List of Countries & Capital
description
Transcript of List of Countries & Capital
Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 1
List of Countries & Their Capital
Alongwith Language & Currency
Prepared by: Engr. Sajid Ali MS Electrical Engineering
BS Electrical Engineering
Partially trying to prepare General Knowledge Segment of Various Tests being conducted in Pakistan
Best of Luck to All Participants
Africa
Africa
Area 30,221,532 km2 (11,668,599 sq mi)
Population 2,032,532,974[1] (2011, 2nd)
Pop. density 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi)
Countries 57 (list of countries)
Languages Languages of Africa
Time zones UTC-1 to UTC+4 Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa
Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 2
Further information: Geography of Africa
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km² (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total land area.[2] With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table), it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagoes. It has 54 fully recognized sovereign states ("countries"), 10 territories and two de facto states with limited recognition.[3]
Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago – including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[4] Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones.[5] The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011
Flag Name Capital Currency Official language
Algeria Algiers Dinar Arabic
Angola Luanda Kwanza Portuguese
Benin
Porto-Novo (official) Cotonou (seat of government)
CFA franc French
Botswana Gaborone Pula
English Setswana
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA franc French
Burundi Bujumbura Rupie
Kirundi French
Cameroon Yaoundé CFA franc
French English
Cape Verde Praia
Cape Verdean escudo
Portuguese
Central African Republic
Bangui CFA franc
French Sango
Chad N'Djamena CFA franc
French Arabic
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official language
Comoros Moroni
Comorian franc
Comorian Arabic French
Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)
Brazzaville CFA franc French
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Yamoussoukro (official) Abidjan (seat of government)
CFA franc French
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-
Kinshasa)
Kinshasa
Congolese franc
French
Djibouti Djibouti
Djiboutian franc
French Arabic
Egypt Cairo
Egyptian pound
Arabic
Equatorial Guinea Malabo
Equatorial Guinean peseta
Spanish French
Portuguese
Eritrea Asmara Tallero
Tigrinya Arabic
English
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic
Gabon Libreville CFA franc French
Gambia Banjul Gambian dalasi English
Ghana Accra Ghana cedi English
Guinea Conakry Guinean franc French
Guinea-Bissau Bissau CFA franc Portuguese
Kenya Nairobi
Kenyan shilling
Swahili English
Lesotho Maseru Lesotho loti
English Sesotho
Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar English
Libya Tripoli Dinar Arabic
Madagascar Antananarivo
Malagasy ariary
Malagasy French
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official language
Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha
English Chichewa
Mali Bamako CFA franc French
Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic
Mauritius Port Louis
Mauritian rupee
Mauritian Creole French
English
Mayotte
Mamoudzou Overseas department of France
Euro French
Morocco Rabat
Moroccan dirham
Arabic Berber
Mozambique Maputo
Mozambican metical
Portuguese
Namibia Windhoek
Namibian dollar
English
Niger Niamey CFA franc French
Nigeria Abuja Naira English
Réunion
Saint-Denis Overseas department of France
Euro French
Rwanda Kigali Rwandan franc
Kinyarwanda English French
Saint Helena, Ascension and
Tristan da Cunha
Jamestown (Saint Helena) Georgetown (Ascension Island)
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (Tristan da Cunha)
Saint Helena pound
Pound sterling English
Sao Tome and Principe
São Tomé Dobra Portuguese
Senegal Dakar CFA franc French
Seychelles Victoria
Seychellois rupee
Seychellois Creole French
English
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone English
Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling
Somali Arabic
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official language
Somaliland Hargeisa
Somaliland shilling
Somali Arabic
South Africa
Pretoria (administrative/executive) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial)
South African rand
Afrikaans English
Southern Ndebele Northern Sotho Southern Sotho
Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa
Zulu
South Sudan Juba
South Sudanese
pound
English
Sudan Khartoum
Sudanese pound
Arabic English
Swaziland
Mbabane (administrative) Lobamba (royal and legislative)
Lilangeni
English Swati
Tanzania
Dodoma (official) Dar es Salaam (seat of government)
Tanzanian shilling
Swahili English
Togo Lomé CFA franc French
Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar Arabic
Uganda Kampala
Ugandan shilling
Swahili English
Luganda
None Western Sahara
None Disputed territory between Morocco and the Sahrawi
Arab Democratic Republic
Moroccan dirham
Algerian dinar Mauritanian
ouguiya
See respective claimants
Zambia Lusaka
Zambian kwacha
English
Zimbabwe Harare various English
Shona Sindebele
Asia
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Asia
Area 44,579,000 km2 (17,212,000 sq mi)[7]
Population 5,879,000,000 (1st)[8]
Pop. density 87/km2 (225/sq mi)
Countries 48 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time zones UTC+2 to UTC+12 Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia Further information: Geography of Asia
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.
Asia ( i/ˈeɪʒə/ or /ˈeɪʃə/) is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately 4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly quadrupled.[9]
Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural river, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.[10][11] It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean.
Given its size and diversity, Asia – a toponym dating back to classical antiquity – "is more a cultural concept" incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity.[12] Asia differs very widely among and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems.
Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Abkhazia
Sukhumi De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as part of Georgia.
Russian ruble
Georgian Abkhaz Russian
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
Pashto Dari (Persian)
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Episkopi Cantonment Euro
English Greek
Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian
Azerbaijan [Europe] Baku Manat Azerbaijani
Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar Arabic
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bengali
Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese ngultrum Dzongkha
British Indian Ocean Territory
Diego Garcia Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
US dollar UK pound
English
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar
Bahasa Melayu
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer
China Beijing Renminbi (yuan)
Standard Chinese
Christmas Island
Flying Fish Cove External territory of Australia
Australian dollar English
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
West Island External territory of Australia
English
Cyprus [Europe] Nicosia Euro
Greek Turkish
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Dili US Dollar
Portuguese Tetum
Georgia [Europe] Tbilisi Lari Georgian
Hong Kong
Special administrative region of China
Hong Kong dollar
English Cantonese
India New Delhi Rupee
Hindi English
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian
Iran Tehran Rial Persian
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar
Kurdish Arabic
Israel Jerusalem New shekel
Hebrew Arabic
Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese
Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar Arabic
Kazakhstan Astana Tenge
Kazakh Russian
Kurdistan Erbil Dinar Kurdish
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar Arabic
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som
Kyrgyz Russian
Laos Vientiane Kip Lao
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound Arabic
Macau
Special administrative region of China
Macanese pataca
Portuguese Cantonese
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur (official) Putrajaya (seat of government)
Ringgit Malaysian
Maldives Malé Maldivian rufiyaa Maldivian
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tögrög Mongolian
Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw Kyat Burmese
Nagorno-Karabakh
Stepanakert De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Azerbaijan
Armenian dram Armenian
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Nepali
Northern Cyprus
Nicosia De facto sovereign state lacking
Turkish lira Turkish
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language general international recognition Recognized by United Nation as de jure part of Cyprus
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won Korean
Oman Muscat Rial Arabic
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee
English Urdu
Palestine
East Jerusalem (claimed capital) Ramallah (West Bank seat of government) Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of government) Territory occupied by Israel State of Palestine (flag displayed) proclaimed on territory
Israeli shekel Arabic
Philippines Manila Philippine Peso
Filipino English
Qatar Doha Riyal Arabic
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal Arabic
Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar
English Chinese Malay Tamil
South Korea Seoul South Korean won Korean
South Ossetia
Tskhinvali De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Georgia
Russian ruble
Ossetic Georgian Russian
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan rupee
Sinhala Tamil
Syria Damascus Syrian pound Arabic
Taiwan
Taipei De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as part of China.
New Taiwan dollar
Standard Chinese
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik
Thailand Bangkok Baht Thai
Turkey [Europe] Ankara Turkish lira Turkish
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new manat Turkmen
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi UAE dirham Arabic
Uzbekistan Tashkent
Uzbekistan som (O'zbekiston so'mi)
Uzbek
Vietnam Hanoi đồng Vietnamese
Yemen Sana'a Yemeni rial Arabic Tagalog
Europe
Europe
Area 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)[n]
Population 739,165,030[n] (2011), 3rd)
Pop. density 72.5/km2
Countries 50 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time zones UTC to UTC+6 Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe
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See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia Further information: Geography of Europe
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.
Europe ( i/ˈjʊərəp/ EWR-əp or /ˈjɜrəp/ YUR-əp[13]) is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean Seas.[14] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to the southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporate cultural and political elements.
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50 states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country has territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's population.[15]
Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.[16] It played a predominant role in global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.[17] Both World Wars were largely focused upon Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.[18] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Åland Islands
Mariehamn Autonomous region of Finland (recognized by international treaty)
Euro Swedish
Albania Tirana Lek Albanian
Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan
Austria Vienna Euro German
Belarus Minsk
Belarusian ruble
Belarusian Russian
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Belgium Brussels Euro
Dutch French German
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo
Convertible mark
Bosnian Croatian Serbian
Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian
Croatia Zagreb Kuna Croatian
Czech Republic Prague Czech koruna Czech
Denmark Copenhagen Danish krone[a] Danish
Estonia Tallinn Euro Estonian
Faroe Islands
Tórshavn Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm
Faroese króna
Faroese Danish
Finland Helsinki Euro
Finnish Swedish
France Paris
Euro CFP franc
French
Germany Berlin Euro German
Gibraltar
Gibraltar Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
Gibraltar pound
English
Greece Athens Euro Greek
Guernsey
Saint Peter Port British Crown dependency
Pound sterling
English French
Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian
Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic króna Icelandic
Ireland Dublin Euro
English
Irish
Isle of Man
Douglas British Crown dependency
Pound sterling
English Manx
Italy Rome Euro Italian
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Jersey
Saint Helier British Crown dependency
Pound sterling
English French
Kosovo
Pristina De facto sovereign state recognized by over 80 UN member states A United Nations mandate in Serbian territory was put in place starting in 1999.
Euro
Albanian Serbian
Latvia Ryga Euro Latvian
Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc German
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian litas Lithuanian
Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro
Luxembourgish French German
Macedonia Skopje
Macedonian denar
Macedonian
Malta Valletta Euro
Maltese English
Moldova Chişinău Moldovan leu Moldovan
Monaco Monaco Euro French
Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin
Netherlands Amsterdam
Euro US dollar NA guilder Aruban florin
Dutch
Norway Oslo
Norwegian krone
Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk
Poland Warsaw Złoty Polish
Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese
Romania Bucharest Romanian leu Romanian
Russia Moscow Russian ruble
Russian 27 others co-official
San Marino San Marino Euro Italian
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Serbia Belgrade Serbian dinar Serbian
Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak
Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene
Spain Madrid Euro
Spanish Catalan Galician Basque
Svalbard
Longyearbyen Special territory of Norway (recognized by international treaty)
Norwegian krone
Norwegian
Sweden Stockholm Swedish krona Swedish
Switzerland Bern Swiss franc
German French Italian Romansh
Transnistria
Tiraspol De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Moldova
Transnistrian ruble
Russian Moldovan Ukrainian
Ukraine Kiev
Ukrainian hryvnia
Ukrainian
United Kingdom London Pound sterling English
Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian
North America
North America
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Area 24,709,000 km2 (9,540,000 sq mi)
Population 528,720,588 (2008, 4th)
Pop. density 22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)[b]
Countries 23 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time zones UTC-10 to UTC
Main articles: North America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America
See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas
Further information: Geography of North America
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas.[19] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.
North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of the planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July 2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million people across 23 independent states. North America is the third-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Anguilla
The Valley
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
East Caribbean Dollar English
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's East Caribbean Dollar English
Aruba
Oranjestad
Constituent country of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands
Aruban florin
Papiamento
Dutch
Bahamas Nassau Bahamian Dollar English
Barbados Bridgetown Barbadian Dollar English
Belize Belmopan Belize Dollar English
Bermuda
Hamilton
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Bermudian Dollar English
Bonaire
Kralendijk
Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar Dutch
British Virgin Islands
Road Town
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
United States Dollar English
Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar
French
English
Cayman Islands
George Town
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Cayman Islands Dollar English
Clipperton Island
uninhabited
Overseas territory of France Euro French
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Costa Rica San José Costa Rican colon Spanish
Cuba Havana Cuban peso Spanish
Curaçao
Willemstad
Constituent country of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands
Netherlands Antillean
guilder
Papiamento
Dutch
Dominica Roseau East Caribbean Dollar English
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican peso Spanish
El Salvador San Salvador United States Dollar Spanish
Greenland
Nuuk
Self-governing territory of the Danish
Realm
Danish Krone Greenlandic
Grenada St. George's East Caribbean Dollar English
Guadeloupe
Basse-Terre
Overseas department of France Euro French
Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemalan quetzal Spanish
Haiti Port-au-Prince Haitian gourde French
Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduran lempira Spanish
Jamaica Kingston Jamaican Dollar English
Martinique
Fort-de-France
Overseas department of France Euro French
Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso Spanish
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Montserrat
Plymouth (official)
Brades (seat of government)
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
East Caribbean Dollar English
Navassa Island
-
Insular area of the United States of
America
United States Dollar English
Nicaragua Managua Nicaraguan cordoba Spanish
Panama Panama City
United States Dollar
Panamanian balboa Spanish
Puerto Rico
San Juan
Insular area of the United States of
America
United States Dollar
English
Spanish
Saba
The Bottom
Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar
Saint Barthélemy
Gustavia
Overseas collectivity of France Euro French
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre East Caribbean Dollar English
Saint Lucia Castries East Caribbean Dollar English
Saint Martin
Marigot
Overseas collectivity of France Euro French
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre
Overseas collectivity of France Euro French
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
Kingstown East Caribbean Dollar English
Sint Eustatius
Oranjestad
Special municipality of the Netherlands United States Dollar
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Sint Maarten
Philipsburg
Constituent country of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands
Netherlands Antillean
guilder
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain
Trinidad and Tobago
Dollar
English
Turks and Caicos Islands
Cockburn Town
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
United States Dollar English
United States Washington, D.C. United States Dollar none
United States Virgin
Islands
Charlotte Amalie
Insular area of the United States of
America
United States Dollar English
South America
South America
Area 17,840,000 km2
(6,890,000 sq mi)
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Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)
Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)
Countries 12 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time zones UTC-2 to UTC-5
Main articles: South America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America
See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas
Further information: Geography of South America
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.
South America is a continent located in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.[20][21]
It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelve sovereign states - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas region of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Netherlands may also be considered part of South America, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American states that border the Caribbean Sea – Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana – are also known as Caribbean South America.
South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word America was coined in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknown to Europeans.
Flag Name Capital Currency Official language
Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish
Bolivia
Sucre (official)
La Paz (seat of government) Boliviano
Spanish
Quechua
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official language
Aymara
Brazil Brasília Real Portuguese
Chile Santiago Peso Spanish
Colombia Bogotá Peso Spanish
Ecuador Quito United States dollar Spanish
Falkland Islands
Stanley
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom Falkland Islands pound English
French Guiana
Cayenne
Overseas department of France Euro French
Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English
Paraguay Asunción Guaraní
Spanish
Guaraní
Peru Lima Nuevo sol Spanish
Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch
Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso Spanish
Venezuela Caracas Bolívar fuerte Spanish
Oceania
Oceania
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Geopolitical Oceania
Area 8,560,000 km2
(3,310,000 sq mi)
Population 38,304,000 (2013, 5th)
Pop. density 4.47 per km2 (11.57 per sq mi)
Countries 14 (list of countries)
Languages List of languages
Time zones UTC-2 to UTC-5
Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania
See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands
Further information: Geography of Oceania
For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.
Australia (UK /ˌoʊʃɪˈɑːnɪə/ or /ˌoʊsɪˈɑːnɪə/;[22] US /ˌoʊʃiːˈæniːə/)[23] is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean.[24] Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)[25] to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Maritime Southeast Asia.The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands,[26][27][28][29] or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand[30] or from mainland New Guinea).[31]
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
American Samoa
Pago Pago
Insular area of the United States of
America
United States dollar
English
Samoan
Ashmore and
Cartier Islands
External territory
of Australia
— —
Australia Canberra Australian dollar None[c]
Baker Island — Insular area of the United States of
America
Cook Islands
Avarua
Self-governing parliamentary
democracy in free association with
New Zealand
New Zealand dollar
Cook Islands dollar
English
Cook Islands
Māori
Coral Sea Islands — External territory of Australia
Fiji Suva Fijian dollar
French Polynesia
Papeete
Overseas collectivity of France CFP Franc French
Guam Hagåtña
Insular area of the United States of
America
Howland Island — Insular area of the United States of
America
Jarvis Island — Insular area of the United States of
America
Johnston Atoll — Insular area of the United States of
America
Kingman Reef — Insular area of the United States of
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
America
Kiribati South Tarawa
Marshall Islands Majuro
Micronesia Palikir
Midway Atoll — Insular area of the United States of
America
Nauru Yaren (seat of government)
New Caledonia
Nouméa
Sui generis collectivity (special
collectivity) of France
CFP Franc French
New Zealand Wellington New Zealand Dollar
Maori
New
Zealand Sign
English
Niue Alofi
Self-governing parliamentary
democracy in free association with
New Zealand
Norfolk Island Kingston Self-governing territory of Australia
Northern
Mariana Islands
Saipan
Insular area of the United States of
America
Palau Ngerulmud
Palmyra Atoll — Insular area of the United States of
America
Papua New
Guinea
Port Moresby
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Flag Name Capital Currency Official
language
Pitcairn Islands Adamstown
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Samoa Apia
Solomon Islands Honiara
Tokelau
Nukunonu (main settlement, although
each atoll has its own administrative
centre)
Dependent territory of New Zealand
Tonga Nukuʻalofa
Tuvalu Funafuti
Vanuatu Port Vila Vanuatu vatu
Bislama
French
English
Wake Island
—
Insular area of the United States of
America
United States dollar
Wallis and
Futuna
Mata-Utu
Overseas collectivity of France CFP Franc French
Antarctica
Antarctica
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Area 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi)[32]
Main article: Antarctica
Further information: Geography of Antarctica
Antarctica ( i/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑrktɨkə/)[d] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.
Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.[35] Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland.[36] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.
Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.
Prepared By: Engr. Sajid Ali of NEPRA, Islamabad Page 27
Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S, and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have been made:
Argentina: Argentine Antarctica Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial) Chile: Antártica France: Adélie Land New Zealand: Ross Dependency Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory (Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)
Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:
Flag Name Capital Currency Official
Language
Bouvet Island
Dependent territory of Norway — — —
French Southern Territories
Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands)
Port-aux-Français (Kerguelen Islands)
Martin-de-Viviès (Saint Paul and
Amsterdam Islands)
Overseas territory of France
Euro French
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
External territory of Australia — — —
South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands
King Edward Point
Overseas territory of the United
Kingdom
Pound
sterling
English
© Pls ignore the errors as this document has been prepared from different sources like Wikipedia, Google etc. specially the spelling mistakes.
Engr Sajid Ali