Literary Terms: Poetry Poetry is a difficult word to define, for almost every definition has...
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Literary Terms: Poetry
Poetry is a difficult word to define, for almost every definition has exceptions. In simple terms, a poem is an artistic composition of words that are broken into lines. Poetry is to be understood in contrast with prose, which is language which is not broken into lines.
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Simile
Simile: a comparison using an explicit connective such as like or as
Ex.: “Life is like a mountain highway.”Ex.: “He’s as strong as Hercules.”
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Metaphor
Metaphor: a comparison without using “like” or “as”
a figure of speech in which a thing is described as something else, with that thing’s characteristics.
Ex.: “All the world is a stage.”Ex.: “Love is a rose.”
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Personification
Personification: giving inanimate objects, animals, or ideas human qualities
Ex.: “This coffee is strong enough to get up and walk away.”Ex.: “The sun looks down from her jealous sky.” (Sting)
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Symbol/Symbolism
Symbol: something that is itself and yet represents something else A symbol can be a thing (ex., the cross representing Christianity, or an action (Robert Frost’s choice of the road in “The Road Not Taken”).
Ex.: Heart = Love
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Oxymoron
Oxymoron: a figure of speech that fuses two contradictory or opposing words (usually an adjective and noun are combined)Ex.: “jumbo shrimp”, “military intelligence”Ex from R&J, “glorious pain” and “parting is such sweet sorrow”
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Paradox
Paradox: a statement that seems contradictory or absurd and yet is true and profound Ex.: “There must be war to achieve peace.”“I must be cruel to be kind.” (Hamlet)
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Irony
Irony: the difference between what is expected and what actually occurs; dark humour; dark coincidence; something that says something about human natureEx.: The old man who won the lottery and died the next day.
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Rhyme
Rhyme: similar sounds of words, at the end of two or more lines of poetry.Ex.: I miss you so much/I long for your touch.
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Rhyme (Internal)
Rhyme (Internal): rhyming of 2 or more words in the same line of poetry, most often in the middle and at the end of the line.Ex.: I am the daughter of Earth and Water
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Rhyme Scheme
Rhyme Scheme: pattern or sequence in which the rhyme sounds occur in a stanza or poem. Ex.: …steeple a
…town b …people a …down b
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Rhythm
Rhythm: movement having a regular repetition of beat, accent, stress, rise and fall, much like that of music
Ex.: Tyger, tyger burning bright,/In the forest of the night
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Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia: the use of words in which their pronunciation suggests their meaningEx.: The snake hissed. The clock ticked.
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Pun
Pun: play on words based on the similarity of sound between two words with different meanings
Ex.: ”I find the bananas appealing.”
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Alliteration
Alliteration: repetition of the first letter or sound in a series of words
Ex.: Sally sells seashells at the seashore on Saturdays.
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Euphony
Euphony: word combinations that sound pleasant to the ear – this is the opposite of cacophonyEx.: “And the words hung hushed in their long white dream/By the ghostly glimmering, ice-blue stream.”
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Euphemism
Euphemism: an indirect statement is substituted for a direct on in an effort to avoid bluntness
Ex.: “passed on” for “died”; “vertically challenged” for “short”
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Cacophony
Cacophony: unpleasant combination of sounds or tones – opposite of euphony
Ex.: “All day cows mooed and shrieked/Hollered and bellowed and wept…”
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Prose
Prose: writing not like that of poetry but with normal sentences and paragraphs. It is the opposite of verse.
Ex.: Writing style in novels, short stories, essays and most modern dramas.
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Verse
Verse:writing style found in poetry. It is the opposite of prose. It is often very metrical and may rhyme.
Ex.: Sauntering through the streets, the sound sweeps in melodic motion.
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Couplet
Couplet: two consecutive lines of poetry that connect together, usually by rhyme
Ex.: Hear it not Duncan; for it is a knell/That summons thee to heaven or to hell.
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Stanza
Stanza: division of a poem, usually made according to a pattern. It is similar to paragraphs in prose
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Figurative Language/Figure of Speech
Expressions that make comparisons or associations meant to be taken imaginatively rather than literally.
Ex.: A thousand knives stabbed my heart (this did not literally happen)
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Hyperbole
Hyperbole: over exaggeration used for emphasis in literature
Ex.: It took me forever to get to sleep.
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Imagery
Imagery: pictures/paintings you see in your head when poets use specific figurative language. It appeals to the senses.Ex.: Clouds = images of white, fluffy, round balls; “These words are like a thousand razors piercing through my heart.”
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Mood
Prevailing/predominating feeling in a piece of work
Ex.: “Waiter, there’s an Alligator in my Coffee = fun, light-hearted, humourous mood; “The Coffins” = serious, dark, depressing mood
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Tone
Attitude/approach a writer takes toward his or her subject
Ex.: It can be serious, admiring, angry, envious, etc.
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Poetic License
Freedom for a poet to break rules of punctuation, spelling, language or truth in the interest of creativity and imagination
Ex.: Ain’t 2 Proud 2 Beg
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Repetition
Repetition: repeating a word, line, or stanza for emphasisEx.: “In Guernica the dead children/ were laid out in order upon the sidewalk,/In their white starched dresses/in their pitiful white dresses,” (Norman Rosten)
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Black Humour
Humourous effects by associating grotesque/horrifying situations with humourous ones
Ex.: Laughing at someone falling down the stairs