Linde GREET Pathway for the Production of Renewable ... · analysis are combined to provide a total...

LCA.6112.154.2017

1 | Linde Hydrogen LCFS Pathway Confidential Copyright © 2017

Linde GREET Pathway for the Production of Renewable Liquefied Hydrogen from North American Natural Gas

Feedstock

Prepared by Stefan Unnasch, Life Cycle Associates, LLC

Date Submitted: August 23, 2017 Location of Linde Headquarters: Linde LLC

200 Somerset Corporate Blvd Suite 7000 Bridgewater, NJ 08807

Location of NANG H2: Generic Liquid Hydrogen Plant in California Period of Analysis This analysis is based on facility operating data, process invoices, and audited reports covering the period from inclusive. Fuel Pathway Information

Fuel Feedstock Production Process Technology

LCFS Pathway Requested

Liquid Hydrogen North American Natural Gas

Steam Reforming/ Liquefaction

NANG Hydrogen, Provisional

Primary Point of Contact Name: Stefan Unnasch Company Affiliation: Life Cycle Associates Title: Managing Director

Address: 884 Portola Road Suite A11, Portola Valley CA 94028

Phone Number: +1.650.461.9048 Email address: [email protected]

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Contents

1. Fuel Pathway Summary ................................................................................................................ 4

Feedstock .................................................................................................................................. 4

Baseline Volume ....................................................................................................................... 4

Regional Electricity ................................................................................................................... 5

2. Result Summary ............................................................................................................................. 5

3. Feedstock Phase ............................................................................................................................ 5

NANG Hydrogen Pathway ...................................................................................................... 5

4. Fuel Phase ...................................................................................................................................... 6

Natural Gas Steam Reforming and Liquefaction ................................................................. 6

Linde Station Compression Efficiency .................................................................................. 6

Process Configuration ............................................................................................................. 7

Energy Inputs and Yields ...................................................................................................... 10

NANG Energy Inputs ............................................................................................................. 10

5. Renewable Hydrogen Transport and Distribution ................................................................... 10

NANG Hydrogen Transport .................................................................................................. 10

6. Hydrogen Compression and Retail ............................................................................................ 10

7. Data Sources ................................................................................................................................ 11

8. Pathway Inputs ............................................................................................................................. 11

9. Life Cycle Results ......................................................................................................................... 12

10. Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... 14

11. References .................................................................................................................................... 15

Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. 16

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Tables Table 1. Feedstock and Fuel Regional Mixes ............................................................................. 5

Table 2. Total Carbon Intensity for Linde Renewable Hydrogen (g CO2e/MJ) ............................ 5

Table 3. Station Energy Usage .................................................................. 8

Table 4. Station Energy Usage ........................................................................... 8

Table 5. Linde Station Locations and Compression Efficiencies ................................................11

Table 6. NANG Hydrogen Pathway Data Map ..........................................................................11

Table 7. Key Input Parameters for Linde NANG hydrogen CA_GREET model..........................12

Table 8. Energy and Greenhouse Gas Results for NANG Hydrogen for Linde Stations

(Btu/mmBtu and g/mmBtu) ........................................................................................................13

Figures

Figure 1. System Boundary Diagram for Linde NANG Hydrogen ............................................... 4

Figure 2. Process flow diagram for Hydrogen from Natural Gas ................................................. 9

Figure 3. Transport of NANG Hydrogen ....................................................................................10

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1. Fuel Pathway Summary

Linde provides hydrogen to several fuel stations in California. The hydrogen is delivered as a liquid and then re-gasified and compressed to fill vehicles. Hydrogen delivered to Linde stations as a cryogenic liquid. Linde stations uses liquid hydrogen made from California hydrogen producers from North American natural gas (NANG). A Well-To-Tank (WTT) fuel cycle analysis of the Linde NANG hydrogen pathway includes the production and liquefaction of hydrogen from natural gas in a California facility and transportation to Linde stations throughout the state, and compression at retail stations for vehicle fueling. TTW emissions are zero for a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Together, WTT and TTW analysis are combined to provide a total well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis that determines the full fuel cycle greenhouse gas emissions, or carbon intensity (CI), associated with Linde NANG hydrogen. Figure 1 shows the discrete components that form the Linde NANG hydrogen pathway.

Figure 1. System Boundary Diagram for Linde NANG Hydrogen

Feedstock

The feedstock for the NANG liquid hydrogen is conventional North American natural gas. The inputs used for NANG feedstock production are the GREET default for hydrogen production and liquefaction.

Baseline Volume

Linde will deliver fuel to hydrogen fuel stations with Linde equipment, with growth in station numbers expected in the near future. Each station has a capacity of over of hydrogen per day. Each station would have an annual capacity of about for all four stations. One kg of hydrogen has the same energy content as one gallon of gasoline. Currently, the stations operate on NANG hydrogen. Renewable hydrogen will be of the hydrogen sold at Linde stations. The stations currently operate below rated capacity in order to provide station readiness for the growing hydrogen vehicle fleet.

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Regional Electricity

The regional electricity is grouped by the feed and fuel phase as shown in the System Boundary diagram and indicated in Table 1. Liquefaction is in the fuel phase to take into account that the liquefier is in California. Table 1. Feedstock and Fuel Regional Mixes Feedstock Fuel

NANG Hydrogen

Electricity region 1-U.S. Avg 3-CA Mix Crude region U.S. Average U.S. Average

Production of NANG hydrogen uses the CAMX regional grid mix.

2. Result Summary

The full life cycle WTW results for Linde’s NANG pathway are 165.88 g CO2e/MJ. The direct carbon intensity includes the WTT emissions presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Total Carbon Intensity for Linde Renewable Hydrogen (g CO2e/MJ)

3. Feedstock Phase

Natural gas is used for two potential purposes in the hydrogen pathway. Natural gas production is the only portion of the Feed Phase in GREET. GREET counts the upstream emissions associated with conversion losses in the Fuel Phase. Natural gas provides the feedstock as well as part of the process fuel (i.e. it provides energy to the system) and as the feedstock (i.e. the origin of the

hydrogen). This hydrogen pathway uses the North American natural gas as the feedstock only. Once the natural gas is at the hydrogen plant, gaseous hydrogen is produced through steam reforming.

NANG Hydrogen Pathway

The feedstock phase for the NANG pathway consists of natural gas extraction, processing, and transport. The CA_GREET region for the feedstock is US Average. Steam reforming, liquefaction, and compression/chilling are performed in California with the CA region electric grid mix.

Pathway Feedstock CI

Fuel CI Total

Linde NANG Liquid Hydrogen 165.88

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4. Fuel Phase

Natural Gas Steam Reforming and Liquefaction

Natural gas is converted to hydrogen via a steam reformer. The hydrogen is then liquefied for delivery to fueling stations. Energy inputs and emissions from this

Linde Station Compression Efficiency

The compression efficiency of Linde fueling stations is calculated based on metering data from the Linde fueling stations. These stations measured the electricity used for different purposes during 10 fueling events at each station. The average electricity required to refrigerate and compress the hydrogen over these 10 fueling events is was kWh/kg at the station, shown in Table 3, and kWh/kg at the station, shown in Table 4. The average of the two stations combined is kWh/kg, and this is the number that is used in the GREET model. Determining hydrogen consumption associated with fueling events compared to ongoing station readiness has required a detailed analysis of many factors including

• Total monthly energy usage

• Second by second electricity usage

• Start and stop of fueling events

• Ramp up of chilling for vehicle fueling

• Other factors. In the above tables, the column “compression power” represents the energy consumed by the compressor to run. But there is some additional energy required to start and stop the compressor for each car refueling cycle. This additional power is added to the compressor power to result in the total compressor power during fill as dictated by the following equation.

Overall, this results in an average consumption of kWh/kg for both the stations. The kWh/kg factor is consistent with published data from other hydrogen fueling stations in California. Quantitative analysis of a successful public hydrogen station found that after 5 years of operation, it had a net electrical consumption of 5 kWh per kg of hydrogen dispensed (Brown, Stephens-Romero, & Samuelsen, 2012). For the proposed pathway, the applicant proposes to use the value of kWh/kg as a default for all hydrogen stations with liquid delivery in the Linde Network. Ongoing data collection for the prospective pathway will allow ARB to determine if separate pathways are required for each station.

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Process Configuration

Hydrogen is produced from steam reforming with natural gas. CO is converted to CO2 and hydrogen via the water gas shift reaction. The process flow diagram for a hydrogen production facility is shown in Figure 2, which is typical of commercial hydrogen production facilities. The processing steps are the same as in ARB’s look up table pathway HYGN001, “Compressed H2 from central reforming NG (Includes liquefaction and re-gasification steps). For the proposed pathway, only the transportation distance and compression energy are changed.

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8 | Linde Energy LCFS Pathway Confidential Copyright © 2017

Table 3. Station Energy Usage

H2 dispensed

Compression Power

Refrigeration Power During Fill

Total Compression Power During Fill

Refrigeration and Compression Power

Refrigeration and Compression Efficiency

Compression Efficiency

Fill (kg) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh/kg) (kWh/kg)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 Average

Table 4. Station Energy Usage

H2

dispensed Compression

Power Refrigeration

Power During Fill Total Compression

Power During Fill Refrigeration and

Compression Power Refrigeration and

Compression Efficiency Compression

Efficiency Fill (kg) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh/kg) (kWh/kg)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 Avg

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9 | Linde Energy LCFS Pathway Confidential Copyright © 2017

Figure 2. Process flow diagram for Hydrogen from Natural Gas (ARB, 2009)

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Energy Inputs and Yields

The inputs and outputs from Linde’s plant are provided in spreadsheet format in the Energy Consumption Template (supplied as a separate file).

NANG Energy Inputs

The energy inputs for the NANG facility for feedstock production, natural gas steam reforming, and liquefaction correspond to the CA_GREET default inputs.

5. Renewable Hydrogen Transport and Distribution

NANG Hydrogen Transport

NANG hydrogen is produced by in , California and transported by truck to Linde stations. In this case, the station distance is assumed as it is the farthest station and the more conservative estimate of miles. We have provided invoices for sale of liquefied NANG based hydrogen. However, the invoices do not match exactly the volume of LH2 delivered to the Linde stations because the fuel is also delivered to other stations not owned by Linde. The process is as follows:

1. Linde arrives at the facility with an empty transport trailer. 2. weighs the empty trailer. 3. fills the trailer with LH2. 4. weighs the full trailer. 5. calculates the weight of LH2 filled into the trailer - lets say it's 6,000 lb ... or

1,152,000 scf... or 10,159 gal using standard conversion factors for LH2. 6. invoices Linde for the full scf (pricing with is in scf units

of measure). 7. Linde transports the LH2 to a Linde fueling station and offloads perhaps 7,000 gallons of

10,159 gal payload. 8. Linde then proceeds to other LH2 customers and offloads the remainder of the payload

or perhaps returns to the facility to re-fill the trailer. (image removed) Figure 3. Transport of NANG Hydrogen from Ontario, CA to West Sacramento, CA

6. Hydrogen Compression and Retail

has relationship with Linde hydrogen stations in California. Linde expects to increase the number of stations in the coming years. Therefore, Linde is applying for a basket pathway that will cover all of these and future stations. The station is the farthest distance from , so it is used as the default destination for the NANG pathway.

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Table 5. Linde Station Locations and Compression Efficiencies

Station Number

Address Distance from Praxair (miles)

Energy Efficiency (kWh/kg H2)

1

2

3

4

7. Data Sources

Table 6 shows the sources of data supporting each step of the production chain for NANG liquid hydrogen. Monthly electricity bills from retail stations will not directly match the compression energy input to GREET because it includes station readiness electricity use. Table 6. NANG Hydrogen Pathway Data Map

Activity Location Supporting Data

Feedstock GREET Default GREET Default

NANG LH2 Production GREET Default

H2 Delivery Distance Station #1 Google Maps

H2 Retail Compression Energy

Stations #1 and #2 Analysis of fueling events and monthly compression and chilling energy, Electric Bills

H2 Sales Stations #1 and #2 Sales Receipts, H2 Sales Records, Station Electricity Bills

8. Pathway Inputs

Linde hydrogen production requires electricity for compression, purification, and liquefaction. The inputs are 2-year average values, based on monthly data.

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Table 7. Key Input Parameters for Linde NANG hydrogen CA_GREET model.

Linde Value Units

GREET Value

GREET Cells Changed

Natural Gas Steam Reforming

Reforming Efficiency 71 % 71% No Change

Electricity Use 71 % 71% No Change

Liquefaction Efficiency Compression Energy at Retail Stations kWh/kg

Retail Station Compression Efficiency % 91.5% Hydrogen_BK90

Transport Finished H2 to Compression stations, HD

truck miles 30 T&D Flowcharts_M1106

9. Life Cycle Results

The life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission results for Linde NANG hydrogen production are shown below. The calculations were performed using the CA_GREET Tier 2 calculator. The complete data set for feedstock, co-product credits, renewable hydrogen production, transport and distribution as well as the total WTW emissions are presented in Table 8. As indicated previously, the feed phase corresponds only to the upstream fuel cycle emissions for natural gas. The fuel phase includes the additional upstream emissions that correspond to conversion losses plus CO2 that is emitted in the process. Energy for liquefaction, transport, and onsite compression/chilling are also part of the pathway.

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13 | Linde Hydrogen LCFS Pathway Copyright © 2017

Table 8. Energy and Greenhouse Gas Results for NANG Hydrogen for Linde Stations (Btu/mmBtu and g/mmBtu)

Emissions, g/MMbtu

Final CI,

g/MJ

g/MJ 165.88

Record Feedstock CI, g/MJ

Fuel CI, g/MJ

Tank-to-Wheel, g/MJ 0.00

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10. Acronyms

Btu: British thermal units

CO2e: Carbon dioxide-equivalent

HHV: Higher heating value

H2: Hydrogen

kWh: kilowatt-hour

LHV: Lower heating Value

mmBtu: Million British thermal units

NANG: North American Natural Gas

scf: Standard cubic feet (natural gas)

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11. References

ARB (2009). Detailed California Modified GREET Pathway for Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen from North American Natural Gas. California Air Resources Board, Staff Report.

Brown, T., Stephens-Romero, S., & Samuelsen, G. S. (2012). Quantitative analysis of a successful public hydrogen station. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(17), 12731–12740. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036031991201350X

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Disclaimer

This report was prepared by Life Cycle Associates, LLC for Linde Company, LLC. Life Cycle Associates is not liable to any third parties who might make use of this work. No warranty or representation, express or implied, is made with respect to the accuracy, completeness, and/or usefulness of information contained in this report. Finally, no liability is assumed with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, method or process disclosed in this report. In accepting this report, the reader agrees to these terms.

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