LING 303 - University of Calgary in Alberta · Wolof (Senegal) dor-e ‘tohit with’ x l-ε...
Transcript of LING 303 - University of Calgary in Alberta · Wolof (Senegal) dor-e ‘tohit with’ x l-ε...
-
LING 303
Phonology I
vw
-
Today…
Finish Tongue Root
– [±ATR] in vowels (continued)
– [±ATR] in consonants
– [radical]?
Start Larynx
– [±voice]
-
Akan (Ghana)
hyperlink
notice subscript symbols:
– ̙ for [–ATR]
– ̘ for [+ATR]
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/appendix/languages/akan/akan.html
-
Wolof (Senegal)
do r-e ‘to hit with’ x l-ε ‘to look with’re r-e ‘to be lost in’ dεm-ε ‘to go with’gæn-e ‘to be better in’ x m-ε ‘to know in’do r-le ‘to help hit’ j x-lε ‘to help give’re r-le ‘to lose property’ dε -lε ‘to lose
a relative’yæg-le ‘to be better in’ t kk-lε ‘to help tie’
-
Wolof
re r-o n ‘was lost’ rε r- n ‘had dinner’ow-o n ‘came’ j x- n ‘gave’bægg-o n ‘wanted’ t kk- n ‘tied’
-
Wolof
le b-æl ‘to tell stories for’ bey- l ‘to cultivate for’fo t-æl ‘to launder for’ w r- l ‘to fast for’jænd-æl ‘to buy for’ w x- l ‘to speak for’
-
Wolof
genn-ændo ‘to go outtogether’
dεnd- nd ‘to be neighbors’
tox-ændo ‘to smoketogether’
t pp- nd ‘to imitate’
dækk-ændo ‘to livetogether’
w x- nd ‘to say together’
-
[ATR] in consonants?
Arabic
– hyperlink
Raised ˁ (pharyngealization) is [–ATR]
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/appendix/languages/arabic/arabic.html
-
Palestinian Arabicb̙a̙l̙l̙a̙ː s̙ ‘thief’
ħ̙a̙ð̙ː ‘luck’
ʔ̙a̙b̙s̙a̙t̙ ‘simpler’
b̙a̙ː s̙ ‘bus’
m̙a̙n̙a̙ː f̙i̙ð̙ ‘ashtrays’
x̙a̙j̙ːa̙ː t̙ ‘tailor’
n̙a̙ʃ̙a̙ː t̙ ‘energy’
t̙a̙m̙ʃ̙i̙ːt̙a̙ ‘hair stylist’
-
Pharyngealse.g., Stoney (Morley, AB)
[ i] ‘brown’ [ o a] ‘fish’
[a án] ‘on top’ [ no] ‘growling’
[bó a] ‘blow’ [ga ní a] ‘choose’
[na é] ‘stomach’ [ já e] ‘mountain’
-
Nuuchahnulth (Vancouver Island, BC)
[ʕaːħuːsʔatħ] ‘Ahousaht’
[ʔiːħ] ‘big’
[ʕiniːtɬ] ‘dog’
[wiːʕiːk] ‘stingy’
[j’imħaː] ‘to be ashamed’
[ʕiħʃitɬ] ‘to cry’
-
Agul (Dagestan, Russia)
[muʕə] ‘bridge’ [muʕar] ‘bridges’
[muħ] ‘barn’ [muħar] ‘barns’
-
Several Afro-Semitic languages have pharyngeals
Tigrinya
Arabic
Hebrew
– hyperlink
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/appendix/languages/hebrew/hebrew.html
-
[radical]?
Used by most phonologists to
characterize pharyngeals
I’m suspicious of this alleged
phonological features
– It never spreads
– It occurs only in a minuscule fraction of the
world’s languages (which have pharyngeals)
I prefer to think as pharyngeals as [+low]
glides
-
[±voice]
-
Speech errors (from Fromkin 1978)
reveal >e [ ifi ]
big and fat >e pig and vat
I’ll wring her neck >e I’ll [ k] her [n g]
-
Japanese
a. ju + to u → judo u
‘hot water’ ‘tofu’ ‘boiled tofu’
b. jo + sakura → jozakura
‘night’ ‘cherry’ ‘blossoms at night’
c. ko + tanuki → kodanuki
‘child’ ‘raccoon’ ‘baby raccoon’
d. mizu + seme → mizuzeme
‘water’ ‘torture’ ‘water torture’
-
Japanese ctd.
e. ori + kami → origami
‘fold’ ‘paper’ ‘origami’
f. jama + tera → jamadera
‘mountain’ ‘temple’ ‘mountain temple’
g. iro + kami → irogami
‘colour’ ‘paper’ ‘colored paper’
h. take + saru → takezaru
‘bamboo’ ‘filet’
-
Zoque
paloma ‘bird’ m-baloma ‘my bird’
pama ‘clothing’ m-bama ‘my clothing’
burru ‘burro’ m-burru ‘my burro’
tatah ‘father’ n-datah ‘my father’
tˢima ‘calabash’ n-dzima ‘my calabash’
disko ‘disk’ n-disko ‘my disk’
tʃoʔŋgoja ‘rabbit’ ɲ-dʒoʔŋgoja ‘my rabbit’
kama ‘cornfield’ ŋ-gama ‘my cornfield’
gallu ‘rooster’ ŋ-gallu ‘my rooster’
-
[±voice]
Assimilation of [+voice] is very common, especially with nasals.
In Japanese an obstruent regularly becomes voiced after a nasal.– The gerundive suffix -te (e.g., mi-te ‘seeing’) becomes
-de after a nasal (e.g., jon-de ‘reading’, in-de ‘dying’).
In the Puyo Pungo dialect of Quechua too.– The genitive suffix -pa (e.g., sinik-pa ‘porcupine’s’)
changes to -ba after a nasal (e.g., kam-ba ‘yours’, hatum-ba ‘the big one’s’).
-
[±voice] assimilation
+cons –son
+nas +voi –voi
-
More [±voice]
assimilation
[±voice] assimilation triggered by obstruents is also very common.
A well-known case of progressive assimilation is that observed with the regular verbal and nominal inflections in English, such as the plural pot+[s] vs. pan+[z] and the past tense hack+[t] (hacked) vs. drag+[d] (dragged).
-
Isthmus Zapotec
geta bere doʔo ja:ga diʔidʒa palu ku:ba tapa
‘corncake’‘chicken’‘rope’‘wood’‘word’‘stick’‘dough’‘four’
sketaluʔspereluʔ stoʔoluʔ sja:galuʔ stiʔidʒaluʔ spaluluʔ sku:baluʔstapaluʃ
‘your corncake’‘your chicken’‘your rope’‘your wood’‘your word’‘your stick’‘your dough’‘your four’