Liquids and Solids

LiquidsDefinite volumeFluidity – able to flowRelative high densityRelative incompressibilityDissolving abilityAbility to diffuseTendency to evaporate and boilTendency to solidify

Solids2 types of solids

Crystalline solid (crystal) Arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern

Amorphous solid (without form) Arranged randomly – no pattern

Properties of solidsDefinite shapeDefinite volumeNonfluidityDefinite melting pointHigh densityIncompressibility

Crystalline solidsThe total 3-dimensional array of points that

describe the arrangement of particles in a crystal is called a crystal lattice.

1 repeating piece is a unit cell

Phase Diagram

Temperature (oC)

Pre

ssu

re

(atm

)

100

0

1

Liquid

Gas

Solid

(Triple Point)

(Boiling Points)

(Freezing Points)

.

Mixtures3 Types of mixtures

1. SolutionSoluble – will dissolveForms a homogeneous mixture

Very small particles

2 Parts of a solution Solute – stuff that dissolves Solvent – stuff that the solute dissolves in

Types of solutionsSolute Solvent Example

Gas Gas Air

Gas Liquid Soda Water

Gas Solid -

Liquid Gas Humidity

Liquid Liquid Juice in water

Liquid Solid -

Solid Gas Sulfur in air

Solid Liquid Kool Aid

Solid Solid Alloy (Brass)

2. Suspensions

Heterogeneous mixture that settlesLarge particlesMuddy water, italian salad dressing

(anything that must be shaken)

3. Colloids

Intermediate sized particlesParticles disperse

2 parts of a colloid

Tyndall Effect Seeing a beam of light

(separates colloid from solution)

Examples of ColloidsColloid PhaseGel solid dispersed in liquid

Liquid emulsion liquid dispersed in liquid

Foam gas dispersed in liquid

Smoke solid dispersed in gas

Fog liquid dispersed in gas

Smog solid & liquid dispersed in gas

3 types of mixturesSolutions

Homogeneous

Very small particles

Does not separate

No light scattering

Colloids

Homogeneous

Intermediate sized

Does not separate

Tyndall effect

Suspensions

Heterogeneous

Large particles

Separates

No Tyndall effect

The solution processIncreasing the Rate of dissolving

1. Increase the surface area of solute

2. Agitating the solution

3. Heating the solvent

Types of solutionsElectrolyte

A solution that has ions in it and can conduct electricity

Saturated solutionContains the maximum amount of solute

Unsaturated solutionContains less than the maximum amount of solute

Supersaturated solutionContains more than the maximum amount of solute

(Rock candy, crystals)

Factors affecting solubility1. Types of solvents and solutes

Like dissolves like Refers to polarity

Water is a polar molecule Oil is a nonpolar molecule

If they are the same polarity, the compounds are miscible (mixable) - salt in water, vinegar in water

If they are not soluble, they are immiscible (not mixable) - oil in water, salt in oil

2. PressureUnder pressure a gas will enter and dissolve

in a liquid fizz in a bottle of pop

If pressure is released, the liquid can’t hold as much gas Effervescence

3. TemperatureWarmer liquids hold less gas

Burp more from warm pop