LIPIDS. THE LIPID FAMILY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INSOLUBLE IN WATER INCLUDE: TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS...

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LIPIDS

Transcript of LIPIDS. THE LIPID FAMILY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INSOLUBLE IN WATER INCLUDE: TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS...

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LIPIDS

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THE LIPID FAMILYORGANIC COMPOUNDSINSOLUBLE IN WATERINCLUDE:

TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS STEROLS

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TRIGLYCERIDESGLYCEROL BACKBONE (CHO) GLUCOSE

ALL ALIKE –”BACKBONE” OF TRIGLYCERIDEFATTY ACIDS ENERGY (BETA OXIDATION)

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GLYCEROL BACKBONE

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CONDENSATION – GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS

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MIXED TRIGLYCERIDE

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FATTY ACIDSOrganic acids – chains of carbon and hydrogenAcid group – COOHMethyl group – CH3

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PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS

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CHAIN LENGTHMost are even number of carbonsShort chain = 4-6 carbons; milk, butterMedium chain = 8-12 carbons; coconut oil and synthetic medium chain triglyceridesLong chain = 14-30 carbons with 16-18 most common; animal and plant sources

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SATURATIONSaturatedMono-unsaturatedPolyunsaturated Affects physical state – liquid or solidBiological effect

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COMPARISON OF

DIETARY FATS

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ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDSBody cannot manufacture – necessary for body functionsConditionally essential – inadequate precursorsNeed 4% of Kcals from EFALack of: skin irritation dehydration

growth failure infections liver changes visual

problems

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ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDSOMEGA-6Linoleic (18:2n6)

found in vegetable oils *Arachidonic (20:4n6) from linoleic, egg yolk, beef liver

OMEGA-3 Linolenic (18:3n3) found in leafy vegetables * EPA and *DHA Eicosapentaenoic Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid from linolenic, fish, seafood

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OMEGA FATTY ACIDS

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BENEFITS OF EPA & DHALowers serum cholesterol and triglyceridesLowers tendency for blood to clotEPA regulates blood pressureIncreases synthesis of immune substancesRecommend – fish 2 times/weekNo fish oil capsules

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OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IN FISHFish 3.5oz raw Omega-3 Cholesterol

Mackeral, Atlantic 2500 mg 80

Herring, Atlantic 1600 60

Bluefish 1200 59

Salmon, Atlantic 1200 74

Tuna, white 500 47

Tuna, light 250 47

Cod, Atlantic 300 43

Shrimp 300 42

Flounder 200 46

Haddock 200 63

Sword Fish 200 39

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MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS

MCT = Medium Chain TriglyceridesSynthetic fats and fatty acids (8-10 carbons)Used with poor digestion and malabsorptionEasily digested by intestinal lipaseAbsorbed without bile acidsTransport portal vein liver without being resynthesized to triglyceridesUsed in some enteral formulasNot palatable

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PHOSPOLIPIDSGlycerol backboneTwo fatty acidsPhosphorus containing unit in place of 3rd fatty acidImportant part of cell membrane constituentsWater soluble and fat solubleFatty acids move across lipid membranes into watery fluids Allow fat soluble substances to pass in and out of cells

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PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE

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PHOSPHOLIPID-LECITHIN

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PHOSPHOLIPIDSFound naturally abundant

Eggs, liver, soybeans, wheat germ, peanutsUsed as emulsifiers

Food processing Body – keep other fats suspended in blood

Should be ~ 5% of lipids in dietWATCH HEALTH CLAIMS - LECITHIN

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STEROLS - CHOLESTEROLComposed of C, H, O atomsArranged in ringsVariety of side chainsPresent in ALL animal fats, NOT vegetable, plant fatsSources:

Dietary (300-500 mg/ day) Liver manufactures 600-1500 mg/day

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CHOLESTEROL

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CHOLESTEROL Necessary for formation of essential substances:

* steroid hormones * bile salts * cell membranes * myelin * vit D sythesis * adrenal hormones

Dietary cholesterol is NOT a significant contributor to serum cholesterolMore important Saturated Fatty Acids and Total fat

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Fat Digestion

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FAT ABSORPTIONGlycerol Absorbed into Short & Medium blood at portal Chain Fatty Acids vein to liver

Monoglycerides & Micelles (Intestinal wall)Long Chain Fatty Acids Reassembled into

TRIGLYCERIDES

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EMULSIFICATION OF FAT

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HYDROLYSIS

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ABSORPTION Triglycerides +Cholesterol + = LIPOPROTEINSPhospholipids +Proteins

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TYPICAL LIPOPROTEIN

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LIPOPROTEINSTransport lipidsBlood lipid profileMade in liver and small intestineMade of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, protein water solubility

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CHYLOMICRONFrom dietary fatIntestinal cell wallTransports lipids to muscle and fat cells broken down by lipoprotein lipaseRemnants to the liver to be dismantled

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VLDL – VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS

Lipoprotein synthesized by liverTriglycerides, cholesterol made from non-dietary sources (endogenous), carbohydrates, proteins, fatsGreatest percent of lipids triglycerides

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LDL-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

Remnant of VLDL – triglycerides pulled outMore dense than VLDLLess lipids but more cholesterolSeparated to build hormones, cell walls, smooth musclesGathers cholesterol from lipoproteins and bloodstream deposits body cellPlaque formation arterial wallRemoved from circulation by liver

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HDL-HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINScavenger of cholesterol – removes from arterial wallsCompetes with LDL for receptor sites to prevent plaque formationLiver makes HDL to transportCholesterol and phospholipids made by cells back to liver for recycling or disposalLDL/HDL ratio important in heart disease

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LIPOPROTEINS COMPARED

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TYPES OF CHOLESTEROL

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HOW TO HAVE A HEART ATTACK

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CORONARY RISK FACTORS MODIFIABLE

HypercholesterolemiaHypertensionSmokingPhysical InactivityDiabetes MellitusLow LDLObesity

FIXEDFamily historyAgeGenderMenopausal females without hormonal replacement

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HEART DISEASEHigh LDLLow HDLHDL-LDL RATIOTotal Fat IntakeLab Goals:

Total Cholesterol = <200 mg/dl Triglycerides = <150mg/dl LDL = <130 mg/dl ^ risk >160 HDL = >60 mg/dl ^ risk < 35 LDL/HDL ratio <3.0 (Best 2.5) 160/35 = 4.5 ^ risk 130/60 = 2.1 low risk

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HDL:LDL RATIO

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ATHEROSCLEROSIS

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LIPID PROFILE

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WHERE FAT IS AT!Middle increased risk of ^ blood pressure, DM, ^ serum cholesterol, ^ CVD “Apple shape” – Android (male)Arms, thighs, buttocks lower risk, “Pear shape” – Gynecoid (female)

“Pear shape” more desirable than “apple”

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WHERE FAT ISWaist:Hip ratioAt risk for obesity related problems if women >0.8 men > 0.95Waist: Hip ratio is waist circumference divided by hip circumference in either inches or centimeters

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STEP DIETSNCEP-National Cholesterol Education ProgramAge 20 and abovetotal chol & HDL every 5 years:

IF total Chol >240mg/dl and evidence of CHDCheck LDL

IF total Chol = 200-239mg/dl & HDL <35mg/dlBefore drug therapy – for 6 months

* decrease saturated fat * decrease cholesterol intake * adjust weight (decrease caloric intake & increase physical activity

Post menopausal HRT to decrease LDL

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STEP DIETS

STEP 1 STEP 2TOTAL FAT < 30% Kcals Same

SFA <10% Kcals <7%

PUFA Max 10 Kcals Same

MUFA Remaining fat calories Same

CHOL < 300 mg daily < 200

CHO 55% Kcals Same

PROTEIN 15-20% Kcals Same

KCALS Achieve and maintain IBW Same

Promote normal growth and development

Same

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DRUG THERAPY FOR HYPERLIPIDEMIA

Should be 6 months after diet therapyBile Acid Sequestrants (cholestyramine, colestipol) Causes binding of bile acid in gut

Liver pulls more cholesterol to manufacture more bileNicotinic Acid dec VLDLdec LDL, TG, ^ HDLProbucol (Lorelco) - ^ LDL excretion, Genfibrozil (Lopid) – dec TG, ^ HDL, dec LDLLovastatin (Mevacor) – dec Chol synthesis, dec LDL

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FAT FUNCTIONSBODY

Provides energy – 9 kcals/gram Insulates Protects organs (shock absorber)

DIET Fat soluble vitamins Flavor, aroma, tenderness Slows digestion, satiety, fullness

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FAT AS ENERGY

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ADIPOSE CELLAdipose cells have lipoproteinlipase (LPL) on surface to extract triglyceridesLPL hydrolyzes Triglycerides and directs components into cell for metabolism and storage

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ADIPOSE CELL

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FOR ENERGYHormone sensitive lipase dismantles stored triglycerides glycerol and fatty acidsCells requiring energy break down fatty acids energy + CO2 + H2ONeeds CHOs to completely metabolizeDoes NOT provide enough energy for brain or CNSWithout CHO: Fat + fat = ketone bodies (ketosis)

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HYDROGENATIONPolyunsaturated saturated fatLiquid solidAdd hydrogen at the double bondDoes not change Kcals or cholesterolDecreases rancidity: double bonds break (unstable) spoilageCIS to TRANS fatty

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HYDROGENATION

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CIS TO TRANS

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HYDROGENATIONCIS Formation

Typical of fatty acids found in natural foods

Hydrogens on same side U-like formation

TRANS formation During hydrogenation Hydrogens on opposite sides Linear formation

Safety issues - LDL= Saturated fat diet ( HDL)

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FAT SUBSTITUTESProteinamino acidsmetabolized

egg whites, milk protein, or whey protein concentrateCHO derivativeshydrolysissimpler form

oat bran (amylase)amylodextrin (dextrinase)glucose

Olestra 3 chain fatty acidHepta, hexa, & octaesters

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OLEAN STRUCTURE

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FAT SUBSTITUTES