MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGYThe Study of Word The Study of Word Structure and Word Structure and Word

FormationFormation

Derivational MorphemesDerivational Morphemes

Inflectional MorphemesInflectional Morphemes

AllomorphsAllomorphs

• Building up complex words from Building up complex words from base morphemes and affixes follows base morphemes and affixes follows the word formation rules.the word formation rules.

• The word formation rules will The word formation rules will determine how the derivational and determine how the derivational and inflectional morphemes are added to inflectional morphemes are added to a root in order to form a new word.a root in order to form a new word.

Derivational MorphemesDerivational Morphemes

• The study of how affixes combine The study of how affixes combine with roots to derive new words is with roots to derive new words is known known as derivational as derivational morphology.morphology.

• This is the most productive process.This is the most productive process.• Derivational morphemes change the Derivational morphemes change the

part of speech or meaning of a word part of speech or meaning of a word (eg: -ion added to a verb forms a (eg: -ion added to a verb forms a noun, suggest +ion)noun, suggest +ion)

Derivational MorphemesDerivational Morphemes• Derivational morphology process Derivational morphology process

usually indicates semantic relations usually indicates semantic relations within words, but no syntactic within words, but no syntactic relations outside the word. For relations outside the word. For example the word example the word undoundo relates relates -un -un “not” to “not” to dodo but has no particular but has no particular syntactic connections outside the syntactic connections outside the word. The same word can be used inword. The same word can be used in he cannot undo the damage and they he cannot undo the damage and they cannot undo the damage.cannot undo the damage.

Derivational MorphemesDerivational Morphemes

• It follows a certain relative order It follows a certain relative order within words.within words.

• It usually occurs before inflectional It usually occurs before inflectional suffixes. Example: first modernsuffixes. Example: first modernize ize thenthen modernizemodernizes. s.

• When inflectional suffix is added to a When inflectional suffix is added to a verb (modernize+s) then no verb (modernize+s) then no derivational suffixes can be added. derivational suffixes can be added. English has no form modernizesableEnglish has no form modernizesable..

Derivational MorphemesDerivational Morphemes

• There are many derivational There are many derivational suffixes in English. They suffixes in English. They carry semantic meaning. carry semantic meaning. Most are used to derive Most are used to derive nouns, verbs, and adjectives nouns, verbs, and adjectives from other words. A few are from other words. A few are used to form adverbs. used to form adverbs.

• Study the general process of word formation Study the general process of word formation

below.below.• Example: the derivational suffix Example: the derivational suffix –able–able..

Verb Verb AdjectiveAdjective

read read + able= readableread read + able= readable

wash wash + able=washablewash wash + able=washable

break break + able=breakablebreak break + able=breakable

pay pay+ able=payablepay pay+ able=payable

excuse excuse + able=excusableexcuse excuse + able=excusable

• There are at least three changes There are at least three changes associated with this suffix associated with this suffix –able –able

wash----------washablewash----------washable

1.1.A phonological change (sound change)A phonological change (sound change)

the pronunciation of the verb must be the pronunciation of the verb must be increased by a certain sequence of sounds.increased by a certain sequence of sounds.

2.2.A category change ( part of speech A category change ( part of speech change)change)

when –able attaches to verbs, adjectives when –able attaches to verbs, adjectives form.form.

3.3. The suffix –able introduces a new The suffix –able introduces a new element of meaning.element of meaning.

Inflectional MorphemesInflectional Morphemes

• English has bound morphemes that English has bound morphemes that have a strictly grammatical function. have a strictly grammatical function.

• They mark properties such as tense, They mark properties such as tense, number, gender, case and others.number, gender, case and others.

• These bound morphemes are called These bound morphemes are called inflectional morphemes. inflectional morphemes.

• All inflectional morphemes in All inflectional morphemes in English are suffixes.English are suffixes.

Inflectional MorphemesInflectional Morphemes

• Inflectional morphemes never change Inflectional morphemes never change the part of speech of the base the part of speech of the base morpheme that they are attached.morpheme that they are attached.

book-books, boy-boys, student-book-books, boy-boys, student-studentsstudents

• Inflectional morphemes are viewed as Inflectional morphemes are viewed as the process of adding very general the process of adding very general meanings to existing words, not as the meanings to existing words, not as the creation of new words.creation of new words.

Inflectional MorphemesInflectional Morphemes

• Inflectional morphemes are required by the Inflectional morphemes are required by the syntax. They normally indicate syntactic or syntax. They normally indicate syntactic or semantic relations between different words in semantic relations between different words in the sentence (for example: the sentence (for example: Bhavani loves Bhavani loves orangesoranges,, -s-s marks the 3 marks the 3rdrd person singular person singular present form of the verb, relating it to the 3present form of the verb, relating it to the 3rdrd singular subject Bhavani.singular subject Bhavani.

• Are very productive and usually occur with Are very productive and usually occur with almost all appropriate base morphemes, ex, almost all appropriate base morphemes, ex, the plural morpheme the plural morpheme –s –s occurs with almost all occurs with almost all nouns.nouns.

• English has eight bound English has eight bound inflectional morphemesinflectional morphemes

1)1)Third person singular present (-s)Third person singular present (-s)

walks, runs, catcheswalks, runs, catches

2) Past tense- (-ed)2) Past tense- (-ed)

walked, wandered, waitedwalked, wandered, waited

3) Progressive (-ing)3) Progressive (-ing)

waiting, walkingwaiting, walking

4. 4. Past participle (-en)Past participle (-en)

broken, fallenbroken, fallen

5. Plural (-s)5. Plural (-s)

lakeslakes, , chairschairs,, kisses kisses

6. Possessive (-’s)6. Possessive (-’s)

Azim’s, the school’s , the Azim’s, the school’s , the judge’sjudge’s

7. Comparative marker 7. Comparative marker -er . -er . TheThe –er –er form with short adjectives. form with short adjectives. moremore + + adj. with longer adjectives)adj. with longer adjectives)

taller, more beautifultaller, more beautiful

88. . Superlative marker -Superlative marker -estest . The -est . The -est form with short adj. and form with short adj. and the most the most + adj form with longer adjectives+ adj form with longer adjectives

tallest, most beautifultallest, most beautiful

Relative order of Relative order of derivational and inflectional derivational and inflectional

suffixessuffixesWordWord root/base root/base DS DS IS IS

ModernModern modernmodern

ModernizeModernize modernmodern izeizeModernizesModernizes modernmodern izeize -s -s

(3(3rdrd person)person)

Modernizers Modernizers modernmodern ize + erize + er _s _s (plural)(plural)

ReadabilityReadability readread able + ity able + ity

Table 1Table 1

Words can be created by attaching Words can be created by attaching derivational or/and inflectional morphemes.derivational or/and inflectional morphemes.

For example the word For example the word agree agree can be formed tocan be formed to::

• agree + s ( r + i)=agreesagree + s ( r + i)=agrees• agree + ed (r +i)=agreedagree + ed (r +i)=agreed• dis + agree + ed (d + r + i)=disagreeddis + agree + ed (d + r + i)=disagreed• dis + agree + s (d + r + i)=disagreesdis + agree + s (d + r + i)=disagrees• Agree + ment (r + d)=agreementAgree + ment (r + d)=agreement• dis + agree + ment (d + r + dis + agree + ment (d + r +

d)=disagreementd)=disagreement

Study the words below:Study the words below:

note r = root morphemenote r = root morpheme

d= derivational morphemed= derivational morpheme

i= inflectional morphemei= inflectional morpheme

1.1.Words with just one morphemeWords with just one morpheme

an an ocean Mississippian an ocean Mississippi

r r r rr r r r

2.2.Two morpheme wordsTwo morpheme words

danc er wis er number sdanc er wis er number s

r d r i r r d r i r ii

33.. Three morpheme wordsThree morpheme words

in fer ence un reason able over turn edin fer ence un reason able over turn ed

d r d d r d d r id r d d r d d r i

4. Four morpheme words4. Four morpheme words

dis quali fi es super natur al istdis quali fi es super natur al ist

d r d i d r d dd r d i d r d d

5.5.And more……And more……

socio lingu ist ic al lysocio lingu ist ic al ly

d r d d d dd r d d d d

super cali frag il ist ic al lysuper cali frag il ist ic al ly

d d r d d d d dd d r d d d d d

AllomorphsAllomorphs

• The different The different forms/variations in sound but forms/variations in sound but not in meaning of a single not in meaning of a single morpheme.morpheme.

Types of AllomorphsTypes of Allomorphs

Allomophs of plural morpheme:-Allomophs of plural morpheme:-• /s/ - shops, nuts, books/s/ - shops, nuts, books• /z/ - cubs, bugs/z/ - cubs, bugs• //iz/ - houses, glasses, dishes, judgesiz/ - houses, glasses, dishes, judges

Allomophs of past tense morpheme:Allomophs of past tense morpheme:• /t/ - walked, packed, chopped/t/ - walked, packed, chopped• /d/ - wandered, played, died/d/ - wandered, played, died• /id/ - waited, shouted, lifted/id/ - waited, shouted, lifted

Types of AllomorphsTypes of Allomorphs

Allomorphs for third singular morphemeAllomorphs for third singular morpheme• /s/- walks/s/- walks• /z/- runs/z/- runs• /iz/- catches/iz/- catches

Allomorphs of possessive morphemeAllomorphs of possessive morpheme• /s/- Tina’s/s/- Tina’s• /z/- lab’s/z/- lab’s• /iz/-judge’s/iz/-judge’s

Allomorphs of Negative Allomorphs of Negative MorphemeMorpheme

• Un- able, do, lucky, true, certainUn- able, do, lucky, true, certain• Ir- responsible, regular, relevantIr- responsible, regular, relevant• Im-possible, polite, properIm-possible, polite, proper• In- ability, correct, edibleIn- ability, correct, edible• Dis-agree, qualify, continueDis-agree, qualify, continue• Mis- spell, conduct, spellMis- spell, conduct, spell• Non- smoker, stop, residentNon- smoker, stop, resident• Il- logical, legal, legitimateIl- logical, legal, legitimate• De- frost, classify, throneDe- frost, classify, throne• Mal-nutrition, function, formationMal-nutrition, function, formation

Task 1Task 1

Derive the words below to form new Derive the words below to form new words.words.

• CoverCover livelive• SharpSharp shapeshape• ArrangeArrange suggestsuggest• CreateCreate investinvest• FineFine protectprotect• FriendFriend orderorder

Task 2Task 2• Analyze the following English words, Analyze the following English words,

in the manner shown in table 1.in the manner shown in table 1.• FriendlinessFriendliness• TranquilizersTranquilizers• WideningWidening• LocalizabilityLocalizability• WritingsWritings• LoudestLoudest• EmployerEmployer

Task 3Task 3

Recognizing roots, derivational and Recognizing roots, derivational and inflectional morphemes (r, d, and i)inflectional morphemes (r, d, and i)

ConsultConsult obliviousoblivious offendsoffends

ContinueContinue subdividedsubdivided sufficientsufficient

ImbecileImbecile submarinesubmarine suppresssuppress

IncursIncurs subvertsubvert subjectsubject

InfectInfect supplysupply infallibleinfallible

ImmobileImmobile flamboyantflamboyant inimitableinimitable

InnocentInnocent detonatordetonator tallertaller

More exercises…More exercises…• Course book pages 175-176,193- Course book pages 175-176,193-

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