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![Page 1: Lincoln Zotarelli, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Horticultural Sciences Dept. Gainesville, FL – lzota@ufl.edu Hastings, FL, November 27, 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ec95503460f94bd675a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
YOUNG FARMERS EDUCATIONAL SERIES
IRRIGATION AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
Lincoln Zotarelli, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Horticultural Sciences Dept.
Gainesville, FL – [email protected]
Hastings, FL, November 27, 2012
![Page 2: Lincoln Zotarelli, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Horticultural Sciences Dept. Gainesville, FL – lzota@ufl.edu Hastings, FL, November 27, 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ec95503460f94bd675a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives To promote adoption of efficient irrigation
technologies and management practices for irrigation and fertilization
To promote the use of information currently available including evapotranspiration network related tools improved irrigation scheduling
Increase public awareness of IFAS irrigation/fertilization research and extension efforts
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We have been forced to produce more with less resources…
https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_weather/pg_sfwmd_weather_losawatershort
![Page 4: Lincoln Zotarelli, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Horticultural Sciences Dept. Gainesville, FL – lzota@ufl.edu Hastings, FL, November 27, 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ec95503460f94bd675a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
We have been forced to produce more with less resources…
https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_weather/pg_sfwmd_weather_losawatershort
Boland (2009) AgMRC Reneable Energy Newsletter – Kansas St. Univ.
![Page 5: Lincoln Zotarelli, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Horticultural Sciences Dept. Gainesville, FL – lzota@ufl.edu Hastings, FL, November 27, 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ec95503460f94bd675a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
We have been forced to produce more with less resources…
https://my.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_weather/pg_sfwmd_weather_losawatershort
Boland (2009) AgMRC Reneable Energy Newsletter – Kansas St. Univ.
In other words, we have been forced to increase
efficiency to keep agriculture competitive
![Page 6: Lincoln Zotarelli, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Horticultural Sciences Dept. Gainesville, FL – lzota@ufl.edu Hastings, FL, November 27, 2012.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649ec95503460f94bd675a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Irrigation and nutrient management“an example"
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Water management and vegetable production
Two irrigation strategies Fixed irrigation – 2 hours continuously
Equivalent to 79.6 gal/100ft/day
At the end of the season applied 16.2 in or 5,970 gal/100ft
Controlled irrigation – TARGET WAS TO WET THE TOP 12-16” OF SOIL 5 possible irrigation windows controlled by soil moisture sensors set at soil field capacity
Equivalent to 33.2 gal/100ft/day
At the end of the season applied 6.7in or 2,492 gal/100ft
Source: Zotarelli et al 2008. Scientia Horticulturae
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Water management and vegetable production
Source: Zotarelli et al 2008. Scientia Horticulturae
Irrigation time 8am 10am 12pm 2pm 4pm
Fixed Time Irrigation
Soil Moisture Sensor
N-rates of 75, 150 and 225 lb/ac weekly fertigation with calcium nitrate
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150 lbN/ac 75 lbN/ac225 lbN/acControlled irrigation 2h fixed
irrigation
Controlled irrigation
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75 lbN/ac 225 lbN/ac
Controlled irrigation
Controlled irrigation
75 lbN/ac2h fixed irrigation
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150 lbN/acControlled irrigation
75 lbN/ac2h fixed irrigation
150 lbN/ac2h fixed irrigation
75 lbN/acControlled irrigation
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Zucchini plant N accumulation
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
zucchini squash - N-plant accumulation
Contr Irr Fixed Irr
days after sowing
N a
cc
um
ula
tio
n (
pla
nt
+ f
ruit
) lb
/ac
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Zucchini daily N uptake
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5zucchini squash - dialy N uptake
Contr Irr
Fixed Irr
Days after sowing
Da
ily N
up
tak
e r
ate
(lb
/ac
/da
y)
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Irrigation vs. N-fertilization on zucchini
75 lbN/ac 150 lbN/ac 225 lbN/ac Average
Zucchini marketable yield (lb/ac)
Controlled irrigation – up to 5 irrig. windows/day
22,389 25,422 26,135 24,649 A
Fixed irrigation of 2h/day
15,525 19,535 19,891 18,316 B
Average 19,955 B 22,478 A 23,013 A
† Means within columns/lines followed by the same lowercase letters are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
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Irrigation vs. N-fertilization on zucchini
75 lbN/ac 150 lbN/ac 225 lbN/ac Average
Zucchini marketable yield (lb/ac)
Controlled irrigation – up to 5 irrig. windows/day
22,389 25,422 26,135 24,649 A
Fixed irrigation of 2h/day
15,525 19,535 19,891 18,316 B
Average 19,955 B 22,478 A 23,013 A
84% 100% 102%
100%
74%
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24 hrs 3 days 7 days
Effect of irrigation on solute displacement
(injecting dye in fertigation lines)
soil sensor based
irrigation
fixed time irrigation schedule
16in
+38 in
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Keeping water and nutrients in the plant root zone
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What can we do to improve water use efficiency of irrigation systems in Florida?
Seepage Microirrigation Sprinkler
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What can we do to improve water use efficiency of irrigation systems in Florida?
Seepage Microirrigation Sprinkler
General guidelines:- Proper irrigation design- Determine and record operation values and water consumption- Check system uniformity- Irrigation system maintenance (documented maintenance)- Record flow rate, pressure delivered by the pump, energy consumption, etc.
Resources: Mobile Irrigation Lab (MIL) – free of charge, provide irrigation systems evaluation with recommendation with system upgrades, irrigation scheduling, maintenance items. Contact local NRCS District Conservationist.
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Microirrigation systems
- Advantages:- Delivers water right to the plant;- Frequent, small applications;- Low volume required;- Don’t wet the entire soil surface or volume;- Perfect match with plasticulture (additional soil water conservation, up to
30%)- Proper timing
- WHAT CAN BE DONE TO IMPROVE IT?- Improve irrigation scheduling based on ET information and system capacity
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What do you need to know to prepare a irrigation scheduling plan?
1. crop requirements and critical period 2. cultural practices adopted 3. soil type 4. capabilities of the irrigation system
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1. Crop requirements and critical periods
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Timing is Everything!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 300
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Day of the Month (April 1961)
Ra
infa
ll D
ep
th (
inc
he
s)
Total Monthly Rainfall = 4.16 inches
> 60% in two events
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Basic principles Rainfall is rarely uniformly distributed
Soil moisture deficiency occurring early in the crop cycle may delay maturity and yields
Shortages later in the season often lower quality and yields
Over-irrigation, especially late in the season, can reduce quality and postharvest life of the crop
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Critical periods of water need by cropsCrop Critical period
Beans: lima Pollination and pod development
: snap Pod development
Broccoli Head development
Cabbage Head development
Carrots Root enlargement
Corn Silking and tasseling, ear development
Cucumbers Flowering and fruit development
Egg plant Flowering and fruit development
Lettuce Head development
Onions Bulb enlargement
Peppers Flowering and fruit development
Potatoes Tuber set and tuber enlargement
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Plant factors and cultural practices that affect the crop irrigation requirements
Crop species Canopy size and shape Plant population Rooting depth Stage of growth and development of the crop Cultivation, mulching, weeds
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Irrigation Requirement
PETI c
I = irrigation
ETc = crop evapotranspiration
P = precipitationAll terms are expressed as inches of water.
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Evapotranspirationduring the day
21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Evapotranspiration (inches)
ET0 (mm h-1)
ET0 cum(mm h-1)
Time (h)
inch/h
inch/day
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:0010
15
20
25
30
35 Temperature (°C)
Min Temp (°C)Max Temp (°C)
Time (h)
Tem
per
atu
re (
C)
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:000.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50 Solar RadiationRS (MJ m-2 h-1)
Time (h)
MJ
m-2
h-1
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:000
1
2
3
4
5Wind speed
Aver Wind Speed (m s-1)
Time (h)
m/s
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
0.00
inch/dayinch/h
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• ET provides reference measure of water use based on plant water demand
• Scalable for specific crop, growth stage, climate, and season of year
• ETc = ETo * Kc
Crop Evapotranspiration
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FAWN weather stations
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FAWN – Vegetable Irrigation Schedulerhttp://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/tools/irrigation/vegetable/
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2. Soil type and characteristics
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Effect of soil texture and soil tension on soil water availability
Kramer and Boyer (1995)
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Actual soil moisture on sandy soils
Saturation Field Capacity Wilting Point
VWC > 30%VWC > 0.3 in3/in3
-1 cbar-0.001 MPa
VWC approx. 12%VWC > 0.12 in3/in3
-10 cbar
-0.01 MPa
VWC approx. 6%VWC > 0.06 in3/in3
-1500 cbar-1.5 MPa
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Pillar - Irrigation schedule
1. Have a target irrigation volume based on weather demand and crop stage of growth.
2. Target for drip (example):I. - small plants: 2 x 30 min/day (20-25 gal/100ft/day)
II. - large plants: 3 x 1hr/day (70-80 gal/100ft/day)
3. Fine tune schedule and monitor soil moisture (SWT or VWC)
4. Know the contribution of rainfall
5. Keep irrigation records
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Maintenance is Critical for Efficient Irrigation
drip tape atcenter of the bed
dry soilat side of the bedwet soil
Photo: L. Zotarelli
Photo: M. Dukes
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Seepage irrigation and alternatives
- Problems:- High volume required to raise water table;- Lack of soil moisture uniformity at root zone;
Possible alternatives to improve soil moisture distribution- Tile drainage systems- Sub-surface drip irrigation to raise water table
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Tile Drainage
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Sub-surface drip
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How to make your irrigation system more efficient
Maintenance Scheduling
Applying the right amount of waterApplying water at the right time
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What are the barriers and incentives for implementation and proper maintenance of irrigation systems? Barriers Economic investment Lack of information about the system, correct management and
maintenance
Available Incentives Cost-Share Programs for Water Conservation – qualified growers are
expected to contribute a portion of total project cost Water Conservation Programs administered by USDA: e.g. Environmental
Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) State and Regional Water Conservation Programs: e.g. BMP Cost-Share
Program (FDASC); FARMS Program (SWFWMD); Water Protection and Sustainability Cost-Share Program (SJRWMD)