LISP and PROLOG AI Programming Language Submitted To: Dr. Hesham El-Zoka Submitted By: Eng. Ismail...
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Transcript of LISP and PROLOG AI Programming Language Submitted To: Dr. Hesham El-Zoka Submitted By: Eng. Ismail...
LISP and PROLOG AI Programming Language
Submitted To:
Dr. Hesham El-Zoka
Submitted By:
Eng. Ismail Fathalla El-Gayar
AI Programming Languages
Features Year Language
support programs that could perform general problem solving, including lists, associations, schemas (frames),
dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion,, functions as arguments, and cooperative multitasking
Information Processing Language
1956.
IPL
practical mathematical notation for computer programs based on lambda calculus. Linked lists are one of Lisp
languages' major data structures
LISt Processing1958,
LISP
is a hybrid between procedural and logical languages. It gives a procedural interpretation to logical sentences where
implications are interpreted with pattern-directed inference.
MIT 1969 PLANNER
declarative language where programs are expressed in terms of relations, and execution occurs by running queries over these relations. Prolog is particularly useful for symbolic reasoning, database and language parsing applications.
programmation en logique
1970s
PROLOG
language for expressing automated planning problem instances
Stanford Research Institute Problem
Solver1971
STRIPS
AI Programming Languages
So Why We Learn
Logic Programming
Languages???
AI applications are also often written in standard languages
like C++ and MATLAB.
System Usability
P R O L O G has many denotation, functional
languagesother than Lisp
System UsabilityWhy Prolog here?• It is a particularly interesting language
- the “feeling” is completely different fromJava,C,...
- forces to see programming in a different way- programming as writing a “logic theory”
• Recently, renewed interest in Prolog in order to rapidly prototype:
– complex algorithms, reasoning-like computations, dynamic structures, XML-like
features– governing interaction inside system
infrastructures
System UsabilityWhy Prolog here?Conceptual reasons:• new programming idiom
– programming is NOT writing in Java language
• Prolog as an “engine” to study models and language
Practical reasons:• integration between Prolog and Java
– Java as the part handling more “in-the-large” aspects network, graphics, connection with the O.S. and libraries
– Prolog as the engine to handle (complex) algorithms optimization algorithms, reasoning, core logic, data structures
System UsabilityComparing Java / Prolog• Java (C,C++) forces a procedural and deterministic view over computation• Prolog allows for a more declarative way of programming
– expressing the problem, not the solution!– it works very well when finding solutions is
“exploring a tree”.• Other applications
– dealing with knowledge representation and knowledge inference, typical use in AI
System Usability
LISP & PROLOG Programming Language
• Atom: One Component Out Of Listex: x , y , k
• LIST: Brackets Containing Atom ex: ( 2 3 x )
ATOM & LIST
PROLOG LISP Point Of Comparison
2+3 +(2 3) Add
(5-2) -(5 2) Subtract
(2*3) *(3 2) Multiplication
(6/2) /(6 2) Division
(3( + 3 * 2 + )4) +(3 *( 3 2 )4) braces
Arithmetic Operations
PROLOG LISP Point Of Comparison
3<4Yes
<(3 4)True
Smaller
2>5no
>(2 5)Nil
Greater
3 =<2no
=<(3 2)Nil
Smaller than or equal
6=>2Yes
=>(6 2)True
Greater than or equal
3 =:= 4no
(= 3 4)Nil
Equal
3 =\= 4yes
=\(3 4)True
Not Equal
Logic Operations
PROLOG LISP Point Of Comparison
max([1,2,4,6,53,0],X).X=53
( max 1 2 4 6 53 0 )53
Max
min([1,2,46,53,0],X).X = 0
( min 1 2 4 6 53 0 )0
Min
sum(X,Y,Z) plus(A, B, C) C is A + B .
Sum
Functions
the both languages are Object Oriented Programming
Languages
• Since We Said that Lisp Is A List Processing Language we will talk about how we deals with List:--(list '1 '2 'foo) ( 1 2 Foo )- list 1 2 (list 3 4)) => ( 1 2 (3 4))- ( + 1 2 3 4) 10- (if nil (list 1 2 "foo") (list 3 4"bar")) if (var)=nill Do (1 2 Foo)
else (3 4 bar)
List Processing Language
• Lambda(to assign A variable)(lambda (arg) (+ arg 1)) =>arg=arg+1
((lambda (arg) (+ arg 1)) 5) =>arg =6
List Processing Language
• Example :[mia, vincent, jules, yolanda]
• Dealing With List:[Head| Tail] = [mia, vincent, jules, yolanda]
means:-Head = miaTail = [vincent,jules,yolanda]yes
Lists In PROLOG
Example: Concatenation
list procedure cat(list a, list b){
list t = list u = copylist(a); while (t.tail != nil) t = t.tail;
t.tail = b; return u;
}
In an imperative language
In a declarative language
In a functional languagecat(a,b)
if b = nil then aelse cons(head(a),
cat(tail(a),b))
cat([], Z, Z).cat([H|T], L, [H|Z]) :- cat(T, L, Z).
Example in PROLOG ( Fact&Rule)
elephant(george).elephant(mary).elephant(X) :- grey(X), mammal(X), hasTrunk(X).
Procedure for elephant
Predicate
Clauses
Rule
Facts
Example in PROLOG ( Fact&Rule)
?- elephant(george).
yes
?- elephant(jane).
no
Queries
Replies
Execution of Prolog Programs• Prove that goal is satisfiable
• Search of facts/rules is top-down
• Execution of sub-goals is left to right
• Closed-world assumption:– anything not in database is false
• Integer calculation, I/O don’t fit well into logical proof search
Applications of Prolog:-
•Expert systems
•Relational database queries
•Parsing of context-free languages
•Natural language processing
•Teaching programming , as early as in grade school
LISP Compiler•BEE•POPLOG•LISP WORKS•GNU C LISP
PROLOG Compiler•B-Prolog•GNU Prolog•C# PROLOG•Open Prolog•Strawberry Prolog
• Paul Brna ,Prolog Programming A First Course.
• Fernando C. N. Pereira , Stuart M. Shieber ,Prolog and Natural Language Analysis.
• Ulf Nilsson , Jan Maluszynski ,Logic Programming and Prolog 2nd edition.
• Amzi ,Adventure in Prolog.
• - Patrick Blackburn, Johan Bos , Kristina Striegnitz , Learn Prolog Now!
• http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Prolog/Math,_Functions_and_Equality
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)
References