Liquids and Solids The Condensed States of Matter Chapter 10.2 – 10.3.
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Transcript of Liquids and Solids The Condensed States of Matter Chapter 10.2 – 10.3.
![Page 1: Liquids and Solids The Condensed States of Matter Chapter 10.2 – 10.3.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ec15503460f94bcd18b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Liquids and Solids
The Condensed States of Matter
Chapter 10.2 – 10.3
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A Model for Liquids
Liquid molecules are free to slide past each other, so liquids, like gases, can flow.
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Vaporization is…
the conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor.
If the conversion occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling, the process is called evaporation.
Evaporation is a cooling process. The particle with the highest kinetic energy tend to escape first, leaving cooler particles behind.
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Vapor Pressure is…
pressure that results from the vapor particles colliding with the walls of the container.
It is a force due to a gas above the surface of a liquid.
(Vapor is the gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or solid at room temperature).
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Phase changes with liquids
Evaporation… Liquid Vapor (gas)
Condensation… Vapor (gas) Liquid
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Equilibrium vapor pressure…
When the rate of vaporization is equal to the rate of condensation, no net change in vapor pressure occurs.
This is a dynamic equilibrium.
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Temperature affects the rate of vaporization
Increasing the temperature of a contained liquid increases the vapor pressure over the surface of a liquid.
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Boiling
Boiling occurs when the vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure.
In Denver, where atmospheric pressure is low, boiling occurs at a lower temperature.
In a pressure cooker, boiling occurs at a higher temperature.
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Boiling point…
the temperature at which boiling occurs.
Normal boiling point is the temperature at which boiling occurs at 1 atm pressure (normal pressure).
Boiling is also a cooling process.
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The Nature of Solids
The particles in a solid tend to vibrate about fixed points. They are not free to flow.
Most solids are highly organized, dense and incompressible.
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Melting point….
the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.
Melting…. Solid liquid
Freezing… Liquid solid
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Solids
Crystal Unit cell Allotrope
• Several forms of carbon
Amorphous solids (glass, soot) Supercooled solids Network solids (diamonds, graphite)
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Sublimation…
the change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state.
Sublimation… Solid vapor
Deposition… Vapor solid
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Phase diagrams
Triple point describes the set of conditions where all three phases, solid, liquid, and gas, can exist in equilibrium with each other.
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Phase diagram for water
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Phase diagram for CO2
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Heating curve