• Lips• Teeth• Tongue• Palate

• Hard• Soft

• Mandible

Zemlin, pg 227.

• Adults have 32 teeth• Many only have 28

• Anatomy of a tooth• Crown• Neck • Root

Zemlin, pg 240.

• Lips• Teeth• Tongue• Palate

• Hard• Soft

• Mandible

Zemlin, pg 227.

• “The tongue is without doubt the most important and the most active of the articulators”- Zemlin

• Alveolar ridge• Just behind front teeth (top)

Zemlin, pg 251.

• 2 parts of the tongue• Blade• Root

• 4 parts of the tongue• Tip• Blade: Alveolar ridge• Front: Hard palate• Back: Soft palate

Zemlin, pg 251.

• Intrinsic Muscles• Superior longitudinal:

• Most superficial• Longitudinal, oblique fibers• Course anteriorly from the root• Contraction: shorten the tongue, turn tip

upward

Zemlin, pg 254.

• Intrinsic Muscles• Inferior longitudinal:

• Muscle fibers on the underside of the tongue• Fibers run between genioglossus and hyoglossus

fibers• Course anteriorly from the root• Contraction: shorten the tongue, turn tip

downward

Zemlin, pg 254.

• Intrinsic Muscles• Transverse:

• Fibers course laterally• Contraction: narrow

tongue, elongate tongue

• Vertical:• Course downward

(and laterally) throughout the body of the tongue

• Contraction: flattens the tongue

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

• Extrinsic Muscles• Genioglossus:• Forms the bulk of tongue tissue

• Strongest/largest extrinsic muscle

• Lower fibers: connect to the body of the hyoid

• Upper fibers: connect to the root and blade

• Contraction: move tongue root forward so tip is against teeth; pull front backward; pull center down

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

• Extrinsic Muscles• Styloglossus:

• Connects the styloid process with the tongue

• Contraction: draws tongue up and back; can draw sides of tongue upward

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

http://antranik.org/geography-of-the-skull/

• Extrinsic Muscles• Hyoglossus:

• Connects greater cornua with the posterior tongue

• Contraction: retract/depress tongue; elevate hyoid (phonation)

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

• Extrinsic Muscles• Palatoglossus (glossopalatine):• Connects soft palate

with the posterior tongue

• Forms anterior faucial pillars

• Contraction: lower soft palate; raise back of tongue

Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

• Lips• Teeth• Tongue• Palate

• Hard• Soft

• Mandible

Zemlin, pg 227.

• Roof of the mouth/floor of the nasal cavity

• Formed by palatine processes of maxilla (upper jaw bone)

• Rugae: ridges behind the alveolar ridge

• Midline raphe: midline/sulcus in the roof of the mouth

Zemlin, pg 264.

• Connects to the posterior portion of the palatine processes

• 1/3 of the soft palate is connective tissue

• 2 major muscles

Zemlin, pg 227.

• Tensor Veli Palatini (Tensor Palati)• Connects the pterygoid plates at one end, and forms the palatal aponeurosis (connects soft and hard palates; “skeleton” of the soft palate)

• Contraction: lowers soft palate; opens Eustachian tube

http://www.drjimboyd.com/Masticatory_Musculature04.html

Levator Veli Palatini (Lavator Palati)

• Bulk of the soft palate• Connects soft palate with petrous bone and Eustachian tube

• Contraction: raises soft palate, contacts soft palate and pharyngeal wall (to divide oral and nasal cavities)

http://imaging.consult.com/image/chapter/Pediatric?title=Temporal%20Bone%20and%20Ear%20%28Pediatric%29&image=fig2&locator=gr2&pii=S1933-0332%2808%2973386-X

Zemlin, pg 264.

• Musculus Uvulae (Azygos Uvulae)• Connects soft palate and uvula• Contraction: raise soft palate

• Palatoglossus• Contraction: lower soft palate; raise back of

tongue

• Palatopharyngeous• Posterior faucial pillars• Main function in swallowing Zemlin, pg 264.

• Lips• Teeth• Tongue• Palate

• Hard• Soft

• Mandible

Zemlin, pg 227.