LING-08 Phonemic and Phonetic Symbols Rev 2-1-2011 Dr. David F. Maas

8/7/2019 LING-08 Phonemic and Phonetic Symbols Rev 2-1-2011 Dr. David F. Maas

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Phonemic and Phonetic Symbols Phonetic symbols arePhonetic symbols are

always enclosed inalways enclosed in

brackets [ ] as inbrackets [ ] as in [[ppnn ]]

While phonemicWhile phonemic

symbols aresymbols are

enclosed in slashesenclosed in slashes/ / as in/p// / as in/p/


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Aspiration

When a stop consonant is released, it isWhen a stop consonant is released, it is

often accompanied by a puff of airoften accompanied by a puff of air

which imparts a breathy quality to thewhich imparts a breathy quality to the

soundsound

When accompanied by a strong puff ofWhen accompanied by a strong puff of

air , the sound is said to be aspirated.air , the sound is said to be aspirated. [[ ] is the symbol which indicates a] is the symbol which indicates a

stop is aspiratedstop is aspirated


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Diacritic Mark

A diacritic mark such as [A diacritic mark such as [ ]] tells ustells us

additional phonetic informationadditional phonetic informationshowing us variations in theshowing us variations in the

phonemes called allophonesphonemes called allophones


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Allophones product of

environment Allophones of a phoneme are alwaysAllophones of a phoneme are always

influenced by theinfluenced by the

environment(surrounding sounds)environment(surrounding sounds)

[[stst-- k ] isk ] is unaspiratedunaspirated

[t[t pp ] is aspirated] is aspirated


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[t] represents a voiceless apico

alveolar stop The diacritic [The diacritic [] adds additional] adds additional

informationinformation

It is aspiratedIt is aspirated

It is released with a strong puff of airIt is released with a strong puff of air


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Two stages in production of stop

consonant Air pressure builds up behind a closureAir pressure builds up behind a closure

in the vocal tractin the vocal tract

The confined air is releasedThe confined air is released


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Unreleased Stop

If the organs of articulation are allowedIf the organs of articulation are allowed

to relax during the final stage, theto relax during the final stage, the

confined air will not be released sharply.confined air will not be released sharply.

It is still a stop because we haveIt is still a stop because we have

complete closure, but there is nocomplete closure, but there is no

released pop.released pop.


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[=] indicates that a stop is

unreleased In the word [stap=] the air stream isIn the word [stap=] the air stream is

dammed up behind the lips but notdammed up behind the lips but not

releasedreleased


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Production of unreleased final

stop Pronounce the wordPronounce the word butbutas if you wereas if you were

going to continue speaking,then thoughtgoing to continue speaking,then thought

the better of it. Butthe better of it. But----(uh oh Im wrong(uh oh Im wrong

againagain

Your tongue should remain in contactYour tongue should remain in contact

with the alveolar ridge after you havewith the alveolar ridge after you haveceased to speakceased to speak


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Released final stop

To produce a released final stopTo produce a released final stop

pronounce the wordpronounce the word butbutin the finalin the final

context:context:

We are gathered here today for a greatWe are gathered here today for a great

cause, but...ladies and gentlemen, wecause, but...ladies and gentlemen, we

must not forget..must not forget.. There is no closure after theThere is no closure after the butbut


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Position of Occurence Refers to where a sound may occur inRefers to where a sound may occur in

the wordthe word

It is conditioned by itsIt is conditioned by its

environment(surrounding sounds)environment(surrounding sounds)

Because only an unaspirated stopBecause only an unaspirated stop

occurs after [s] we say that this stop isoccurs after [s] we say that this stop isconditioned by its environment.conditioned by its environment.


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Speech sounds infinitely varied 10 consecutive repetitions10 consecutive repetitions of [of [tt]] wouldwould

result in 10 slightly different soundsresult in 10 slightly different sounds

A transcription which attempted toA transcription which attempted to

represent as many of these phoneticrepresent as many of these phonetic

differences as possible would be narrowdifferences as possible would be narrow

Even the narrowest of phoneticEven the narrowest of phonetictranscriptions is only a crudetranscriptions is only a crude

approximation of the speech soundsapproximation of the speech sounds


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Non-Functional Difference

A nonA non--functional difference is notfunctional difference is not

sufficient to change the meaning of ansufficient to change the meaning of an

utteranceutterance

[[stapstap ] and [] and [stapstap--] do not alter the meaning] do not alter the meaning

of the two utterancesof the two utterances


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FunctionalD

ifference To determine whether the difference isTo determine whether the difference is

functional, we must pronounce them infunctional, we must pronounce them in

the same environmentthe same environment

When the substitution of one sound forWhen the substitution of one sound for

another sound in the same environmentanother sound in the same environment

results in a change of meaning,we sayresults in a change of meaning,we saythe difference between the two soundsthe difference between the two sounds

is functionalis functional


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Environment for p and b the

same in this pair of words? pan:nabpan:nab tap:tabtap:tab


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FunctionalD

ifference When the substitution of one sound forWhen the substitution of one sound for

another soundanother sound in the samein the same

environmentenvironment results in a change ofresults in a change ofmeaning, we say that the differencemeaning, we say that the difference

between the two sounds is functionalbetween the two sounds is functional

Sue:Zoo /su/ /zu/Sue:Zoo /su/ /zu/


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Phonetic and Phonemic Contrasts Voicing is phonemicVoicing is phonemic

and functional inand functional in

EnglishEnglish Sue /su/ and zooSue /su/ and zoo

/zu/ results in a/zu/ results in a

contrast in meaningcontrast in meaning

/s/ and /z/ contrast/s/ and /z/ contrast

in the samein the same

environmentenvironment

Aspiration isAspiration is

phonetic and nonphonetic and non--

functional in Englishfunctional in English [[stapstap]] [[stapstap--] does] does

not result in anot result in a

meaning contrastmeaning contrast


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Position of Occurence Position ofPosition of occurenceoccurence refers to arefers to a

phonemes position in the wordphonemes position in the word

Word initial refers to the front of the wordWord initial refers to the front of the word

/p/ in //p/ in /ppnn/ pin occurs in the word initial/ pin occurs in the word initial

positionposition

/p/ occurs in the word medial position in/p/ occurs in the word medial position inkeeper /keeper /kiperkiper//

/p/ occurs in word final position in /tap//p/ occurs in word final position in /tap/


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Position of occurence for stops Aspirated stops [Aspirated stops [ppnn] occur in word initial] occur in word initial

positionspositions

UnaspiratedUnaspirated stops occur in word medialstops occur in word medial

positions [sppositions [sp--ll]]

Unreleased stops [Unreleased stops [stapstap=] occur in word final=] occur in word final

positionposition

Neither unNeither un--aspirated nor unaspirated nor un--releasedreleased

stops occur in word initial positionstops occur in word initial position


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Mutually exclusive sounds The environments inThe environments in which [twhich [t ]] and [tand [t--]]

occur are mutually exclusiveoccur are mutually exclusive

They can never contrast with oneThey can never contrast with one

anotheranother

When two sounds can never contrast inWhen two sounds can never contrast in

the same environment we say they arethe same environment we say they areinin complementary distributioncomplementary distribution


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ComplementaryD

istribution

When the environments of twoWhen the environments of two

sounds are mutually exclusivesounds are mutually exclusive


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MutuallyE

xclusive

Where one symbol occurs aWhere one symbol occurs a

phonetic contrast cannotphonetic contrast cannotpossibly occurpossibly occur


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Sounds in complementary

distribution never contrast /s/ and/z/ do contrast in the same/s/ and/z/ do contrast in the same


They are not in complementaryThey are not in complementary

distributiondistribution

[[pp] and [p] and [p--] do not contrast in the same] do not contrast in the same


They are mutually exclusive and inThey are mutually exclusive and in

complementary distributioncomplementary distribution


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Non-functional variants

We call sounds which occur in the sameWe call sounds which occur in the same

environment, butenvironment, but do not contrastdo not contrast asas

nonnon--functional variantsfunctional variants

Sounds in complementary distributionSounds in complementary distribution

do not contrast in the same environmentdo not contrast in the same environment

NonNon--functional variations occur in thefunctional variations occur in thesame environmentsame environment


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Examples of non-functional

variants The aspirated [pitThe aspirated [pit ] and [pit] and [pit--] do not] do not

contrast in the same environmentcontrast in the same environment

One sound may be substituted forOne sound may be substituted for

another in the same environmentanother in the same environment

without causing a change in meaningwithout causing a change in meaning

The termThe term freefree--variationvariation is traditionallyis traditionallyused where we use the term nonused where we use the term non--

functional variationfunctional variation


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Distribution of Speech Sound

Refers to theRefers to the sum of the positionssum of the positionsofof

occurence for a soundoccurence for a sound

Aspirated stops occur in both wordAspirated stops occur in both word

initial and word final positions but not ininitial and word final positions but not in

word medial positions.word medial positions.


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Phonetic Similarity Two sounds are phonetically similarTwo sounds are phonetically similar

when they share either the same pointwhen they share either the same point

or same manner of articulationor same manner of articulation

[p] [t] [k] all share the same manner of[p] [t] [k] all share the same manner of

articulationarticulation

[t] [s] [l] all share the same point of[t] [s] [l] all share the same point ofarticulationarticulation


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One position of occurence The intervocalic tap [ ^ ] occurs betweenThe intervocalic tap [ ^ ] occurs between

two vowel soundstwo vowel sounds

The medial t in butter [ t^ ] is limited to oneThe medial t in butter [ t^ ] is limited to one

position ofposition of occurenceoccurence


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Identify the following positions

of occurence word initial and finalword initial and final

word medial andword medial and

finalfinal word final onlyword final only

word medial onlyword medial only

[t[t ] aspirated] aspirated apicoapico

alveolar stopalveolar stop

[ t[ t--]] unaspiratedunaspirated apicoapico

alveolar stopalveolar stop

[t=] unreleased[t=] unreleased apicoapico--

alveolar stopalveolar stop [ t^ ] intervocalic tap[ t^ ] intervocalic tap

LING-08 Phonemic and Phonetic Symbols Rev 2-1-2011 Dr. David F. Maas

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