evaluating relevancy and adequacy of what relevancy and adequacy of what is read; the judgment of validity is read; the judgment of validity or worth of what is read, based in or worth of what is read, based in sound criteriasound criteria

Reading Critically Reading Critically ExampleExample What evidence does the What evidence does the

author provide to support his author provide to support his or her argument?or her argument?

Is there evidence provided Is there evidence provided supporting this?supporting this?

Would you accept this as fact? Would you accept this as fact? Why?Why?

Is this the author's opinion or Is this the author's opinion or fact? fact?

Teams are not magic. They must Teams are not magic. They must have tasks that are achievable have tasks that are achievable within a specified time frame. within a specified time frame. The team charged with The team charged with 'management' has an impossible 'management' has an impossible brief and will surely fail unless brief and will surely fail unless effort is spent spelling out what effort is spent spelling out what the management task involves the management task involves and what constitutes success.and what constitutes success.

Neither are teams a cheap Neither are teams a cheap option. They inevitably consume option. They inevitably consume resources and time. Teams resources and time. Teams rarely resolve conflict. More rarely resolve conflict. More often, they pressure-cook it.often, they pressure-cook it.

If an individual has the skills to If an individual has the skills to do the job with the requisite do the job with the requisite creativity, then the individual, creativity, then the individual, not the team, should do the job. not the team, should do the job.

Reading Critically Reading Critically ExampleExample A critical reader of this A critical reader of this

article would ask why article would ask why the author has suddenly the author has suddenly switched to informal switched to informal language where one language where one might have expected might have expected formal language to formal language to continue.continue.

Is he/she attempting to Is he/she attempting to first blind the reader first blind the reader with science and then with science and then build a personal build a personal relationship with the relationship with the reader?reader?

Why? Why?

The metabolism of tyrosine is The metabolism of tyrosine is dependent on a form of folic acid dependent on a form of folic acid (biopterin) and NADH (a type of (biopterin) and NADH (a type of Vitamin B3) as well as copper and Vitamin B3) as well as copper and vitamin C. Once tyrosine reaches vitamin C. Once tyrosine reaches the neurons, it is quickly converted the neurons, it is quickly converted to norepinephrine. This last, but to norepinephrine. This last, but crucial step, however, needs the crucial step, however, needs the presence of an enzyme (tyrosine presence of an enzyme (tyrosine hydroxylase) at the presynaptic hydroxylase) at the presynaptic nerve ending. This enzyme has to nerve ending. This enzyme has to travel all the way down the axon to travel all the way down the axon to get there. So its availability, and get there. So its availability, and therefore the output of therefore the output of norepinephrine to life the norepinephrine to life the depression, depends on the amount depression, depends on the amount of electrical activity along the nerve of electrical activity along the nerve itself. This electrical activity is itself. This electrical activity is stimulated by any form of touch - stimulated by any form of touch - chiropractic, osteopathy, massage, chiropractic, osteopathy, massage, acupuncture, cuddling, stroking acupuncture, cuddling, stroking and, of course, sex. In case you and, of course, sex. In case you think this is one of the best excuses think this is one of the best excuses for sex you've ever read - you're for sex you've ever read - you're darn right! darn right!

Reading Critically Reading Critically ExampleExample The author appears to The author appears to

be linking common be linking common feelings of sadness and feelings of sadness and melancholy with melancholy with depressive illnesses depressive illnesses such as bipolar disorder such as bipolar disorder and SADS.and SADS.

Is this factually correct?Is this factually correct? By linking these things By linking these things

does the author mean to does the author mean to invoke fear in the invoke fear in the reader? reader?

Gloom and doom; sadness and Gloom and doom; sadness and madness; melancholy; doldrums; madness; melancholy; doldrums; languor; sorrowfulness - depression languor; sorrowfulness - depression has many names. Often described has many names. Often described as the common cold of psychiatry, as the common cold of psychiatry, depression is a very common depression is a very common problem and, indeed, it is a rare problem and, indeed, it is a rare human being that does not feel human being that does not feel depressed at some time. There are depressed at some time. There are many different types of depression, many different types of depression, with widely differing symptoms. with widely differing symptoms. Depression can be unipolar Depression can be unipolar (medical language for 'simple') or (medical language for 'simple') or bipolar. The latter is also known as bipolar. The latter is also known as manic depression and one variant manic depression and one variant of it is manic depressive psychosis. of it is manic depressive psychosis. Then there is SADS, or Seasonal Then there is SADS, or Seasonal Affective Disorders Syndrome. Affective Disorders Syndrome. There is also PPD (post-partum There is also PPD (post-partum depression) and endogenous (from depression) and endogenous (from within) and reactive depression. within) and reactive depression. This last means you are depressed This last means you are depressed because that is how you react to because that is how you react to something that has happened to something that has happened to you. you.

Reading Critically Reading Critically ExampleExample The idea in this first The idea in this first

sentence in a Nursing sentence in a Nursing article is most probably article is most probably informed by research in informed by research in Sociology or Sociology or Anthropology.Anthropology. Where is the Where is the reference?reference?

Are these the author's Are these the author's ideas presented as fact? ideas presented as fact? The writer here is The writer here is writing as if his or her writing as if his or her interpretation were interpretation were absolutely the truth, absolutely the truth, instead of just an instead of just an interpretation. interpretation.

The value systems of individuals The value systems of individuals and of societies can be said to and of societies can be said to have dominant temporal focuses. have dominant temporal focuses. Societies in which hospital Societies in which hospital sickness and other disasters are sickness and other disasters are seen as visited upon the individual seen as visited upon the individual by angry gods, spirits, or ancestors by angry gods, spirits, or ancestors hold a dominant temporal focus on hold a dominant temporal focus on the pastthe past. Societies in which causes . Societies in which causes and consequences are disregarded and consequences are disregarded in favour of immediate in favour of immediate gratification and symptom gratification and symptom hold a hold a present temporal focuspresent temporal focus. Societies . Societies that show considerable anxiety that show considerable anxiety about the implications and about the implications and consequences of present consequences of present situations, to experience little situations, to experience little anxiety relief at the removal of a anxiety relief at the removal of a symptom, and need to plan and symptom, and need to plan and work toward future eventualities work toward future eventualities hold a future temporal focus.hold a future temporal focus.

Reading Critically - Reading Critically - ExampleExample Has the author Has the author

overgeneralized the results overgeneralized the results here?here?

The author has used the The author has used the findings from a very small findings from a very small sample size, that may not sample size, that may not represent a sufficient represent a sufficient range of patients, to range of patients, to support a major line of support a major line of argument about how argument about how patients view patients view collaboration. The authors collaboration. The authors are inferring that the are inferring that the results gained from results gained from surveying these patients surveying these patients can be generalized to all can be generalized to all patients. patients.

Each interview was tape Each interview was tape recorded and took between recorded and took between 60 and 90 minutes to 60 and 90 minutes to complete. After each complete. After each interview, the tape was interview, the tape was listened to and transcribed. listened to and transcribed. During this period, hunches During this period, hunches or working hypotheses were or working hypotheses were identified which were identified which were explored in subsequent explored in subsequent interviews. The major theme interviews. The major theme of 'toeing the line' was of 'toeing the line' was identified that provides identified that provides insight into how patients insight into how patients view 'collaboration'. The view 'collaboration'. The remainder of this paper will remainder of this paper will focus on an exploration of focus on an exploration of this theme and its significant this theme and its significant implications for nursing. implications for nursing.

Reading Critically Reading Critically ExampleExample Is the methodology valid Is the methodology valid

here?here? Critical readers would Critical readers would

question whether the sample question whether the sample size was big enough to fulfill size was big enough to fulfill the aim of this study. They the aim of this study. They would also question whether would also question whether the sample was the sample was representative enough of the representative enough of the wider population, as the wider population, as the criterion for inclusion in the criterion for inclusion in the population sample perhaps population sample perhaps created an unrepresentative created an unrepresentative group. The personality type group. The personality type that is willing to participate in that is willing to participate in a study of this kind may a study of this kind may suggest subjects that are suggest subjects that are already highly involved in already highly involved in patient participation, thus patient participation, thus skewing the survey results. skewing the survey results.

The aim of the study was The aim of the study was to describe how patients to describe how patients perceive involvement in perceive involvement in decisions concerning their decisions concerning their own treatment and nursing own treatment and nursing care.care.SampleSampleA convenience sample of A convenience sample of 12 patients was selected 12 patients was selected from three mixed-sex from three mixed-sex medical wards. The only medical wards. The only criterion for inclusion in the criterion for inclusion in the study was a willingness to study was a willingness to participate. participate.

CharacterizationCharacterization

The methods an author uses to The methods an author uses to reveal characters and their reveal characters and their various personalitiesvarious personalities

Direct vs. IndirectDirect vs. Indirect

Ed Johnson scratched his head in confusion as the Ed Johnson scratched his head in confusion as the sales rep explained Dralco’s newest engine sales rep explained Dralco’s newest engine performance diagnostic computer. The old mechanic performance diagnostic computer. The old mechanic hated modern electronics, preferring the old days hated modern electronics, preferring the old days when all he needed was a stack of manuals and a when all he needed was a stack of manuals and a good set of tools.good set of tools.

““That Ed Johnson,” said Anderson, watching the old That Ed Johnson,” said Anderson, watching the old mechanic scratch his head in confusion as the sales mechanic scratch his head in confusion as the sales rep explained Dralco’s newest engine performance rep explained Dralco’s newest engine performance diagnostic computer. “He hasn’t got a clue about diagnostic computer. “He hasn’t got a clue about modern electronics. Give him a good set of tools and a modern electronics. Give him a good set of tools and a stack of yellowing manuals with a carburetor needing stack of yellowing manuals with a carburetor needing repair, and he’d be happy as a hungry frog in a fly-repair, and he’d be happy as a hungry frog in a fly-field.”field.”

Ten Ways in which a Ten Ways in which a Character Can Be Character Can Be RevealedRevealed By what s/he says.By what s/he says. By how s/he says it.By how s/he says it. By psychological description.By psychological description. By physical description.By physical description. By probing what s/he thinks.By probing what s/he thinks. By what s/he does.By what s/he does. By what others say about him or her.By what others say about him or her. By his or her environment.By his or her environment. By her reaction to others.By her reaction to others. By his reaction to himself.By his reaction to himself.


Trevor pulled into the curb still going too Trevor pulled into the curb still going too fast, and stopped with a noisy squeal of fast, and stopped with a noisy squeal of brakes. He stepped out of his sports brakes. He stepped out of his sports coupe, and walked over to Trudi. He was coupe, and walked over to Trudi. He was short and wiry, and looked like a weasel. short and wiry, and looked like a weasel. His hair was smeared with a nasty- His hair was smeared with a nasty-looking gel that reflected the sun looking gel that reflected the sun unpleasantly as he moved. As he came unpleasantly as he moved. As he came nearer, he smiled furtively, and nearer, he smiled furtively, and menacingly slid his hand into his jacket menacingly slid his hand into his jacket pocket. He was a nasty customer.pocket. He was a nasty customer.


A black Porsche rounded the corner off the main road, and A black Porsche rounded the corner off the main road, and darted into the alleyway with a shriek of tires. It rocked to a halt darted into the alleyway with a shriek of tires. It rocked to a halt at the curb, and the door opened. However, the driver stayed at the curb, and the door opened. However, the driver stayed inside for at least a minute; Trudi noticed that he was combing inside for at least a minute; Trudi noticed that he was combing and smoothing his hair. Finally, he stepped out of the car, wiped and smoothing his hair. Finally, he stepped out of the car, wiped his hands on a tissue which he tossed back into the car, gently his hands on a tissue which he tossed back into the car, gently closed and locked the door, and turned towards Trudi, his face closed and locked the door, and turned towards Trudi, his face expressionless. Keys hanging from his hand, he approached her. expressionless. Keys hanging from his hand, he approached her. Only then, did his mouth crinkle into a one-sided smile, which his Only then, did his mouth crinkle into a one-sided smile, which his eyes did not share. He slipped his hand with the keys into his eyes did not share. He slipped his hand with the keys into his jacket pocket, and left it there; she wondered if he had jacket pocket, and left it there; she wondered if he had something he wanted to hand her.something he wanted to hand her.

Characterization – Characterization – Speech Speech Many of the words spoken by the Many of the words spoken by the

cat at the beginning of the story cat at the beginning of the story have an upbeat connotative have an upbeat connotative meaning. For instance, the cat meaning. For instance, the cat says to the children, “But we can says to the children, “But we can have / Lots of fun that is funny!” have / Lots of fun that is funny!”

Speech – Explanation Speech – Explanation

This reveals that the cat’s This reveals that the cat’s character is an upbeat character character is an upbeat character

Characterization – Characterization – Thoughts Thoughts So all we could do was to So all we could do was to

Sit! Sit!

Sit! Sit!

Sit!Sit!

Sit!Sit!

And we did not like it. And we did not like it.

Not one little bit Not one little bit

Thoughts – Explanation Thoughts – Explanation

These are the thoughts of the These are the thoughts of the narrator as he stares out the narrator as he stares out the window on a rainy day. These window on a rainy day. These thoughts reveal that this thoughts reveal that this character is not happy character is not happy

Characterization – Characterization – Effects on OthersEffects on Others Throughout the first three quarters of the Throughout the first three quarters of the

story, three different illustrations portray the story, three different illustrations portray the

fish scowling at the cat (11, 25, and 37) fish scowling at the cat (11, 25, and 37)

immediately after each of the cat’s activities.immediately after each of the cat’s activities.

When the cat returns to clean up his mess at When the cat returns to clean up his mess at

the end of the story the fish is shown with a the end of the story the fish is shown with a

smile on his face smile on his face

Effects on Others – Effects on Others – Explanation Explanation The scowls on the fish’s face support theThe scowls on the fish’s face support the

argument that the cat’s behavior at the argument that the cat’s behavior at the

beginning of the story is not acceptable tobeginning of the story is not acceptable to

the fish. The fish’s smile at the end of thethe fish. The fish’s smile at the end of the

story reveals that the cat is engaging in story reveals that the cat is engaging in

behavior that is now acceptable to the fish.behavior that is now acceptable to the fish.

Characterization – Characterization – ActionsActions On page 18, the cat engages in “UP-On page 18, the cat engages in “UP-

UP-UPUP-UP

with a fish” an activity that involves the with a fish” an activity that involves the cat cat

standing on a ball while balancing sevenstanding on a ball while balancing seven

objects. Later in the story, the cat objects. Later in the story, the cat releases releases

two “things” that fly kites inside the two “things” that fly kites inside the house.house.

Actions – Explanation Actions – Explanation

These activities are outrageous, These activities are outrageous,

dangerous and should not be dangerous and should not be conducted conducted

in the house. They reveal that the cat’s in the house. They reveal that the cat’s

character is not concerned about rules character is not concerned about rules

related to safety and appropriateness.related to safety and appropriateness.

Characterization – Characterization – Looks Looks Throughout the first three-quarters of the Throughout the first three-quarters of the

story, the cat is shown with a smile on his story, the cat is shown with a smile on his

face. Towards the end of the story, however, face. Towards the end of the story, however,

when the cat is told to leave, he is shown when the cat is told to leave, he is shown

leaving the house with slumped shoulders and leaving the house with slumped shoulders and

a sad facea sad face

Looks – Explanation Looks – Explanation

The smiles reveal that the cat is The smiles reveal that the cat is

enjoying himself and is not apologetic enjoying himself and is not apologetic

for his outrageous behavior. The frownfor his outrageous behavior. The frown

and slumped shoulders at the end of and slumped shoulders at the end of the the

story show that he is not enjoying story show that he is not enjoying

himself anymore.himself anymore.

Third PersonThird Person

A perspective in literature in A perspective in literature in which the narrator presents the which the narrator presents the events of the storyevents of the story

Third person – Third person – Pride Pride and Prejudiceand Prejudice Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick

parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. understand his character. HerHer mind was less mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied herself nervous. The discontented, she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news.married; its solace was visiting and news.

Third person Third person – Catch – Catch 2222The Texan shrank back. "You fellas are crazy. I didn't even The Texan shrank back. "You fellas are crazy. I didn't even touch him." touch him." "You murdered him," said Dunbar. "You murdered him," said Dunbar. "I heard you kill him," said Yossarian. "I heard you kill him," said Yossarian. "You killed him because he was a nigger" Dunbar said. "You killed him because he was a nigger" Dunbar said. "You fellas are crazy," the Texan cried. "They don't allow niggers "You fellas are crazy," the Texan cried. "They don't allow niggers in here. They got a special place for niggers." in here. They got a special place for niggers." "The sergeant smuggled him in," Dunbar said. "The sergeant smuggled him in," Dunbar said. "The Communist sergeant," said Yossarian. "The Communist sergeant," said Yossarian. "And you knew it." "And you knew it." The warrant officer on Yossarian's left was unimpressed by the The warrant officer on Yossarian's left was unimpressed by the

entire entire incident of the soldier in white. The warrant officer was incident of the soldier in white. The warrant officer was

unimpressed by unimpressed by everything and never spoke at all unless it was to show irritation.everything and never spoke at all unless it was to show irritation.

Third person – Third person – Anna Anna KarenninaKarennina Happy families are all alike; every unhappy Happy families are all alike; every unhappy

family is unhappy in its own way. Everything family is unhappy in its own way. Everything was in confusion in the Oblonskys' house. The was in confusion in the Oblonskys' house. The wife had discovered that the husband was wife had discovered that the husband was carrying on an intrigue with a French girl, who carrying on an intrigue with a French girl, who had been a governess in their family, and she had been a governess in their family, and she had announced to her husband that she could had announced to her husband that she could not go on living in the same house with him. not go on living in the same house with him. This position of affairs had now lasted three This position of affairs had now lasted three days, and not only the husband and wife days, and not only the husband and wife themselves, but all the members of their themselves, but all the members of their family and household, were painfully conscious family and household, were painfully conscious of it.of it.

Third person – Third person – The The Lord of the RingsLord of the RingsInside Bag End, Bilbo and Gandalf were sitting at the open Inside Bag End, Bilbo and Gandalf were sitting at the open window of a small room looking out west on to the garden. window of a small room looking out west on to the garden.

The The late afternoon was bright and peaceful. The flowers glowed late afternoon was bright and peaceful. The flowers glowed

red red and golden: snap-dragons and sun-flowers, and nasturtiums and golden: snap-dragons and sun-flowers, and nasturtiums trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.windows.‘‘How bright your garden looks!’ said Gandalf.How bright your garden looks!’ said Gandalf.‘‘Yes,’ said Bilbo. ‘I am very fond indeed of it, and of all the Yes,’ said Bilbo. ‘I am very fond indeed of it, and of all the

dear dear old Shire; but I think I need a holiday.’old Shire; but I think I need a holiday.’

SemanticsSemantics

The study of the meaning of The study of the meaning of languagelanguage

GentleGentle – Etymology – Etymology

In the 14th century In the 14th century gentilgentil had the meaning of had the meaning of “noble”, referring both to social class and to “noble”, referring both to social class and to character. Because a noble person was character. Because a noble person was supposed to be kind and considerate, the supposed to be kind and considerate, the adjective today has the sense of “tender”, adjective today has the sense of “tender”, “careful” or “delicate”. The older meaning is “careful” or “delicate”. The older meaning is preserved in preserved in gentleman, genteelgentleman, genteel and and gentilitygentility. Until recently public toilets in the . Until recently public toilets in the UK were designated UK were designated GentlemenGentlemen or or LadiesLadies - - where now we usually see a male or female where now we usually see a male or female picture representation. But these meanings picture representation. But these meanings live on in spoken English, as when someone live on in spoken English, as when someone says, perhaps in a public house, that she is says, perhaps in a public house, that she is off to the ladies’off to the ladies’ or he is or he is going to the gents’going to the gents’. .

Villain – Villain – Etymology Etymology

VillainVillain has come to mean a wicked has come to mean a wicked person, especially in drama or literature. person, especially in drama or literature. Originally, it meant a person who farmed Originally, it meant a person who farmed land under the feudal system. It is thus a land under the feudal system. It is thus a class insult when used of the noble class insult when used of the noble Romeo by Tybalt (“Romeo by Tybalt (“Thou art a villainThou art a villain”), or ”), or of the common Iago by Othello (“of the common Iago by Othello (“Villain, Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whorebe sure thou prove my love a whore”). ”). We may see how this leads to the We may see how this leads to the modern meaning.modern meaning.

Holocaust – Holocaust – Etymology Etymology

It is a compound of two elements from classical Greek It is a compound of two elements from classical Greek - - holosholos (meaning “whole”) and (meaning “whole”) and kaustoskaustos (meaning (meaning “burnt”). It was first coined in writing by the “burnt”). It was first coined in writing by the translators of the Septuagint, a Greek translation of translators of the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures made in Alexandria for King the Hebrew Scriptures made in Alexandria for King Ptolemy II in the third century BC. In its original Ptolemy II in the third century BC. In its original context, the noun appears over two hundred times to context, the noun appears over two hundred times to translate Hebrew translate Hebrew ’olâ’olâ (meaning literally “that which (meaning literally “that which goes up”, that is, a sacrificial burnt offering). In goes up”, that is, a sacrificial burnt offering). In modern times it has been used to denote the massive modern times it has been used to denote the massive destruction, especially of people, in the world wars of destruction, especially of people, in the world wars of the 20th century. Since the 1950s, it has been used the 20th century. Since the 1950s, it has been used more narrowly to denote the Nazis' murder of more narrowly to denote the Nazis' murder of European Jews between 1941 and 1945. European Jews between 1941 and 1945.

Mouse – Mouse – Etymology Etymology

An example of a recent semantic An example of a recent semantic change is of the word change is of the word mousemouse; ; with the advent of computer with the advent of computer technology, the word for the technology, the word for the rodent has been used to refer to rodent has been used to refer to the input device. the input device.

Connotation

Suggestions and associations which surround a word, as opposed to its literal meaning

Connotation – Connotation – thin thin

slenderslender scrawnyscrawny slimslim sveltesvelte leanlean skinnyskinny fit fit

lankylanky bonybony skeletalskeletal emaciatedemaciated anorexicanorexic underweightunderweight undernourished undernourished

Connotation – young Connotation – young oneone youngster youngster childchild little fellalittle fella bratbrat urchinurchin

impimp kidkid juvenilejuvenile minorminor small frysmall fry

Connotation Connotation AssignmentAssignment A.A. Gus cooked dinner for Merdine. He prepared some meat Gus cooked dinner for Merdine. He prepared some meat

and vegetables and a special dessert.and vegetables and a special dessert.(1) Describe the meal that Gus prepared, making it sound (1) Describe the meal that Gus prepared, making it sound appetizing by using words with favorable connotations.appetizing by using words with favorable connotations.(2) Describe the meal again, this time using words with (2) Describe the meal again, this time using words with negative connotations to make it sound quite unappealing.negative connotations to make it sound quite unappealing.

B.B. The person did not weigh very much. The person had The person did not weigh very much. The person had brown hair and a small nose. The person wore informal brown hair and a small nose. The person wore informal clothing.clothing.(1) Identify and describe this particularly attractive person.(1) Identify and describe this particularly attractive person.(2) Identify and describe this particularly unattractive person.(2) Identify and describe this particularly unattractive person.

C.C. Douglas was careful with his money. He kept his money in Douglas was careful with his money. He kept his money in a safe place. He bought only the necessities of life. He never a safe place. He bought only the necessities of life. He never borrowed or lent money.borrowed or lent money.(1) Choose words that show how impressed you are by (1) Choose words that show how impressed you are by Douglas's sense of thrift.Douglas's sense of thrift.(2) Choose words that make fun of Douglas or pass scorn on (2) Choose words that make fun of Douglas or pass scorn on him for being such a tightwad.him for being such a tightwad.

EditorialsEditorials

A newspaper or magazine article A newspaper or magazine article that gives the opinions of the that gives the opinions of the editors or publisherseditors or publishers

Editorial SynopsisEditorial Synopsis

Owning G.M. Owning G.M.

President Obama owes American President Obama owes American taxpayers a detailed explanation taxpayers a detailed explanation of the government’s goals for of the government’s goals for General Motors and the levers it General Motors and the levers it intends to use to achieve them.intends to use to achieve them.

Editorial SynopsisEditorial Synopsis

Who Can Tame the Scalpers? Who Can Tame the Scalpers?

Senator Charles Schumer’s bill, Senator Charles Schumer’s bill, which would require ticket which would require ticket resellers to obtain a federal resellers to obtain a federal registration number to appear on registration number to appear on all sales documents, is a good all sales documents, is a good start.start.

Editorial ExcerptEditorial Excerpt

Another Rescue? Another Rescue?

At first glance, support for the At first glance, support for the municipal bond market seems like one municipal bond market seems like one more unfortunate but unavoidable more unfortunate but unavoidable lifeline for a troubled financial system. lifeline for a troubled financial system. But we are not yet persuaded that the But we are not yet persuaded that the need is as urgent as some politicians need is as urgent as some politicians are claiming — or if such support are claiming — or if such support would be wise. would be wise.

Editorial CartoonEditorial Cartoon

FlashbackFlashback

A device used in literature to A device used in literature to present action that occurred present action that occurred before the beginning of the storybefore the beginning of the story

Flashback ExampleFlashback Example

One of the first films to use a One of the first films to use a flashback technique was the 1939 flashback technique was the 1939 Wuthering HeightsWuthering Heights, in which, as in , in which, as in Emily Brontë's original novel, the Emily Brontë's original novel, the housekeeper Ellen narrates the housekeeper Ellen narrates the main story to overnight visitor Mr. main story to overnight visitor Mr. Lockwood, who has witnessed Lockwood, who has witnessed Heathcliff's frantic pursuit of what Heathcliff's frantic pursuit of what is apparently a ghost. is apparently a ghost.


One of the most famous examples of One of the most famous examples of non-chronological flashback is in the non-chronological flashback is in the 1941 Orson Welles film 1941 Orson Welles film Citizen KaneCitizen Kane. . The protagonist, Charles Foster Kane, The protagonist, Charles Foster Kane, dies at the beginning, uttering the word dies at the beginning, uttering the word "Rosebud". A reporter spends the rest "Rosebud". A reporter spends the rest of the film interviewing Kane's friends of the film interviewing Kane's friends and associates, in an effort to discover and associates, in an effort to discover what Kane meant by uttering the word. what Kane meant by uttering the word. As the interviews proceed, pieces of As the interviews proceed, pieces of Kane's life unfold in flashback, but not Kane's life unfold in flashback, but not always chronologically. always chronologically.


Flashbacks are a trademark of the Flashbacks are a trademark of the SawSaw movies, with many scenes movies, with many scenes adding extra depth to characters adding extra depth to characters and adding insight to various and adding insight to various aspects of the series. aspects of the series. Saw IVSaw IV has has one scene set in real-time, while the one scene set in real-time, while the rest of the film is a flashback, rest of the film is a flashback, structured around a series of other structured around a series of other flashbacks.flashbacks.

Flashback ExamplesFlashback Examples

Dickens’ Dickens’ A Christmas CarolA Christmas Carol Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” Vonnegut’s Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse FiveSlaughterhouse Five Cold CaseCold Case How I Met Your MotherHow I Met Your Mother

LimerickLimerick

A light or humorous verse form of A light or humorous verse form of five lines, of which 1, 2, and 5 five lines, of which 1, 2, and 5 rhyme and 3 and 4 rhymerhyme and 3 and 4 rhyme

Limerick ExampleLimerick Example

There was a young man from There was a young man from DealingDealingWho caught the bus for Ealing.Who caught the bus for Ealing.It said on the doorIt said on the doorDon't spit on the floor Don't spit on the floor So he jumped up and spat on the So he jumped up and spat on the ceiling ceiling


There was an Old Man who There was an Old Man who supposed,supposed,That the street door was partially That the street door was partially closed;closed;But some very large rats,But some very large rats,Ate his coats and his hats,Ate his coats and his hats,While that futile old gentleman While that futile old gentleman dozed. dozed.


There was a young lady of LuccaThere was a young lady of LuccaWhose lovers completely forsook Whose lovers completely forsook her;her;She ran up a tree She ran up a tree And said "Fiddle-de-dee!"And said "Fiddle-de-dee!"Which embarrassed the people of Which embarrassed the people of Lucca.Lucca.

PoetryPoetry

Writing that aims to present ideas Writing that aims to present ideas and evoke emotional experience and evoke emotional experience in the reader through the use of in the reader through the use of meter imagery, connotative and meter imagery, connotative and concrete words, and a carefully concrete words, and a carefully constructed structure based on constructed structure based on rhythmic patternsrhythmic patterns

Elegy ExcerptElegy Excerpt

Elegy Written in a Country Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardChurchyardby Thomas Grayby Thomas Gray

The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea,lea,The ploughman homeward plods his The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to And leaves the world to darkness and to me.me.

Ode Excerpt – Terza Ode Excerpt – Terza RimaRima Ode to the West WindOde to the West Wind

by Percy Bysshe Shelleyby Percy Bysshe Shelley O wild West Wind, thou breath of O wild West Wind, thou breath of

Autumn's being,Autumn's being,Thou, from whose unseen Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadpresence the leaves deadAre driven, like ghosts from an Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeingenchanter fleeing

Poem using Poem using EnjambmentEnjambment TreesTrees

by Joyce Kilmerby Joyce Kilmer I think that I shall never see I think that I shall never see

A poem lovely as a tree. A poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest A tree whose hungry mouth is prest Against the sweet earth's flowing breast; Against the sweet earth's flowing breast;

A tree that looks at God all day, A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts her leafy arms to pray; And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may in summer wear A tree that may in summer wear A nest of robins in her hair; A nest of robins in her hair;

Upon whose bosom snow has lain; Upon whose bosom snow has lain; Who intimately lives with rain. Who intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like me, Poems are made by fools like me, But only God can make a tree. But only God can make a tree.

HaikusHaikus

Blossoms on the pearBlossoms on the pear

and a woman in the moonlightand a woman in the moonlight

reads a letter therereads a letter there Even stones in streamsEven stones in streams

of mountain water composeof mountain water compose

songs to wild cherriessongs to wild cherries

SenryusSenryus

After he’s scolded After he’s scolded

His wife too much,His wife too much,

He cooks the rice.He cooks the rice. ““Don’t worry” he says,Don’t worry” he says,

And then tells you somethingAnd then tells you something

That really gets you worriedThat really gets you worried

SourceSource

Text and/or artifacts used during Text and/or artifacts used during researchresearch

Sources – Examples Sources – Examples

Books & TextbooksBooks & Textbooks NewspapersNewspapers Academic and Trade JournalsAcademic and Trade Journals Government Reports and Legal DocumentsGovernment Reports and Legal Documents Press Releases and AdvertisingPress Releases and Advertising Flyers, Pamphlets, LeafletsFlyers, Pamphlets, Leaflets Multimedia: Radio, Television, BroadcastsMultimedia: Radio, Television, Broadcasts WebsitesWebsites Weblogs / BlogsWeblogs / Blogs Message boards, discussion lists, and chat roomsMessage boards, discussion lists, and chat rooms InterviewsInterviews Surveys & QuestionnairesSurveys & Questionnaires ObservationsObservations

HyperboleHyperbole

An exaggeration or An exaggeration or overstatementoverstatement

"My sister uses so much "My sister uses so much makeup,...makeup,... "she broke a chisel trying to get it off last night!""she broke a chisel trying to get it off last night!" "Marilyn Manson freaked out when he saw her!" "Marilyn Manson freaked out when he saw her!" "when she takes it off, my mom doesn't "when she takes it off, my mom doesn't

recognize her." recognize her." Ashley, from Knoxville, Ashley, from Knoxville, TennesseeTennessee

"when she smiles, cracks the size of the Grand "when she smiles, cracks the size of the Grand Canyon form in the surface."Canyon form in the surface."

"when she takes it off she loses 30 pounds!" "when she takes it off she loses 30 pounds!" "she could pass as a clown at the circus." "she could pass as a clown at the circus." "you could scrape off just the outer layer and put "you could scrape off just the outer layer and put

it on five other girls."it on five other girls."

Familiar HyperbolesFamiliar Hyperboles

These books These books weigh a tonweigh a ton. (These books . (These books are heavy.) are heavy.)

I could sleep I could sleep for a yearfor a year. (I could sleep . (I could sleep for a long time.) for a long time.)

He beat him He beat him into a pulpinto a pulp. (He beat him . (He beat him up very harshly.) up very harshly.)

I'm so hungry, I'm so hungry, I could eat a horseI could eat a horse. (I'm . (I'm very hungry) very hungry)

I'm I'm doing a million thingsdoing a million things right now. right now. (I'm busy.) (I'm busy.)

Sarah Cynthia Sylvia Stout Sarah Cynthia Sylvia Stout Would Not Take The Garbage Would Not Take The Garbage Out Out by Shel Silversteinby Shel Silverstein

Sarah Cynthia Sylvia StoutSarah Cynthia Sylvia StoutWould not take the garbage out!Would not take the garbage out!She’d scour the pots and scrape the pans,She’d scour the pots and scrape the pans,Candy the yams and spice the hams,Candy the yams and spice the hams,And though her daddy would scream and And though her daddy would scream and

shout,shout,She simply would not take the garbage out.She simply would not take the garbage out.And so it piled up to the ceilings:And so it piled up to the ceilings:Coffee grounds, potato peelings,Coffee grounds, potato peelings,Brown bananas, rotten peas,Brown bananas, rotten peas,Chunks of sour cottage cheese.Chunks of sour cottage cheese.It filled the can, it covered the floor,It filled the can, it covered the floor,It cracked the window, it blocked the doorIt cracked the window, it blocked the doorWith bacon rinds and chicken bones, With bacon rinds and chicken bones, Drippy ends of ice cream cones,Drippy ends of ice cream cones,Prune pits, peach pits, orange peel,Prune pits, peach pits, orange peel,Gloppy glumps of cold oatmeal,Gloppy glumps of cold oatmeal,Pizza crests and withered greens,Pizza crests and withered greens,Soggy beans and tangerines,Soggy beans and tangerines,Crusts of black burned buttered toast,Crusts of black burned buttered toast,Gristly bits of beefy roasts. . .Gristly bits of beefy roasts. . .The garbage rolled down the hall, The garbage rolled down the hall, It raised the roof, it broke the wall. . . It raised the roof, it broke the wall. . . Greasy napkins, cookie crumbs,Greasy napkins, cookie crumbs,

Globs of gooey bubble gum,Globs of gooey bubble gum,Cellophane from green baloney,Cellophane from green baloney,Rubbery blubbery macaroni,Rubbery blubbery macaroni,Peanut butter, caked and dry,Peanut butter, caked and dry,Curdled milk and crusts of pie, Curdled milk and crusts of pie, Moldy melons, dried up mustard,Moldy melons, dried up mustard,Eggshells mixed with lemon custard,Eggshells mixed with lemon custard,Cold french fries and rancid meat,Cold french fries and rancid meat,Yellow lumps of Cream of Wheat.Yellow lumps of Cream of Wheat.At last the garbage reached so highAt last the garbage reached so highThat finally it touched the sky.That finally it touched the sky.And all the neighbors moved away, And all the neighbors moved away, And none of her friends would come out to And none of her friends would come out to

play.play.And finally Sarah Cynthia Stout said,And finally Sarah Cynthia Stout said,““OK, I’ll take the garbage out!”OK, I’ll take the garbage out!”But then, of course, it was too late. . .But then, of course, it was too late. . .The garbage reached across the state,The garbage reached across the state,From New York to the Golden Gate.From New York to the Golden Gate.And there, in the garbage she did hate,And there, in the garbage she did hate,Poor Sarah met an awful fate,Poor Sarah met an awful fate,That I cannot right now relateThat I cannot right now relateBecause the hour is much too late.Because the hour is much too late.But children, remember Sarah StoutBut children, remember Sarah StoutAnd always take the garbage out!And always take the garbage out!

Hyperbole AssignmentHyperbole Assignment

My teacher is so old…My teacher is so old… Our new house is so big…Our new house is so big… That movie was so boring…That movie was so boring… Her hair was so long…Her hair was so long… His muscles were so big…His muscles were so big…

CompareCompare

Placing together characters, Placing together characters, situations, or ideas to show situations, or ideas to show common or differing features in common or differing features in literary selectionsliterary selections

COMPARE/CONTRASTCOMPARE/CONTRAST

Golden Eagles are more apt to Golden Eagles are more apt to hunt for prey, hunt for prey, whilewhile Bald Eagles Bald Eagles are more likely to take an easy are more likely to take an easy meal.meal.

Compare – Paragraph Compare – Paragraph

My hometown and my college town have several My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural things in common. First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle cattle . . . .. . . .

Compare/Contrast Compare/Contrast ChartChart

Compare/Contrast – Compare/Contrast – Venn DiagramVenn Diagram

ConflictConflict

A struggle or clash between A struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces, or opposing characters, forces, or emotionsemotions

Man vs. Himself Man vs. Himself ExamplesExamples

Madame Loisel vs. her worry of Madame Loisel vs. her worry of

losing the necklacelosing the necklace

Rainsford vs. his fear of being Rainsford vs. his fear of being

killedkilled

Fortunato vs. his drunkenessFortunato vs. his drunkeness

Man vs. Man Man vs. Man ExamplesExamples

Rainsford vs. General ZaroffRainsford vs. General Zaroff

Fortunato vs. MontressorFortunato vs. Montressor

Achilles vs. HectorAchilles vs. Hector

Man vs. Nature Man vs. Nature ExamplesExamples

Lizzy vs. the MarigoldsLizzy vs. the Marigolds

Crew of the Satori vs. the StormCrew of the Satori vs. the Storm

The Perfect StormThe Perfect Storm

Jack London's short story "To Build a Fire". Jack London's short story "To Build a Fire".

A Separate PeaceA Separate Peace is a good example with Leper not is a good example with Leper not

wanting to jump out of the tree. wanting to jump out of the tree.

Man vs. Fate ExamplesMan vs. Fate Examples

Oedipus RexOedipus Rex Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet BeowulfBeowulf

Man vs. Society Man vs. Society ExamplesExamples Wuthering HeightsWuthering Heights by Emily Brontë by Emily Brontë The OutsidersThe Outsiders by S.E. Hinton by S.E. Hinton Holden Caulfield's struggle in Holden Caulfield's struggle in The The

Catcher in the RyeCatcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. by J.D. Salinger. Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austenby Jane Austen Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelleyby Mary Shelley

Man vs. Supernatural Man vs. Supernatural ExamplesExamples Bram Stoker's Bram Stoker's DraculaDracula FrankensteinFrankenstein by Mary Shelley by Mary Shelley "Christabel" by Samuel Coleridge"Christabel" by Samuel Coleridge Comic booksComic books GhostbustersGhostbusters

Author’s PurposeAuthor’s Purpose

An author’s intent, either to An author’s intent, either to inform or teach someone about inform or teach someone about something, to entertain people, or something, to entertain people, or to persuade or convince the to persuade or convince the audience to do or not to do audience to do or not to do somethingsomething

Once upon a time there was a little boy who loved to play soccer. He would run as fast as he could to the ball, but every time he got there and tried to kick it he would miss. He started to think he wasn't very good at soccer, but he didn't give up. His hard work paid off and one day he scored the winning goal for his team.

To EntertainTo Entertain

..

Art class should be longer than all other specials. There never seems to be enough time to get our pictures done. If we had more time in art class everyone would do a better job on their pictures and we would learn more. Art is very important and we should have the time we need to finish a project.

To PersuadeTo Persuade

..

Making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich is really easy. First, gather your ingredients (bread, peanut butter, jelly) and two knives. Spread the peanut butter on one slice of bread and your jelly on the other. Put the bread together and enjoy!

To Inform/ExplainTo Inform/Explain

..

The ocean water glitters for as far as the eye can see. The soft crash of waves and smell of salt water have a calming affect. Paradise Beach is a quiet place where you can watch wildlife and relax.

To Inform/DescribeTo Inform/Describe

..

X We have a new playground at our school. We had to raise a lot of money to build our new playground. We sold candy bars, coupon books, and wrapping paper. The class who raised the most money was the first to play on the playground.

ENTERTAIN

EXPLAIN

PERSUADE

DESCRIBE

X One day a beautiful princess was walking down the street hoping to find her prince. She looked high and low and finally gave up. On her way home she found a lonely little frog. She picked him up and began to talk to him telling him all her problems. When she was done she said good-bye to the frog and gave him a kiss on top of his head. Before her very eyes appeared the man of her dreams and they lived happily ever after.

ENTERTAIN

EXPLAINPERSUADE

DESCRIBE

X The old house smelled musty and decayed as I went inside. It obviously hadn’t been cared for in quite a while. The wallpaper was faded and peeling. Even though it was a beautiful sunny day outside, it was hard to see inside the house because of all the dirt that covered the windows.

ENTERTAIN

INFORM

PERSUADE

DESCRIBE

X Every child should play a sport. When you are on a team you learn to get along with everyone and work together for a common goal. Team work is the best lesson anyone can learn. This is why I believe every child should be on a team.

ENTERTAIN

EXPLAIN

PERSUADE

DESCRIBE

PracticePractice

http://edujourney.net/Powerpoint%20Templates/Author's%20Purpose/Authors%20Purpose.ppt

Descriptive TextDescriptive Text

Allows a reader to picture the Allows a reader to picture the scene or setting in which the scene or setting in which the story takes placestory takes place

DescriptionDescription

Think about how you would…Think about how you would… Create a verbal picture of a friendCreate a verbal picture of a friend Create a verbal picture of Arrowhead Create a verbal picture of Arrowhead

Stadium during a Chief’s gameStadium during a Chief’s game Summarize the main theme of a movie Summarize the main theme of a movie

and how that theme was maintainedand how that theme was maintained Which do you like best? Football or Which do you like best? Football or

Basketball? Why?Basketball? Why?

DescriptionDescription

QuestionsQuestionsWhat is the main idea?What is the main idea?What are the supporting details?What are the supporting details?Who or What is this about?Who or What is this about?What is the least important What is the least important

information about the who or what?information about the who or what?What is the dominant impression?What is the dominant impression?What are the sensory impressions?What are the sensory impressions?

Descriptive TextDescriptive Text

Golden Eagles are powerful raptors Golden Eagles are powerful raptors with large dark brown bodies and with large dark brown bodies and small heads with golden crowns. small heads with golden crowns. Their wings are strong and can span Their wings are strong and can span 78 inches. They have a short, dark, 78 inches. They have a short, dark, hooked beak and when they pierce hooked beak and when they pierce their prey with their long, slender their prey with their long, slender talons, they not only break the skin, talons, they not only break the skin, they break the bones as well. they break the bones as well.

Descriptive Text – Descriptive Text – The Blond GuitarThe Blond Guitar My most valuable possession is an old, slightly My most valuable possession is an old, slightly

warped blond guitar--the first instrument I taught warped blond guitar--the first instrument I taught myself how to play. It's nothing fancy, just a Madeira myself how to play. It's nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound printed. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are stretched down a long, tuning key. The strings are stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by slim neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and picking notes. years of fingers pressing chords and picking notes. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly damaged in yellow pear, one that was slightly damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago. No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but off years ago. No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that I will always it still lets me make music, and for that I will always treasure it.treasure it.

Descriptive Text – Descriptive Text – A Friendly ClownA Friendly Clown On one corner of my dresser sits a smiling toy clown on a On one corner of my dresser sits a smiling toy clown on a

tiny unicycle--a gift I received last Christmas from a close tiny unicycle--a gift I received last Christmas from a close friend. The clown's short yellow hair, made of yarn, covers friend. The clown's short yellow hair, made of yarn, covers its ears but is parted above the eyes. The blue eyes are its ears but is parted above the eyes. The blue eyes are outlined in black with thin, dark lashes flowing from the outlined in black with thin, dark lashes flowing from the brows. It has cherry-red cheeks, nose, and lips, and its brows. It has cherry-red cheeks, nose, and lips, and its broad grin disappears into the wide, white ruffle around its broad grin disappears into the wide, white ruffle around its neck. The clown wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. neck. The clown wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. The left side of the outfit is light blue, and the right side is The left side of the outfit is light blue, and the right side is red. The two colors merge in a dark line that runs down the red. The two colors merge in a dark line that runs down the center of the small outfit. Surrounding its ankles and center of the small outfit. Surrounding its ankles and disguising its long black shoes are big pink bows. The white disguising its long black shoes are big pink bows. The white spokes on the wheels of the unicycle gather in the center spokes on the wheels of the unicycle gather in the center and expand to the black tire so that the wheel somewhat and expand to the black tire so that the wheel somewhat resembles the inner half of a grapefruit. The clown and resembles the inner half of a grapefruit. The clown and unicycle together stand about a foot high. As a cherished unicycle together stand about a foot high. As a cherished gift from my good friend Tran, this colorful figure greets me gift from my good friend Tran, this colorful figure greets me with a smile every time I enter my room.with a smile every time I enter my room.

Fairy TaleFairy Tale

Short narratives featuring Short narratives featuring mythical beings such as fairies, mythical beings such as fairies, elves, and sprites; originally elves, and sprites; originally belonged to the folklore of a belonged to the folklore of a particular region or nationparticular region or nation

Fairy TalesFairy Tales

Snow White and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfsthe Seven Dwarfs

Sleeping BeautySleeping Beauty


RumplestiltskinRumplestiltskin The Princess and The Princess and the Peathe Pea


Hansel and Hansel and GretelGretel

CinderellaCinderella

Informational TextInformational Text

Comprise a majority of printed Comprise a majority of printed materials – nonfiction, written materials – nonfiction, written primarily to convey factual primarily to convey factual informationinformation

Informational Text Informational Text ExamplesExamples Chronological/Sequential OrderChronological/Sequential Order: A main : A main

idea is supported by details that must be in a idea is supported by details that must be in a particular sequence. particular sequence.

Enumeration/DescriptionEnumeration/Description: A major idea is : A major idea is supported by a list of details or examples. supported by a list of details or examples.

Comparison/ContrastComparison/Contrast: The supporting : The supporting details of two or more main ideas indicate how details of two or more main ideas indicate how those concepts are similar or different. those concepts are similar or different.

Cause/EffectCause/Effect: The supporting details give the : The supporting details give the causes of a main idea or the supporting causes of a main idea or the supporting details are the results produced by the main details are the results produced by the main idea. idea.

Main IdeaMain Idea

The author’s central thought; the The author’s central thought; the chief topic expressed or implied chief topic expressed or implied in a word or phrase; the topic in a word or phrase; the topic sentence of a paragraphsentence of a paragraph

Main Idea ExampleMain Idea Example

Summer is a wonderful time to spend Summer is a wonderful time to spend at West Beachat West Beach. It is a beach with . It is a beach with light-colored, soft sand. The coastline light-colored, soft sand. The coastline goes on for a long way and many goes on for a long way and many people enjoy walking along it. people enjoy walking along it. Children like to play in the surf and Children like to play in the surf and walk along the rocks that are visible walk along the rocks that are visible at low tide. This is a fun beach for at low tide. This is a fun beach for people of all ages. people of all ages.

Main Idea ExamplesMain Idea Examples

The movie Apollo 13 was a blockbuster The movie Apollo 13 was a blockbuster for the summer of 1995for the summer of 1995. It is an . It is an exciting story about space exploration. exciting story about space exploration. In the movie, the astronauts get in In the movie, the astronauts get in trouble while they are trying to return trouble while they are trying to return to Earth. People in the audience are on to Earth. People in the audience are on the edge of their seats waiting to see the edge of their seats waiting to see what happens. What makes it even what happens. What makes it even more exciting is that it is a true story. more exciting is that it is a true story.

Main Idea ExamplesMain Idea Examples

Most teenagers and young adults do not know what Most teenagers and young adults do not know what they want to do for the rest of their lives. It is a big they want to do for the rest of their lives. It is a big decision. There are a number of things you can do to decision. There are a number of things you can do to narrow the choices. For example you can take an narrow the choices. For example you can take an interest test, do some research on your own about a interest test, do some research on your own about a career, try volunteer work in the field in which you career, try volunteer work in the field in which you are interested, or "job-shadow", in which you spend a are interested, or "job-shadow", in which you spend a day with a person who is working in a field that day with a person who is working in a field that interests you. interests you. These are just a few helpful ideas as These are just a few helpful ideas as you begin to choose a career. you begin to choose a career.

Point of ViewPoint of View

The way in which an author The way in which an author reveals characters, events, and reveals characters, events, and ideas in telling a story; the ideas in telling a story; the vantage point from which a story vantage point from which a story is toldis told

First-person POVFirst-person POV

I was sure there was someone I was sure there was someone following me. I walked faster, but following me. I walked faster, but the sense of foreboding closed in the sense of foreboding closed in around me like a cold hand around me like a cold hand clenching around my spine. When clenching around my spine. When I turned to look behind me, the I turned to look behind me, the street was deserted. street was deserted.

Second-person POVSecond-person POV

You are walking down the street. You are walking down the street. You know there is someone You know there is someone behind you; you feel the cold behind you; you feel the cold hand of fear grip your spine. hand of fear grip your spine. When you turn to look behind When you turn to look behind you, the street is deserted.you, the street is deserted.

Third-person Limited Third-person Limited POVPOV She was sure there was someone She was sure there was someone

following her. She walked faster, following her. She walked faster, but the sense of foreboding but the sense of foreboding closed in around her like a cold closed in around her like a cold hand clenching around her spine. hand clenching around her spine. When she turned to look behind When she turned to look behind her, the street was deserted. her, the street was deserted.

Third-person LimitedThird-person Limited

Glaspell's A Jury of Her PeersGlaspell's A Jury of Her Peers Freeman's The Revolt of MotherFreeman's The Revolt of Mother Cather's Paul's CaseCather's Paul's Case Faulkner's Barn BurningFaulkner's Barn Burning Porter's The Grave and The Jilting Porter's The Grave and The Jilting

of Granny Weatherall of Granny Weatherall

Third-person Third-person OmniscientOmniscient From sixteen-year-old Otis Ormonde, who From sixteen-year-old Otis Ormonde, who

has two more years at Hill School, to G. has two more years at Hill School, to G. Reece Stoddard, over whose bureau at home Reece Stoddard, over whose bureau at home hangs a Harvard law diploma; from little hangs a Harvard law diploma; from little Madeleine Hogue, whose hair still feels Madeleine Hogue, whose hair still feels strange and uncomfortable on top of her strange and uncomfortable on top of her head, to Bessie MacRae, who has been the head, to Bessie MacRae, who has been the life of the party a little too long--more than life of the party a little too long--more than ten years--the medley is not only the centre ten years--the medley is not only the centre of the stage but contains the only people of the stage but contains the only people capable of getting an un-obstructed view of capable of getting an un-obstructed view of it. it.

Third-person Third-person Omniscient Omniscient Bernice Bobs Her HairBernice Bobs Her Hair Parker AddersonParker Adderson Philosopher Philosopher

Third-person ObjectiveThird-person Objective

The children assembled first, of course. School was The children assembled first, of course. School was recently over for the summer, and the feeling of recently over for the summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they tended to liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they tended to gather together quietly for a while before they broke gather together quietly for a while before they broke into boisterous play. and their talk was still of the into boisterous play. and their talk was still of the classroom and the teacher, of books and reprimands. classroom and the teacher, of books and reprimands. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby selecting the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroix-- the villagers and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroix-- the villagers pronounced this name "Dellacroy"--eventually made a pronounced this name "Dellacroy"--eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys. The guarded it against the raids of the other boys. The girls stood aside, talking among themselves, looking girls stood aside, talking among themselves, looking over their shoulders at the boys. and the very small over their shoulders at the boys. and the very small children rolled in the dust or clung to the hands of children rolled in the dust or clung to the hands of their older brothers or sisters. their older brothers or sisters.

Third-person ObjectiveThird-person Objective

Crane's The Blue HotelCrane's The Blue Hotel Jackson's The LotteryJackson's The Lottery Lardner's The Greatest Man in the Lardner's The Greatest Man in the

WorldWorld Hemingway's Hills Like White Hemingway's Hills Like White

Elephants Elephants

Reading RateReading Rate

The speed at which a person The speed at which a person reads, usually silentlyreads, usually silently

Factors that Reduce Factors that Reduce Reading Rate Reading Rate 1. Limited perceptual span (word-by-word 1. Limited perceptual span (word-by-word

reading) reading) 2. Vocalization (reading aloud) 2. Vocalization (reading aloud) 3. Faulty habits of attention and concentration 3. Faulty habits of attention and concentration

(including simple inattention during the reading (including simple inattention during the reading act and faulty processes of retention) act and faulty processes of retention)

4. Lack of practice in reading—use it or lose it! 4. Lack of practice in reading—use it or lose it! 5. Fear of losing comprehension, causing the 5. Fear of losing comprehension, causing the

person to deliberately read more slowly person to deliberately read more slowly 6. Poor evaluation of which aspects are 6. Poor evaluation of which aspects are

important and which are unimportant important and which are unimportant 7. The effort to remember everything rather 7. The effort to remember everything rather

than to remember selectively than to remember selectively

When to decrease When to decrease speed..speed.. 1. Unfamiliar terminology1. Unfamiliar terminology 2. Difficult sentence and paragraph 2. Difficult sentence and paragraph

structure. structure. 3. Unfamiliar or abstract concepts. 3. Unfamiliar or abstract concepts. 4. Detailed, technical material. 4. Detailed, technical material. 5. Material on which you want 5. Material on which you want

detailed retention. detailed retention.

When to increase When to increase speed…speed… 1. 1. Simple material with few ideas Simple material with few ideas

which are new to you. which are new to you. 2. Unnecessary examples and 2. Unnecessary examples and

illustrations. illustrations. 3. Detailed explanation and idea 3. Detailed explanation and idea

elaboration elaboration 4. Broad, generalized ideas and ideas 4. Broad, generalized ideas and ideas

which are restatements of previous which are restatements of previous ones. ones.

Words Per MinuteWords Per Minute

Early RateEarly Rate End RateEnd Rate

Grade 1Grade 1 5050 7070

Grade 2Grade 2 7070 100100

Grade 3Grade 3 100100 130130

Grade 4Grade 4 130130 140140

Grade 5Grade 5 140140 160160

Grade 6Grade 6 160160 170170

Where Are You?Where Are You?

http://www.mindbluff.com/askread.htm

SummarizeSummarize

To capture all of the most To capture all of the most important parts of the original important parts of the original text, but express them in a much text, but express them in a much shorter space in the reader’s own shorter space in the reader’s own wordswords

SummariesSummaries

http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/documents/standsum/index.cfm

http://www.kfmaas.de/sum_shas.html

GIST SummaryGIST Summary

http://www.readwritethink.org/lesson_images/lesson290/Template.pdf

Summarizing Summarizing StrategiesStrategies http://its.guilford.k12.nc.us/act/str

ategies/summary.htm

Target WordsTarget Words

Words that students are Words that students are supposed to know (like these)supposed to know (like these)

GeneticsGenetics

phenotypephenotype genotypegenotype homozygoushomozygous heterozygousheterozygous selective selective

breedingbreeding

Punnett squaresPunnett squares dominantdominant recessiverecessive hybridhybrid

AlgebraAlgebra

functionfunction factorfactor FOILFOIL inverse functionsinverse functions linear equationslinear equations quadratic equationsquadratic equations

MusicMusic

beatbeat chordchord harmonyharmony rhythmrhythm discorddiscord

melodymelody scorescore tempotempo accompaniment accompaniment improvise improvise

XX

accuracyaccuracy control groupcontrol group distributiondistribution meanmean medianmedian variationvariation

modemode mean deviationmean deviation populationpopulation rangerange standard standard

deviationdeviation standard errorstandard error

XX

nounnoun pluralplural possessivepossessive antecedentantecedent relative pronounrelative pronoun interrogativeinterrogative

direct objectdirect object gerundgerund modifiermodifier transitivetransitive passive voicepassive voice Past tensePast tense

XX

archetypesarchetypes birth databirth data degreedegree dogmadogma houseshouses planetplanet sign sign

XX

baste baste al denteal dente bouillonbouillon broilbroil chopchop

creamcream curecure garnishgarnish grillgrill marinademarinade

ResearchResearch

A systematic inquiry into a A systematic inquiry into a subject or problem in order to subject or problem in order to discover, verify, or revise relevant discover, verify, or revise relevant facts or principles having to do facts or principles having to do with the subject or problemwith the subject or problem

Research – Napster Research – Napster

Your focused research question:Your focused research question: Am Am I infringing on musicians' rights when I I infringing on musicians' rights when I use Napster?use Napster?Your thesis statement:Your thesis statement: Napster is at Napster is at the center of the current Internet the center of the current Internet copyright controversy. Individuals copyright controversy. Individuals wanting to share the music they love wanting to share the music they love are at legal odds with the music are at legal odds with the music industry wanting to be paid for the industry wanting to be paid for the music it produces.music it produces.

Research – Degas Research – Degas

Your focused research Your focused research question:question: What was the impact of What was the impact of New Orleans on the painting of New Orleans on the painting of Edgar Degas?Edgar Degas?Your thesis statement:Your thesis statement: Edgar Edgar Degas' visits to his uncle's Degas' visits to his uncle's plantation in Louisiana influenced plantation in Louisiana influenced his later painting.his later painting.

Research – Research – Sports/violenceSports/violence Your focused research Your focused research

question:question: Are professional athletes Are professional athletes more violent than the average more violent than the average male?male?Your thesis statement:Your thesis statement: Many Many factors contribute to a higher than factors contribute to a higher than average rate of violence among average rate of violence among professional athletes.professional athletes.

Research – Lake Powell Research – Lake Powell

Your focused research Your focused research question:question: Should Lake Powell be Should Lake Powell be drained?drained?Your thesis statement:Your thesis statement: Draining Lake Powell would affect Draining Lake Powell would affect the environment, economy, and the environment, economy, and electricity supply.electricity supply.

Research – Parental Research – Parental involvement in schoolsinvolvement in schools Your focused research Your focused research

question:question: How can parental How can parental involvement improve a child's involvement improve a child's learning?learning?Your thesis statement:Your thesis statement: Parental involvement brings Parental involvement brings academic success.academic success.

RetellRetell

A child is asked to recount, in A child is asked to recount, in his/her own words, a story that’s his/her own words, a story that’s just been readjust been read

Retelling Ring for Retelling Ring for Nonfiction – K. HaagNonfiction – K. Haag 1. What was the book mostly about?1. What was the book mostly about? 2. Summarize what you learned from reading this 2. Summarize what you learned from reading this

book.book. 3. What did you learn that you didn't already know?3. What did you learn that you didn't already know? 4. Tell the main ideas in order.4. Tell the main ideas in order. 5. What features of text did you notice the author 5. What features of text did you notice the author used?used? 6. Explain the author's purpose for writing this6. Explain the author's purpose for writing this book?book? 7. What is the most important idea you learned?7. What is the most important idea you learned? 8. How has reading this book changed what you 8. How has reading this book changed what you believe?believe? 9. How has reading this book changed how you will9. How has reading this book changed how you will act?act?

Retelling NarrativesRetelling Narratives

READ READ only as much as your hand can only as much as your hand can cover.*cover.*

COVERCOVER the words with your hand. the words with your hand.

REMEMBERREMEMBER what you have just read. what you have just read. (It is okay to take another look).(It is okay to take another look).

RETELLRETELL what you just read inside your what you just read inside your head or to a partner.head or to a partner.

Mathematics RetellingMathematics Retelling

1. 1. Tell when to use this procedure?Tell when to use this procedure? 2. 2. Define the concept or procedure?Define the concept or procedure? 3. 3. Identify the main steps in this concept?Identify the main steps in this concept? 4. 4. Make sense to the learner?Make sense to the learner? 5. 5. Sound organized?Sound organized? 6. 6. Keep the sequence of the procedure?Keep the sequence of the procedure? 7. 7. Tell how this could be applied to real world Tell how this could be applied to real world

situations?situations? 8. 8. Answer the question presented by the Answer the question presented by the

problem?problem?

History RetellingHistory Retelling

1.1. Have a good beginning telling when and where Have a good beginning telling when and where the situation takes place?the situation takes place? 2. 2. Name the person(s) involved?Name the person(s) involved? 3. 3. Tell the main points of the situation?Tell the main points of the situation? 4. 4. Tell some supporting details?Tell some supporting details? 5. 5. Make sense to the reader?Make sense to the reader? 6. 6. Sound organized?Sound organized? 7. 7. Keep the sequence of the situation?Keep the sequence of the situation? 8. 8. Tell what the main problem was in the Tell what the main problem was in the

situation?situation? 9. 9. Was the situation solved and how did it come Was the situation solved and how did it come about?about?

Science RetellingScience Retelling

1. 1. State the problem presented?State the problem presented? 2. 2. Tell what outcome is expected?Tell what outcome is expected? 3. 3. Identify the main points of the concept/procedure?Identify the main points of the concept/procedure? 4. 4. Tell some variables of the concept/procedure?Tell some variables of the concept/procedure? 5. 5. Follow the process/steps?Follow the process/steps? 6. 6. Sound organized?Sound organized? 7. 7. Keep the sequence of the procedure?Keep the sequence of the procedure? 8. 8. Tell how this could be applied to real world Tell how this could be applied to real world

situations?situations? 9. 9. Tell whether the outcome of the procedure was Tell whether the outcome of the procedure was

expected expected or not and why?or not and why?

Root WordRoot Word

A word to which prefixes and A word to which prefixes and suffixes can be added to form suffixes can be added to form different wordsdifferent words

Greek/Latin RootsGreek/Latin Roots

archarch chief; chief; primary; firstprimary; first

archetypearchetype

biobio lifelife biology biology

gengen birthbirth generategenerate

manumanu handhand manualmanual

Greek/Latin RootsGreek/Latin Roots

pathpath feelingfeeling empathyempathy

protoproto firstfirst prototypeprototype

sectsect cutcut dissectdissect

vacvac emptyempty vacantvacant

SimileSimile

A comparison of two unlike things A comparison of two unlike things using, using, like, as like, as oror resembles resembles

Common SimilesCommon Similes

As alike as two peas in a As alike as two peas in a podpodAs annoying as nails As annoying as nails scratching against a scratching against a chalkboard. chalkboard. As bald as a baby's As bald as a baby's backsidebacksideAs big as a busAs big as a busAs blind as a batAs blind as a batAs bold as brassAs bold as brassAs brave as a lionAs brave as a lionAs bright as the sunAs bright as the sunAs busy as a beaverAs busy as a beaverAs busy as a beeAs busy as a beeAs busy as a cat on a hot As busy as a cat on a hot tin rooftin roofAs clean as a whistleAs clean as a whistle

As dry as a boneAs dry as a boneAs dry as dustAs dry as dustAs dull as dishwaterAs dull as dishwaterAs easy as A.B.C.As easy as A.B.C.As easy as pieAs easy as pieAs fit as a fiddleAs fit as a fiddleAs flat as a pancakeAs flat as a pancakeAs hairy as an apeAs hairy as an apeAs happy as a clownAs happy as a clownAs hard as nailsAs hard as nailsAs hard as rockAs hard as rockAs cold as iceAs cold as iceAs cool as a cucumberAs cool as a cucumberAs crazy as a loonAs crazy as a loonAs cunning as a foxAs cunning as a foxAs cute as a buttonAs cute as a button

Similes in PoetrySimiles in Poetry

What happens to a dream deferred?What happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry upDoes it dry uplike a raisin in the sun?like a raisin in the sun?Or fester like a sore-Or fester like a sore-And then run?And then run?Does it stink like rotten meat?Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over-Or crust and sugar over-like a syrupy sweet? like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sagsMaybe it just sagslike a heavy load. like a heavy load. Or does it explode?Or does it explode?

Similes in ProseSimiles in Prose

““Jimmy Smith was moving through the Jimmy Smith was moving through the room like an enormous trained mole room like an enormous trained mole collecting the empty cans.” Suttree by collecting the empty cans.” Suttree by Cormac McCarthy. Cormac McCarthy.

““Elderly American ladies leaning on their Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa.” Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov. Pisa.” Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov.

““Lithe brown arms encircled him like a Lithe brown arms encircled him like a legion of snakes.” The Sea-Hawk by Rafael legion of snakes.” The Sea-Hawk by Rafael Sabatini. Sabatini.

StyleStyle

How an author writes; an author’s How an author writes; an author’s use of language – its effects and use of language – its effects and appropriateness to the author’s appropriateness to the author’s intent and themeintent and theme

Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe

I WAS born in the year 1632, in the city of York, I WAS born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my of a good family, though not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull. He got a good estate by first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived afterwards at York, from whence he had married afterwards at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were named my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very good family in that country, Robinson, a very good family in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in England, we are now called - nay we words in England, we are now called - nay we call ourselves and write our name - Crusoe; and call ourselves and write our name - Crusoe; and so my companions always called me.so my companions always called me.

A Farewell to ArmsA Farewell to Arms

If people bring so much courage to this If people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to world the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them. break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry. will be no special hurry.

Of Mice and MenOf Mice and Men

They took places opposite each other at the table under theThey took places opposite each other at the table under thelight, but George did not shuffle the cards. He rippled the edgelight, but George did not shuffle the cards. He rippled the edgeof the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the of the deck nervously, and the little snapping noise drew the eyes of all the men in the room, so that he stopped doing it. The eyes of all the men in the room, so that he stopped doing it. The silence fell on the room again. A minute passed, and another silence fell on the room again. A minute passed, and another minute. Candy lay still, staring at the ceiling. Slim gazed at him minute. Candy lay still, staring at the ceiling. Slim gazed at him for a moment and then looked down at his hands; he subdued for a moment and then looked down at his hands; he subdued one hand with the other, and held it down. There came a little one hand with the other, and held it down. There came a little gnawing sound from under the floor and all the men looked gnawing sound from under the floor and all the men looked down toward it gratefully. Only Candy continued to stare at the down toward it gratefully. Only Candy continued to stare at the ceiling.ceiling.

MeterMeter

The repetition of stressed and The repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of unstressed syllables in a line of poetrypoetry

Nursery rhymes

A short, rhymed poem or tale for children

Nursery RhymesNursery Rhymes

Mary, Mary Quite ContraryMary, Mary Quite Contrary Hickory, Dickory DockHickory, Dickory Dock Humpty DumptyHumpty Dumpty Old Mother HubbardOld Mother Hubbard One Two Buckle My ShoeOne Two Buckle My Shoe There Was an Old Woman…There Was an Old Woman… Goosey, Goosey GanderGoosey, Goosey Gander

RiddlesRiddles

http://www.apples4theteacher.com/mother-goose-nursery-rhymes/riddles.html

Multiple-Meaning Multiple-Meaning WordsWords Words that have several Words that have several

meanings depending on how they meanings depending on how they are used in sentencesare used in sentences

Multiple-meaning Multiple-meaning Words in SentencesWords in Sentences crash:crash: I had a car crash. Tom will try I had a car crash. Tom will try

not to crash into the pole. not to crash into the pole. pet:pet: I have a golden lab for a pet. Sara I have a golden lab for a pet. Sara

and Jenna like to pet dogs. and Jenna like to pet dogs. dance:dance: The middle school will have a The middle school will have a

dance. I will dance the jitterbug. dance. I will dance the jitterbug. cut:cut: Bill has a cut on his finger. Tam Bill has a cut on his finger. Tam

will cut out the pictures. will cut out the pictures. paw:paw: My dog's paw is big. The horse My dog's paw is big. The horse

will paw at the snow to find grass. will paw at the snow to find grass.

Multiple-meaning Multiple-meaning Words in SentencesWords in Sentences dread:dread: My dread of birds causes me My dread of birds causes me

problems. Marla dreads taking tests. problems. Marla dreads taking tests. post:post: Gary pounded the post into the Gary pounded the post into the

dirt. The teacher will post the grades. dirt. The teacher will post the grades. string:string: The guitar string broke. He has The guitar string broke. He has

to string beads in preschool. to string beads in preschool. smell:smell: Kids sweating have a smell. Sue Kids sweating have a smell. Sue

can smell a skunk. can smell a skunk. fire:fire: We will build a fire and roast We will build a fire and roast

marshmallows. The boss will fire him. marshmallows. The boss will fire him.

Multiple-meaning Multiple-meaning Words Assignment: Words Assignment: Choose 10 Choose 10 traptrap campcamp bombbomb shopshop placeplace covercover swingswing namename

staplestaple shoutshout floatfloat stationstation planplan talktalk fencefence

OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia

The use of words whose sounds The use of words whose sounds express or suggest their meaningexpress or suggest their meaning

Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia ExamplesExamples

achooachooahemahembaabaabahbahbambambangbangbarkbarkbashbashcluckcluckfizzfizz

bonkbonkboobooboomboombubblebubblebumpbumpbuzzbuzzchatterchattercheepcheepchirpchirpclangclang

PlotPlot

The sequence in which the author The sequence in which the author arranges events in a storyarranges events in a story

The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby

Nick Carraway is a young man from Nick Carraway is a young man from Minnesota goes to New York to learn bond Minnesota goes to New York to learn bond business. He is very attracted to the rich business. He is very attracted to the rich people and their culture and so rents a house people and their culture and so rents a house in the West Egg district in Long Island. in the West Egg district in Long Island. Though the area is wealthy and only rich Though the area is wealthy and only rich people live there, they are not really civilized people live there, they are not really civilized people. While the West Egg has people. While the West Egg has unfashionable people, the East Egg which is unfashionable people, the East Egg which is just opposite the bay has fashionable and just opposite the bay has fashionable and high society people. Nick has few relatives in high society people. Nick has few relatives in the East Egg… the East Egg…

The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales

There is no prologue or introduction to the There is no prologue or introduction to the Tale, which is only 286 lines long.Tale, which is only 286 lines long.

Despite the shortness of the Tale, the Despite the shortness of the Tale, the Physician spends a long time introducing us to Physician spends a long time introducing us to one of the characters, the 14-year-old daughter one of the characters, the 14-year-old daughter of Virginius, a knight. The girl is a paragon of of Virginius, a knight. The girl is a paragon of virtue, beautiful, modest, with perfect manners, virtue, beautiful, modest, with perfect manners, and everything a parent would want a daughter and everything a parent would want a daughter to be. Indeed, the physician goes on to tells us to be. Indeed, the physician goes on to tells us that all children should be brought up with the that all children should be brought up with the same degree of care as this "lordes doghtre". same degree of care as this "lordes doghtre". More than 100 lines have been spoken before More than 100 lines have been spoken before anything happens at all!anything happens at all!

The GiverThe Giver

People in the community take special care to avoid People in the community take special care to avoid doing or saying anything different. In the community, doing or saying anything different. In the community, one must not say anything that causes discomfort to one must not say anything that causes discomfort to others, and one must use language precisely. others, and one must use language precisely. Husbands and wives are matched as couples by a Husbands and wives are matched as couples by a Committee of Elders who reviews each individual to Committee of Elders who reviews each individual to see if a person's characteristics will be compatible see if a person's characteristics will be compatible with those of his mate. Exactly two children-one male with those of his mate. Exactly two children-one male and one female-are assigned to each family unit. and one female-are assigned to each family unit. The The elderlyelderly live at the House of the Old. Those whose live at the House of the Old. Those whose children have grown to have families of children have grown to have families of their owntheir own live live with other Childless Adults. Newborn infants are with other Childless Adults. Newborn infants are nurtured at the Nurturing Center until they become nurtured at the Nurturing Center until they become Ones and are assigned to family units…Ones and are assigned to family units…

Figurative LanguageFigurative Language

Language that cannot be taken Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to literally since it was written to create a special effect or feelingcreate a special effect or feeling

Alliteration/Alliteration/AssignmentAssignment "Fly away, my fine feathered "Fly away, my fine feathered

friend!" friend!"

1. The two turtles...1. The two turtles...

2. A horrible house...2. A horrible house...

3. The dirty dog...3. The dirty dog...

IdiomsIdioms

Idiom Idiom Actual MeaningActual Meaning

Cross that bridge when you come Don't worry about Cross that bridge when you come Don't worry about problemsproblemsto it. until they actually to it. until they actually happen.happen.

hit the hay go to bedhit the hay go to bed

raining cats and dogs raining hardraining cats and dogs raining hard

on cloud nine very happy; joyouson cloud nine very happy; joyous

once in a blue moon almost never; not once in a blue moon almost never; not very oftenvery often

Idioms AssignmentIdioms Assignment1. If you don't hand in your report, you will miss the boat for an "A".1. If you don't hand in your report, you will miss the boat for an "A".

2. Tomorrow is Jack's surprise party, so don't let the cat out of the bag when you see 2. Tomorrow is Jack's surprise party, so don't let the cat out of the bag when you see him.him.

3. When Erin didn't do her homework and failed the quiz, her mom hit the roof.3. When Erin didn't do her homework and failed the quiz, her mom hit the roof.

4. Joe is down in the dumps since his friend moved away.4. Joe is down in the dumps since his friend moved away.

5. Mary wasn't paying attention and seemed out in left field when the teacher called on 5. Mary wasn't paying attention and seemed out in left field when the teacher called on her.her.

6. George said I would lose, but since I didn't, he will have to eat his words.6. George said I would lose, but since I didn't, he will have to eat his words.

7. You shouldn't spend an arm and a leg on a foolish video game!7. You shouldn't spend an arm and a leg on a foolish video game!

8. He went out on a limb and asked the principal if he could miss class to go to the 8. He went out on a limb and asked the principal if he could miss class to go to the party.party.

9. All I said was I didn't feel like doing my work and the teacher jumped down my throat.9. All I said was I didn't feel like doing my work and the teacher jumped down my throat.

10. When Sara didn't turn in her project, her "A" went down the drain.10. When Sara didn't turn in her project, her "A" went down the drain.

MetaphorMetaphor

Her teeth are pearls. Her teeth are pearls. "The fog comes in on little cat feet" "The fog comes in on little cat feet" "Men's words are bullets, that their enemies "Men's words are bullets, that their enemies

take up and make use of against them."take up and make use of against them." "A man may break a word with you, sir, and "A man may break a word with you, sir, and

words are but wind.“words are but wind.“ "The rain came down in long knitting "The rain came down in long knitting

needles.“needles.“ "Memory is a crazy woman that hoards "Memory is a crazy woman that hoards

colored rags and throws away food."colored rags and throws away food."

Metaphor AssignmentMetaphor Assignment

Autumn is a season of dust. Into the dust Autumn is a season of dust. Into the dust crumble memories of powerful ocean crumble memories of powerful ocean tides hitting a sea of sand, early morning tides hitting a sea of sand, early morning walks on a white crescent of beach, and walks on a white crescent of beach, and sun scorched hills where the beauty of sun scorched hills where the beauty of the summer slowly unfolds. But autumn, the summer slowly unfolds. But autumn, too, will bring her own memories. The too, will bring her own memories. The foliage is a painting come to life and the foliage is a painting come to life and the music of the falling leaves will serenade music of the falling leaves will serenade us into winter.us into winter.

PersonificationPersonification

"Summer Grass" by Carl Sandburg"Summer Grass" by Carl Sandburg

Summer grass aches and whispersSummer grass aches and whispers

It wants something: it calls and sings; it pours It wants something: it calls and sings; it pours

out wishes to the overhead stars.out wishes to the overhead stars.

The rain hears; the rain answers; the rain is slowThe rain hears; the rain answers; the rain is slow

coming; the rain wets the face of the grass.coming; the rain wets the face of the grass.

Personification Personification AssignmentAssignment Underline the non-human thing and circle the human quality.Underline the non-human thing and circle the human quality.

1. The winter wrapped its icy claws around Northeast Pennsylvania.1. The winter wrapped its icy claws around Northeast Pennsylvania.

2. The alarm clock screeched that it was time to get up.2. The alarm clock screeched that it was time to get up.

3. Fear grabbed me as I heard footsteps behind me.3. Fear grabbed me as I heard footsteps behind me.

4. The washer sputtered and groaned as it removed the mud from the knees of my old 4. The washer sputtered and groaned as it removed the mud from the knees of my old jeans.jeans.

5. The printer spit out more copies than I needed.5. The printer spit out more copies than I needed.

6. The branches of the tree pointed to the old dirt road.6. The branches of the tree pointed to the old dirt road.

7. The flood waters swallowed the trees in one big gulp.7. The flood waters swallowed the trees in one big gulp.

8. The stars winked at us from the night sky.8. The stars winked at us from the night sky.

9. Listening to the piano sing its happy tune made me want to dance.9. Listening to the piano sing its happy tune made me want to dance.

10. That carrot cake with the cream cheese icing is calling my name.10. That carrot cake with the cream cheese icing is calling my name.

SimileSimile

"Simile: Willow and Ginkgo" by Eve "Simile: Willow and Ginkgo" by Eve MerrriamMerrriam

The The willowwillow is is like an etching,like an etching,Fine-lined against the sky.Fine-lined against the sky.The The ginkgoginkgo is is like a crude sketch,like a crude sketch,Hardly worthy to be signed.Hardly worthy to be signed.The The willow's musicwillow's music is is like a sopranolike a sopranoDelicate and thin.Delicate and thin.The The ginkgo's tuneginkgo's tune is is like a choruslike a chorusWith everyone joining in. With everyone joining in.

Simile AssignmentSimile Assignment

1. pearls as big as1. pearls as big as

2. The kids are as busy 2. The kids are as busy as a/nas a/n

3. The light is as bright 3. The light is as bright asas

4. skin as smooth as 4. skin as smooth as

5. rocks sharp as5. rocks sharp as

6. The class was wild 6. The class was wild likelike

7. He was big like7. He was big like

8. The fish was small as8. The fish was small as

9. I am hungry like a9. I am hungry like a

10. Her face was round 10. Her face was round asas

GenreGenre

A category used to classify A category used to classify literary works, usually by form, literary works, usually by form, technique, or contenttechnique, or content

Genre WheelGenre Wheel

Graphic OrganizerGraphic Organizer

A diagram or pictorial device that A diagram or pictorial device that shows relationshipsshows relationships

Character DiagramCharacter Diagram

..

Concept MapConcept Map

TimelineTimeline

Pie ChartPie Chart

Bar GraphBar Graph

ScatterplotsScatterplots

Line GraphLine Graph

Graphic OrganizerGraphic Organizer

Essay WebEssay Web

Semantic WebSemantic Web

Plot DiagramPlot Diagram

Story MapStory Map

Venn DiagramVenn Diagram

Vocabulary MappingVocabulary Mapping

Literary Terms. Rhyme Identical or very similar final sounds in words usually at the end of lines of...

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Transcript of Literary Terms. Rhyme Identical or very similar final sounds in words usually at the end of lines of...