If~,'~-""_/~~-:'-~:~;;'I

-.¡-"'-'" ~"'''''

.-------------J.~ ..•. ··-~,!--'~··-fr =~- -,m 1 The pietures helow are from a storyentitled "Rescued!" Try to put them in ',! ;,~_.-.,: f

the correct order, then lisien te the cassette and checkyour answers,FinaUy,reteil the 51011' in yuur ownwords .

NorroUves = Slories

....•_'--_.i ·---7•..-...•..r>-1~·· -" ",_,"'~

1- '~~;>::.<~'---:~

"'-'-- -_.- .,._ ..-.~.•.•..•.- .---~--'--' ~----i -¡r

t¡!:,.i

Itt-¡f

f!

fr¡

tt

IIl'i¡1t

1f,.rf¡

¡

A narrative can be written in the first or tne third persa n and describes a series ofevents, either imaginary or based onyour own experience. A good narrativa shouldconsist of:a) an introduction inwhich you set the scerie (people invoived. time, place) in an

interesting way fa catch the reader's a!tention and make him!her want facontinue reading your story:

o) a maín body consisting of two or more paragraphs in which you deveiop yourstory; and

e} a concruslon in whieh you can reterto people's feelings, comments andreactions or consequences. The more unpredictable your conclusion is, thelonqer-lastinq the impression itwill make on the reader.

This type of writing can be found in novels, articles, witness staternents, etc,

Poioís toconsíder

* You shouid never startwriting your story before vounave decided on a plot.~ Sequence 01events is very important. Use timewords sueh as: at first, before,

until, while,during, then, after, finally, etc,f¡ Use of various adjectives (disgusted, exhiiarating, etc.) and adverbs (tearlessly,

surprisingly, etc.) lo describe feelings andactions, as well as use of direct speechand a variety oí verbs, will make your story more exciting lo read.

IÍ;; Be careful with the tenses you choose. You ean use Past Continuous to set thescene (e.g. It was ra:ining hard and tbewino WBS blowing as Jonetnen drovetowards the small cottage.), Past Simple to describe the main events of thestory.(e.g. Jonathan openad the garden gate and went through the garden iowerds thetront door. He knocked on the door but there was no answer.) or Past Perfect logivethe background of the story (e.g. Jonethen had been plannJng to visitthe oldcottage tor months beiore he was able ro do so). Present and past participles canalso be used. e.g. Startied, he went round tbe houee towardsthe back door.

@, Descriptions of peopíe, olaces: objects or events and descriptive techniques can oeused in a narrativa when you want lo emphasise specific parts oí your narration,

C!OGooeeo-oo.ooseco

Pf3rli'I'§,1I1Set lile s;celJe {who - where- w/¡en - WMt}

(describe inddents leoding tlpto fhe malo event lIod fheerear it:self in deftl/l)

o~ •••••• ~ •••• ••••

(reter to moods. conse-quences.pef>ple 's reactions,feelings. commests)

Techníques to begin or end a storyA good beginningis asimportant as a good endinq. A good beginningshouldmake your reader want·to 90 on with your story. A good ending will

make your reader feet satisfied.

You can start yourstory by:a. describií~ weather. surroundings, peopie. etc. using the sensesb. using dlrect speechc. askinga rhetorícal question (a question which expects no answer)d. creatíng mystery or suspense6. referring toyour feelings or moodsf .. addressing thereader directly

YOt1 can end your story by':a; using direct speechb. referringto your feelíngs or moodsc. describing people's reactions lo the events developed in the main bodXd. creatingmystery or suspensee."askinga-rhetorical question

Note that morethan one technique can be .usad in the beginníng or endingofyour story ..

11

Read the folíowing story which begins with the werds "Someonefrom the hospital called; it sounded urgetü:" and corred the mis-takes, Write· S for spelling, WO for word order, \\'W. for wrengword, G for grammar or P for punctuation.

G waiJ

"Someone from the hospital calle. ; it sounded urgent. It's your wife,Maybe you should ..-" Paul.didn't vaite for the secretary to finish.

He turned pale and broke intoa cold sweat, then did his way hur-riedly back to the car park, jurnped into his car and drived crazilythrough theslow traffic. He hará noticed the honking of horas, thescreeching oí breaks.or .theorher drivers yelJing furious!y at him."Please, please let.nerbeall right," hekept saying to himself.

Minutes later, the doors of the ernergency department opened andhe found him in the cold reception lounge, Hepushed to the front ofthe queueandasked for his wife. the receptionist patiently scanned thecornputer screen and then directed him to Room 12. Without tothank-ing her, he dashed íor the lift. Heart pounding, Paulhis eyes closed íora moment, praying. He dreaded what he was about to find.

The door opened onto adimly lighted corridor. Paul walked towardsRoom 12 and.nervous pushedthe door open. She waslaying in bed,exhausring. She sleepily opened her eyes and murmured, "hello, dar-ling. Sory i couldn't wait. Its a boy."

Which oribe folfowing begin-níngs and endings are moreinteresting?Why?

A I wdke upana gotQut:ofbeiH·!$1~,~hhwer.ate breaRtasf. anillefi: '. , :- . .

B Brigntmoming sunlight shOne through my.beo:room windowwhen I woke. Ilay there \az¡!y fo.a few minutes. fue[\ jumped out of bed andstepped under fue ilot water of fue show~r. T!'esmeU oí coñee drifted ttlrough from fue kitchen.

A Exhaustedand$oák~ ta·tt¡e skin. /'Slammed. . the froll! door lJehifld me. !thraw myseff onto~ .. _~ - :;:r:~p:~d" sta[e\Li[1to:the darkrless and tliought

DitteJ1y. "Why me?~

B At las! 1was nome again. anesoon went tooeo. It hadbeen a tifing day.

Read theftlHowing tepies,decide onthe.plot Une. thenwrite any of them in 126 .•180words,

1 You have decided to enter ,

short story competition .. yoishould write a story el1dinfwith the words: "I! wason~

then [ha! 1 realised they hacmistaken me for someone else.

2 A magazine is running a competition for the best shorstory statting with the words"Who can this man be?" Sheil.wondered. as she looked at th.slranger standing al the /rondoor. "

3' A magazine isrunning a competition for thebest ShOI

story entitled "A DisástrouEvcning".Write your story.I~

if

•1 The weddingB = Bride; G = Groom

(;(

B: Roses d carnatons?

G: Sorry, what WdS that? O\(A~J ¡;B: Roses d carnatons? Fdr tho butidnholes~

G: Dd we need ñowos?

B: Wdll, yeso I'd like th~rn.G: Ftowos d very expensive, yd know Vcronica,-------

We've already spent too mucho

B: Bdt it is d specol day, John.

G: OK. How obout red roses?B: Red? No! l.indo Evons had red roses at her

wedding.

G:So?B: Well, didn't yd use to go out with hor?

G: Yes, so what?B: Wel\ I don't want our wedding to be like hers.

G: Yo're not still jealos df hor. are you?

B: Jealos? Me? Jealos? df course I'm not. Yd didgo out with bdJifour years, though.

~ytf(There is an unco fortable silence)

B: Hove yd booked tho honeymoon yet?G: No, I havon't booked thd honeymoon. I've

been too bUSY"b I //,..eputúB: What about tho cat{}rdrs. Hove y'd spoksn td

thom obout thd menu?

G: No, I havon't.

B: ond thd man who'I\ be doing thd disco?

G: No. (IC,LUt\ .

B: Tho VICdr obout thd church service?

G: No.

B: Th'd photogrcpho?

G: No.B: The flowos fg tho church?

G: I thought you w~ going tg see tg tharn.B: I can't bolieve this. Wg not evon married yet,

ond wo're arguing already!

(There is a pause) ')oV: v....G: Look Voronica, maybe we sH'dd wait 'd while.

B: What?

G: Before we get married.

B: What d yd saving, John?

G: I'm saying thst I think we snod cal! off thowedding.

Brlole -> ~ \J \<2 .

B fOOIV\ -";> ~~\J\cJ) '.

Q;l1no..~lC)US ...y GÁ9--veles "

UEnrnUnlCatlve test your general knowledge.j~~i:;:-1~-i~~JlI?[Ii~.ljjj~~f,.~rjl.t.ll;t.i~i:1.;..

• Compiete thequiz with a, an, the, or - (no article).

G In pairs, seehow many q?estions you can answer.

1 Whidl pianet isnearest to ~ sun?

2 Whattype offruit is A- cantaloupe?

J How many states are there-.ink USA?

4 InwhidI sea can you 'find ~ Balearic Islands?

5 ii1wdlt: mOie nurnerous in the world, --=- men Oí

~women?

6 Whichanimal isk symbol of'ik...- WWF?

7 What rolour are __ babies' eyes at birth?

8 Whatis+t00f0 of 40?

9 What letter ison ~ right of ~ 'B' on a keyboard?

10 WhatwaslMname of __ Iarzan's monkey?

11 Whatoountryis_lake Como in? T1o.~,.JL .

11 Whafs ~ highest mountain in 5k..- Himalayas?

13 How many strings does ~ bass guitar have?

14 Whowas~second person to walk on ~'-tmoon?

15 How many players can be on court in __ volleyball

team?

16 What is~ fourth sign of __ zodiac?

11 Whidl nation first gave _-_ women k right to vote? Nc18 Whichanimalswere domesticated first, __ cats or

-dogs?

19 WhichEuropean country hasn't fought in ~ war

since 1815?

20 Whatis rttlargest man-made structure on Earth?

21 What\oegetableis ~ vodka often made from?

22 ls -=- spider -D.l!. insect?

2J \\1lat rolour iskblack box on ~ plane?

24What's .±k,sacred river in ~ India cafled?

25 \\l1iill travels faster, --=- light or ~ sound?

~~2y~~~:,~~~ ~~~~~~:

¡~

k and leisure

Spe~king and IlsteninqWork in gronps. Are these sentences about Russiatrue or false?

1 People work from 10.00 a.m. until 6.00 p.ffi. every day.2 Russians like going to the countryside at the weekends.3 When they want to relax, Russian people like doing

nothing at a11.4 Cafés are becoming more and more popular in Russia.

a) . ¡ Listen to two teachers, Valentina fromRussia and Chris from New Zealand, talking aboutlifest.yles in their countries, Check yonr answers to 1.

, r

I~J1r:=~, !

i 1 ~~=J~'.","I"~

I.1

b) Listen again. Choose the correet words.

Chris and Valen tina both€hed~/didsomegardening at the weekend.

2 Weekend activities seem more/less interesting in NewZealand than in Russia,

3 The working day in Russia is the same as/shorter thanit is in New Zealand.

4 lt is more/less common to have more than one jobin Russia.

5 In the summer, going to the beach/the countryside ismore popular in New Zealand, but going to thecountryside/the beach is more popular in Russia.

6 In Russia, going to cafés/parties is popular, but in NewZealand now, going to cafés/parks is more popular.

Reading ano Speakínga) Read the article about the English café culture.Which is the best surnrnary?

1 English cafés are becoming more popular than pubs.Pubs have be come too expensive.

2 Café culture is slowly changing in England. It isbecoming more similar to European café culture.

e When we read an anide for the first time, we don'tworry about understanding every word. We justtry tounderstand the main idea.

Reading English café culture;reading for gistlistening living and warkingin New Zealand and RussiaHelp with Pronunciationthe schwa Idl

English café cultrrre...by Stephen Moss}"¿~fé culture, English-style, began iñ the seventee'ntb. ."century:Itwas assbciátedwith radicalpolitics, 'but it';JJecarne '.reallypópl~lár irithe eighteenth ,century. '" ..':,"Coffee lJ.O,l1~es}h6nwere very different fromwhai. we:\no-w,thln1<:;bf;ªs'saf6c)llwre' ," says Markham Ellis, '

~tithqtdt7:~f·~p.,if~~:lio.~;~i::1 Cultural1ff§t0lJ:::,"They5Sver~ 'in'cloai'sM~r:á, starr,' ?ut you'd rarely find women .';;,,;Jhere.Tb.~Y:lér'e;9lose1y associated with'news a;d'_l~~~~rjlí~~iJi;~oe~:long wa~,fr~~:h';;wj:'propeSc,caf~,Q~i;t1i~:~11oüldbeflbout jndiv~düality,'{ ,

.~\{~aysth~',?.i.:ch.#~~I:JVi1I~Jsop.!i~you .n.e~dgood peóple.

,i.,.•.,.•·.•.:.:.:.•.•..'.)1",S.:.~..;'.>~'.'.'.};.;.:f.~za~:~~~.;i,i[~:~:,~,J.':~'.to ..,,.c.r-:eate.·.. a,g." opd caDo é or.1::,,;~\w.1i~restauranLIt should be"'1"~'i~&w;t~~~tiii: '.a.pl~c~.;'here people

~.)~xchangestóries:

r1\;1\

,:j1.C':

b) Read the article again. Answer these questions.

1 Why did men go to cafés in the 170057 Tofind outabout news and to discuss ideas.

2 What does Will Alsop think helps rnake a successfulcafé?

3 Does he think it is important for ltalian cafés to be inan attractive location?

4 According to Fernando Freitas, in which country dopeople go to cafés more often, Portugal or England 7

5 What reason does Fernando Freitas give Ior the faetthat his bar is not busy at lunchtime?

6 What ehange has Giorgio Locatelli noticed since hearrived in England?

'=

~~.:/-.~\:\"-;..>""~';::/;'-;' -";,~;\::"','}::_~:-;-:;'<,:;<"::(/:'. ,:'. (;. '¡,::,i~)':'/pain'or Portugal, he sáy~~,l:~gú,la.fSi'l;often have breakfast, ~uric!1átld):c~";,

"ermthe same place. Thi"ó\0ier.:,';:llknów exactly what iS'wantedanct2">Se it cm the table asa regular walks,,-;.%;t~ilch costsG (nAO).' At La :"',~scallinch sets me back nz.so ."fhout wine. It's a once-a-week~~t;not part of ~ily life.k-j~~~);,;-tC\-¡C) / i .:~..(~.(

álian-born chef Giorgio Locatelli,hois based in London, sounds'pre,positive, "When 1 carne here)985, nobody ate outside. Some

ubshad. gardens, but they wereIíClosed, not looking out onto theijeet. We've come a long way sinceen.",:"._.;..:.

t)..:..

However, Locatelli says we shouldtí;,~asuregood pubs, which Italians'''{re in the way we adore theiri~zza cafés,

~~daptedfrom the Guardian 5/07/08

Work in groups. Discuss thesequestions.

1 Is café life in your countrysimilar to Italy and Portugal,or is it similar to England?

2 What do you Iike best aboutcafés in your country?

3 What annoys you the most?4 Would you like to own or

run a café? Why7fWhy not?

Help with Pronunciafion .

Ü One of the most common sounds in English is the schwa /'dl. It is neverstressed. Ir is the sound of rhe definite article (thg car) and the indefinitearticle (ª car).

Listen to these words. Notice the sounds in bold.

e ,exerciseannoyed

a) m-i~Listen and mark the stressed syllable in each Y"ord.

1 me Ion 4 relatives. 2 Japan 5 disappointed3 confused 6 relaxed

h] Listen again and circle the schwa sounds l'dl.

Look at these words, Fill in the gaps in each group of words with a vowel.What do the missing letters have in cornmon?

a) íllJfJlU Listen and put the sentences in arder. Notice the unstressedsyllables.

a) Maria bought a compurer yesterdayb) Lauras annoyed with her younger sister,el Her father was very relaxed.d) The burgers at the barbeque were wonderful. 7e) My brothers working as a teacher in China,

b) ~ Listen again and practise.

,"

"

11

11

ass tourternSpeaking ano Reading

Work in groups. Discuss the positíve and negativeaspects of living in a tawn ar city that is popularwith taurists.

positive ! negativeYou can practise Eng'Ush I taurists ie;;';;'a lat 0[<-'with tourists ' rubbish in ihe sireeis--------_ .._--j--

a) Read the two articles about mass tourism.

1 Do the artícles mention any oí your ideas fram 1?2 Which writer is in favour of mass tourisrn I Which

writer isn't?~-\\ \ "J¡

b) Read the articles again. Who gives these opinions?Write PhiIip or Martin.

1 Tourism stops cities from living. Philip2 Tourism has not helped smalllocal shops~ .3 London also suffers from mass tourism. "4 Tourism provides ernploymenr Ior young people. {\5 Restaurant owners become lazy because of tourism.?6 Tourism provides the development of new industries.\\7 Eating habits are very different in different countries:148 Tourists don't think about the comfort of local

resiclents. 'P

Ustening ami Speaking

Reading Mass tourismListening tourism in Rome; listeningmore than onceHelp with Pronunciation word stress

.' And the quality of what doesexist rapidly getsworse. Restaurantsoften just don't make the effort.Why should they? They can makean exlremely good living out ofpeople who are in the city for oneday and will never come back. Theydon't need lo cultivate regularcustomers. Restaurant owners don'tsee the point o f cooking deliciousfood for Northern Europeans whoorder cappuccinos after their meal.

The tourist industry has takencontrol of much of the Mediterranean,Florence, Venice, the Aegean islandsmight very well have developed newindustries and new expertise, buttourism pushes out any kind ofpróper industry or innovation.Tourists want to see what has alwaysbeen there, so nothing must beallowed to put them off. Theycomplain when the people who livethere build modern roads. Touristswant to see an old and 'typical' roadthat is impossible to drive on in themiddle of winter. In effect, they wantDisneyland, not a working city .

T0urism has increased dramaticalIyin the last few years. It has

happened so rapidly that we've hardlyhad time to consider if it is good orbad. We like to think that it's a goodthing. It brings money to the localeconomy and it benefits tourists byexposing thern to different cultures.

However, when tourism expandsbeyond a certain point, it starts to killa city, There are cities throughoutEurope, like Florence and Venice,that are dead, killed by the weight oftourism. No one would live there ifthey had the choice. It's impossible towalk down the street. It's impossibleto find a dry-cleaner, a supennarket,a greengrocer, or even an ordinarydepartment store. Tourists don't need

. them, so they don't exist.

The ~rave' wñiter amD b'Martgn Dunlord re~' p~ hsher off Rough GuidesHensher. ' ..•pon S to an articie by Philip ,

I agree with a lot of what '.effec(s of modem . PhiIlp Hensher says in his .(as is London, or th~~~s~~/orence in July is indeed a~~~:e~about the negetivdemand high standa v8C vS,of the Costa del Sol) Tour" eGsan~Jycrowdedparts of rural southerdSE,nreslaUrants. But if it we~en't }sts don t general/y. . rn urope would have lost their IOr tounsm, (hen mal"

Ir ISunfair to expect man '. young people years ago 'advantage of (he eco y COuntnesIn the World to rem . .community he/ps eve~omlc beneflts that tourism brings ~ntoor and not takethose who work for th one to have a better standard of'¡- x ra money In the

, . e tounst mdustry. IVlng and not justt...P:,·.,..:,;; él) Listen to Duncan talking about tourists in Isn t rt better that tourism ha""_ . ., " less anyone ca s made tralfel easy? I ,.

Rome, Put these topics m tne oruer you near them. Perhaps the 'd ~.:ee the Wonders of Tuscany Gsn t It better that more or. l' . ,y I e to 18ammore. ,or reece, or Africa, or Japan;'

d) rubbish'A It ISeasy to lau h ' . .h 'k (-l' 9 at lhe mlstak th .e) what e li es about Rome r: ocal cUIsine. Howeve 't' l' es at tounsts make as th .

r· 1) . on, t, I S a so possibl th ,. ey expenmen' w'f hf) trafne clJ e COunlrymay themsel b e al ¡he people wh J ' l .'.11 LeM. ves e laughed at in another c o augn at tounsts in . ,>

.. ass touflsm isn't necessari' . ountry.\ll To practise listening, we can listen to a recording Faltleast trall.el can be enjOYe~Ybaygood thing, for tourists or for the lo 1

orence In Jul' everyone Just b I cars Bu!more than once. The second and third time we listen, y . e c ever and don't visitwe can try to understand more detail.

a) bars and restamants3;.b) the economy in Rome 5e) tour groups 1

Adapted from Th !.e ndependent 08;'00 '!'

b} Listen again. Tick the truesentences. Correct the falseones.

Duncan moved to Rome fiveyears ago. No, he moved theremore than [ive years ago.

2 The tourist season cancontinue until November.-¡-

3 Public transport in the citycentre is crawded during thetourist season. \"

4 In Rome there are specialpavements for tourists. f-

5 People working in bars inRome like to practise theirEnglish with tourists.\-

6 The city council doesn't pickup the rúbbish ríear [he Trevifountain. t-

7 Duncan knows that manypeople in Rome make theirliving from tourism."]"

a) Work in pairs. Follow theseinstructions.

Student A: You are a tourist instudent B's town or city. Use theprompts to find out more aboutthe town or city.Student B: You are a resident inyour town or city. Tell student A,a tourist, about i.t. Use theprornpts to help )Ton.

@ a good time of year to visite interesting places to visite good bars and restaurantso ways to get to know local

pea ple

b) Work with your partner.Role-play the conversatíon.

Help with Pronuncíation

(~ In English the stress in two- and three-syllable words often falls on thefirst syllable.Remember that stressed syllables are more prominent (longer, higher inpitch and louder) than unstressed syllables.

@~•.~~Jif.;,V,..~r;¡J:::,¡jListen and match these words to stress patterns 1 and 2. Whichwords have twosyllables? Which words have three syllables?

'1 wonderful 2 saucepan difficult

,~ ~?v~~~_~:;;tf~L~,"p~pu"l~r~.c~ic~?~~~~~.....

a} lt~ Listen and count the syllables in each word.

a) journey 2 jour neyb) gorgeouse) nightmaresd) frightenede) interestedf) separately

b) Listen again and mark the stressed syllables.

a) Work in pairs. Match these words to stress patterns 1-5.

absolutely 4 tourisrn2, public1 economp traffic~ personalityb informatíon L{independently1) dísappoínted ~ tradítíona12 satisfíedu exerciseJJdanger i .

...~dventu~o~s~ popularity5 laz:J aube~gine.2--ins~.~~i.~.? wor~~~o.~ít pOSS~~lity~

<DC".~ 0~ (3)C:.:0o .. 0~--~ ..

~ (-~~)

b) pP";l'l>~ . . I~}~~1 Listen and check your answers.

a) Look at these groups of words. Which word is not stressed on thefirst syllable?

1 overtime de in es pressure ~ working2 jonrne toaethe package holiday separately3 ornato orange lemon broccoli carrots4 airport countr ---souv~ tourists suitcase5 furious angry elighte fascinated gorgeous

b) !i'iín~Listen and check your answers.

e) ~~ Listen again and practise.

enovationsSpeakíng and Ustening

a) Complete the questionnaire about jobsaround the house.

b) Work in groups. Discuss your answers.

a) Listen to neighbours Simon andMonica talking about house renovations. Tickthe true sentences. Correct the false ones.1 Simon and Moniea are having renovations done

on their houses. No, Simon is having renovationsdone on his house.

2 The renovations on Simcns house will finishin six weeks.

3 Simon had a hot shower after work.4 The shower was repaired very quiekly.5 One of the builders fell off the roof.6 Simon is worried the builder will slow things

down.7 The builders have their own CD player.8 Simon is planning to celebrate the end of the

renovations.

b) Listen again and complete the problem report.

2 3

BathroomIRoom?il~ What 1.. Wªt~r...l¡ happened? camethrough

lightfittinginshower.

damaged.Client'sB .

broken

IHow?~

!!Solution

Builderfell from5 gol inioii.disconnected,

no! reconnected.

Waterpipereconnectedsameevening.

Willreplaceceiling.

Reading a personal email; recognisingtext typeListening renovation disastersHelp with Pronunciation !h! at thebeginning of words

Frorn: monica.lewis@getinternational.co.ukTo: sailyandlarry@bmail.comSubject: Renovations

Hi Sally,

How are you? I hope you and Lawrsnce-are both well. I bumpedinto your mum the other day and she said you were thinking OÍ

doing some renovations. She also said that you're keen to hearIrom people who had been through the renovation process and Itold her I would write to you.

As you know, we had an extra room added to the top 01 ourhouse a couple 01 years ago. I have to conless that it was one01 the most difficult things I've lived through. It was much moredifficult than I'd thought it would be.

The first thing I'd suggest you do is look al your budget andmake sure you've got enough money to make the work as stress-free as possible. Greg and I tried to save money by deciding touve in our house while it was being renovated. Another mistakewe made was in no! asking the architect to be the projectmanager of the actual building process. Greg thought that aswe would be living on-site we wouldn't need an architect. Gregknows a bit about building, but he didn't know enough tomanage a process as complicated as this. For example, hesigned some plans that meant the door at the top of the stairsopens the wrong way! Getting a good architect to manage thebuilding process is, I think, essential.

Also if you can afford it, I would strongly recommend that youmove out while the builders are working. Although the builderwas in the top part of the house, it was still hard living on theground floor. Every day I would come home from work and haveto clean everything before I could cook anything. I got so tiredthat we ended up eating takeaways or going out to restaurantsfar more often than we usually do. I sometimes think that wespent more money eating out than we saved by not moving out!

So I ihink you can see that our experience was fairly negative.However, that's because we made mistakes right from thebeginning. The key thing is to do lots of research and do lhingsproperly. You can sometimes waste money when you thinkyou're saving it.

Overall, I dori't regret doing the renovations becauss I love thenew bedroom we now have. But the next time we do any workon the house, we will do it very differently!

Let me know if lean help with any more advice.

Lots of love,Monica

< Readh1gand Speakingél It is always a good idea tothink about what type of textwe are reading. For exarnple,ís the text teliing a story? 15 irde5cribing something? 15itgiving advice?

Work in pairs. What texts haveyou read in English in thepast month? What types oftexts were they? What weretheyabour?

;:I}..:../

a) Read Monica's email abouther renovations. How shouldSally reply to the email?Choose the best suggestion.

1 Sally should thank Monicafor her ernail and send herthe name of an architect whocan help Monica with therenovations.

2 Sally should thank Monica[OI her email and tell her shewill definitely use her ideasfOI the renovations.

b) Read the email again. Makenotes on the advice aboutrenova tions.

fe a) Imagine you know someone\ who is going to have some

renovations done. Think ofsome possible problems, thenthink of some advice to givethat persono Use the ideas fromthe conversation in 2 and theemail i.n 4, as well as your ownideas.

b) Work in pairs. Take turnsgiving advice.

Help with Pronunclation

(i) In English we usually saythe !h! sound at the beginningof words (he, 11im) It is thesound we make when webreathe on a mirror. But becareful, there are someexceptions (honest /nUIst/).

Listen to these words. Notice the /h/ sounds.

house2 helpful3 hotel

~:illli;¡).DListen to these sentences. Which sentence, a) or b), do youhear first?1 @ I'm just heating up my beans,

b) I'rn just eating up my beans.2 a) 1ate cereal for breakfast.

b) 1hate cereal for breakfast.3 a) Can 1introduce you to Anna?

b) Can 1introduce you to Hannah?4 al Roben has no heart.

b) Robert has no art.5 a) This is my murn, Helen.

b] This is my murn, Ellen.

a) Look at the words in the box. Which have the lhI sound at the beginning?

who./ how hour whole house why ham white honour hear

1:1) Listen and check your answers.

a) Make sentences wíth these words.1 Armes I really / hat / hates / Harry .2 always / detached / husband I house I had / Her I has / a .3 singles / many / How / has / had / hit / he 74 Helen / Is / Heathrow / going / airport / to 7

5 holiday / hadn't / Hawaii / about / He / heard / Eddie's / in.

13) 0;~;-i;,t;7Listen and check your answers.

e} Listen again and practise.

ets!r::in~~~hiS:=-~-=-~-~I Listening the technophobe;I predicting before listeningi Help with Pronunciation\. sentence stress

.~~=~~~~~~~ ....

nouSpeaking and Read~ng

a} Think of the last three gadgets you bought.Why did you buy them?

b] Work in groups. Tell other students aboutyour gadgets.

a) Read the article. What is 'enoughísm? Choose thebest definition.

'Enoughism' is ...1 deciding that you are good enough because of the

things you own and do.2 owning only the things that are necessary, enough

to be comfortable.

EnoughismBy DaphneGuinnessIn "1999, Londoner JohnNaish had a Eureka!momento He was hurrying out of his bathroom, when hesteppedon his mobile phone and broke it. "I didn'treplaceit. Life'i;just as productive with email."

Then he sawa poster that said A10re Computing PowerMeans More You. "1 thought, no! That will mean a lot ofwhat people don't want - anxiety, jealousy, self-pity,things like .that." Eureka Il! The idea for his book Enough:Breakingfreefrom the world of more was born. VVearen'thappy with what we've got and we chase after morestuff, more food, more information, more status, moreeverything. All this makes us sick, tired ancl angry, anclgets us into debt.

So Naish wants us toembrace 'enoughism' -liberating ourselves from stuff we clon't need. Then wecan enjoy everything we have. But the question is how?Hesays weshould stop buying fast cars or the latestelcctronic gaclget. Insteacl, he says, we shouIcl practisewhat they do in Papua New Guinea to show status. Weshoulcl give things away. "There," he explains, "havingmore is considered rnean, giving stuff away is coo1."

Vvorkaholics often work to acquire things they don'tneed. What we should do instead is "Decide how muchrnoney you need to live on, thenorganise your workinglife to meet.that goal. Aclcl20% for comfort."

b) Read the article again. Tick the sentences that agreewith 'enoughism'. Say why the other sentences don't.

I've lost my mobile. I'm going to buy a new one that"lets me check my work email at weekends.jvo, youdon't need to check your emeils at weekends.

z I'm not going lo get a faster cornputer. The one 1have is good enough.

3 If 1 want something new, 1 buy it with my credit carel.\Vho cares about bills?

4 1 never listen to my MP3 player. I'rn going to give ít

to my sister.5 I'm going to stop working overtime. 1 don't really

need the extra money.6 I'rn going to take my friendJoe shopping with me.

He has great taste in clothes.7 1 leave my mobile phone and laptop computer al

home when 1 go away on holiday.

@ Before we listen, it is often useful to think aboutwhat a dialogue or conversation will be about.

a) You will hear Diana and Andrew talking abouttechnology. What gadgets and problems do yOil

think they will talk about?

Strategies for 'enoughism'Stuff haoe enouglz1 Don't shop with a friendo 1'0 maintain self-image in front

of others, you will choose the most expensive brand. Ifyou are on your own, you will spend less.

2 Don't buy anything until you ask these questions: Do 1need it rather than want it? How many more hours wiU1 have to work to pay for ir? What else could 1 do withthat time to bring more pleasure than the consumeritem? Is there anything 1 already own that 1 couldsubstitute it for?

3 Avoíclspecia1offers because they makc you buy more.Facts: know enouglz1 Go on a data-diet. Switch off televisions and computers

while on holiday.2 Do not check work-related ernails while.you're away.3 Delete emails rnarked with a red exclamation mark.4 Do .not respond to emails copied to you,

Adapted from the Sunday Star Times 14/04/08le

1,'

Help with Pronunciationb] ~ Listenand checkyaur ideas.

e) Lísten again. Choose a), b)or e).

:;}In English we only stress certain words in asentence. "Ve usually stress content words(nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) not functionwords (articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs,pronauns, quantifiers, etc.).Remember that stressed syllables are moreprominent.

1 Diana's computer ...a) crashes about once a week.

@crashed twice before shespoke to Andrew.

e) is very old.

2 Diana believes .a) the problem is because

the office power goesoff suddenly

b) she has lost lots ofinformation becauseof the crash.

e) the problem is with theoffice computer system.

3 Diana thinks that life withouttechnology ...a) would be much more

relaxed.b) would make people talk

to each other more.e) would make people write

more letters of complaínt.

4 Andrew thinks that nothaving a mobile phone ...a) is a very exciting idea.b) is a frightening idea.e) would save him money

5 Diana sometimes leaves hermobile phone at home ...a) so thai her husband can

use it.b) because she is very forgetful.e) because she doesn't want

people to contact her a11the time.

r~ Listen to these sentences. Notice the stressed words and syllables.

1 1 bought a néw compiiter Iast weekend.2 Brian hasn't got much work to do.3 The políce carne as quíckly as póssible.

,¡ ,

a) Mark the stressed words and syllables in each sentence.

What time does the concert begín?2 Harry has joined a karate club.3 1 don't like going to the dentist.4 Tony forwarded this hilarious email.5 Wou1d you like to sit down and relax?

b) ~m Listen and check your answers.

e) Look at R7.16, p166. Listen again and notice the stressed syllables.

ti) Listen again and practise.

a) ~tJ Listen to these sentences. Which word in each sentence is themost prominent?

1 Who are you meeting tonigbt?2 Anne thought the film was really boring.3 1 made Frank a cake Ior his birthday4 My mother can drive, but she hasn't got a caro5 1always do the washing-up after dinner.

b}Match al-e) to sentences 1-5.a) She hates love stories, theres no action! 2b) What did you malee?e) My dad never does it!d) You look very glamorous!e) Sometimes 1 lend her mine.

e) ~l Listen again and practise sentences 1-5.a} Make a list of five gadgets'-~ that you think are essential to

your life. Think about whythey are essential,

b) Work in pairs. Compareyour lists. Agree on fcurgadgets that are essential foryou both. Give reasons foryour choiees.

e) Compare yOUYlists withanother pair, Choose the threegadgets that are essentialfor you all. Give reasons foryour ehoiees.

ersr=n~ Ask Dr S~~~

Listeningdiets; listening forspecific informationHelp with Pronunciation lel,lcel and 111.1

e ical rnaSpeaking and Readang

a) Readers of the Guardian. newspaper can askDr Tom Smith medical questions. Read questions1-4. What do you think Dr Srnith will sayo

Tve managed to lose about five kilos. Now 1 don'twant to put weight on again. How can 1be sure 1stay at my new, lower weight?'

2 'My 16-year-old is a central defender in a footballteam. He does a lot of 'headers', In other words, heuses his head to hit away balls. Will this lead todementia in later hfe?'

3 'What type of are a in a town or ci.ty is best to livein for a longer lífe?'

4 '15 it bad to click your fingers, particularly íf youdo it all the time? Could it cause anhritis in laterhfe 7'

b) 'York in groups. Discuss your answers.

a) Read Dr Smiths replies on the web page. Matehquestions 1-4 to replies A-D.

•\~~.~~==-=--===-~~-=~

b) Read the doctor's replies again. Answer thesequestions,

What was the problem with older footballs? They usedto become heavy beca use they absorbed water during afootball game. .

2 Why are newer balls considered safer to use for headers?3 What is a good way for women to stop putting weight

baek on after they have lost it?4 What díd the women in the study Iind hard to do alter

they lost weight?5 \Vhy isn't Dr Smith sure about his answer to the

question about clicking one's fingers?6 What does he suggest that clieking ones Iingers is

related to 7

7 Aceording to researeh, what effeet does theenvironment have on]apanese Iífe?

8 15Dr Smith certain that it ís better air quality fram treesand parks that helps ]apanese people live longer?

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Q: .

That problem WClSsolved a few years ago, so no need to worry.It may hClvebeen true of ihe old leather balls that got heavierbecause they absorbed water durinq the game. However, thenewer, liqhter, non-obsorberit balls don't do that. The theory wasthat repeated headers produced mini-episodes of concussion. ltwas thought that this led to brain damage. The lighter ball stopsthis from happeninq. So your son can continue to head the bollwithout worry.

rJii¡Q: I:¡~·

"l.n·FIp1 JnI·,Li>~Hrr!tFl12l

I¡I~\;::-,

litHpIl~¡¡G~~

1 don't know of any studies that have shown that always clickingyour finqers causes harm, but theri J don't suppose tliere hasbeen much research. My instinctive [eelinq is that it won't doany harm. However, 1 would osk why you are cloing it? 1s it anervous problem? Ijso, you may have to think about yourreaction to stress. If it is just a way of dealing witli occosionalstress, 1 don't see what horm it does, except that it may beembarrassinq in company.

Q: .

1mThe most complete statistics about lifestyle and age come from[apan. The [apanese are famous for living a long time. However,their cities are quite crowded. Their reseorcli suqqested thatpeople who live near trees ancl parks, with the most sunliqtu intheir homes, live lotiqer. We don't know whether the extra yearscome from purer air where th.ey live al' because theirsurroundinqs qive them a greater sense of tranquility and peacc.In general, [apanese people live aroutui ¡ive to ten years longerthan average Britisli people.

Adapted from the Guardian 04/o8-07/~)S ,';

Q: .

mIt is really clifficult to do this by yoursel]. In one study of morethon 1,000 women, the results showetl thai the women who keptin touch with. their weiqtit-loss friends were much moresuccessful at keepinq the weight off So it is important to keepin regular contact witli th.e person who helpecl you lose weiqht.For the women who did return to their original weiqhts, theirqreatest difficulty was carryinq on with exercise. Once yOll havelost the weiqlu, you neeci to keep in toucli witli whoever helpedyou - for yecrs afterwards even.

Ustening and Speak~ng, ~ @ Listening for nu~bers can,'7 give us important mrormanon¡ j in a conversation and can,, help us focus.

Think of situations outside thec1assroom where listening fornumbers is important. Wark inpairs and discuss your ideas.

a} Listen to George andCarol talking about diets. Wholost the most weight?

b) Listen again. Whose diet arethese rules for? Write George,Caroi or Both.

1 Eat wholemeal bread. George2 Eat no bread at all.3 Eat chicken, steak and bacon.4 Eat lots of chicken and fish.5 Eat limited fruit and

vegetables.6 Eat a lot of Iruít and

vegetables.7 Do exercise.8 Follow a plan after the diet.

a) Workin two groups. Follow-,__/ these instructians.

Student As: You are planning togo on a diet. Think about:e why you want to do this." what kind of diet you want

to go on.

Student Es: You think diets areunhealthy Think about:(j why they can be bad.e alternatives to dieting.

o) Work with yaur partner.Role-play the conversation.

Hetp with Prcnunctatíon

%\i The three vowel sounds lel (head), lrel ('oªd) and I tJ (cjJt) are short soundsand are easily confused. Sometimes the spelling can help:

• lel is often shown by the letter 'e' (gft) or by 'ea' (bread).

• lrel is usually shown by the letter 'a' between two consonants (sªt).

o lA! is sometírnes shown by the letter 'u' between two consonants (mjJm),the letter 'o' before an 'n' or 'm' (mQney, cQme), or '00' (blood).

~~ Listen to these words. Notice the three different vowel sounds.

lel lrel lA!1 pet pat putt2 bet bat but3 bed bad bud

Listen to these sentences. Which sentence, a) or b), do you hear first?

1 al 1 don't like físh with batter.@I don't like fish with butter.

2 al Davíds in the shop talking to the manob) David's in the shop talking to the men.

3 a) He swam for three hours.b) He'd swum for three hours.

4 al Frank's got a cat on his legob) Frank's got a cut on his lego

Look at the letters in bold in the words in the box. Complete the table.

.hea6-er" carry many

friend number planbad once average guess uncle

Monday again cousin laptop

.'.1

lel I(EI ___ 1 lA!header

a) Read these sentences. Circle the letters with the lrel sound.

p@t left the truck on the tracks.2 Dan and Den have a present for their mum.3 Wendy hasn't got many friends, but she's got some money.4 Basil says the bus is the best way to get to London.

1:1) Underline the letters with the lel sound.

e) Tick the letters with the lA! sound.

a) ~~ Listen and check your answers.

e) Listen again and practise.

Speaking and Usteningo

a waiter a gardeneran ice cream seller

a) You are having a study break or a break betweenjobs. You need to work for a month. Look at photosA-e.1 Think of good and bad points for each job.z Which of the three jobs would you choose

to do' Why?

b) Work in groups. Discuss your answers.

a) Listen to Ellie, Mike and Stuart talkingabout the jobs in t. Answer these questions.

1 Which job did each person do?z Who liked their job best?3 Who made a mistake while they were doing the job?4 Who said the job was tiring?5 Whose job didn't have any benefits?

b) Listen again and answer these questions,

What does Ellie say about vanilla ice eream andearamel sauce 7

2 What does Stuart say about meat pie?3 \Vhat does Mike say about his colleague Fred?

Readirlg and Speaking

<& Many articles have sub-headings. lf we read the

sub-headings before reading the whole anide, it canhclp us understand wharthe articlc will be about.

a) Read the article about changing careers, Why dídAdharanand Finn write the article?

1 To encomage people to change careers.2 10 give advice on how to change careers.3 To warn people of the dangers of changing eareers.

Reading Getting out of thenine-to-five routine; readingsub-headingsListening holiday jobsHelp with Pronunclationintonation: sounding polite

om Savage used to be a researeh analyst. "My role was tosit with another 1,000 people on my floor, whieh wasopen plan, and stare into a computer screen all day

making money for rieh people," he says.Unhappy with hís job, Tom resigned and started his own

successful business, a marine conservation social enterprise inMadagascar, and he couldn't be happier. "Follow your heart," hesays. "And don't be scared."

Well, that may be good advice, but for most of us stories like thisonly happen on websites we come across while bored at work. Therealities of giving up the security of our careers and starting all overagain are just too dífficult to consider.

However, if Tom's words do get you thinking, you might like tovisit the Careershifters.mg website which offers expert help andadvice for people wanting to tum their career-change daydreamsinto reality.

How tar wi!! you qo?The first questíon to ask is how do you know it's even your careeryou really want to change and not just your job? Richard Alderson,who started Careershifters, says you often realise you want a changebecause you are prepared to take action to make the change.

"Everyone has days when they're not happyat work," he says."But ifyou find yourself looking OIl career change websites such asours, questioning friends in other careers about their jobs and goingtocareer change events, then the chances are you're readyforachange."

Seeking adviceUnfortunately, unlike at school or university, free and usefulcareersadvice is a little harder lo come by as an adult. Unless yóu areunemployed, you W'ill probably nave topay for independent advice.Altematively,there are lots of books on thesubject and manyjobwebsites.such as .Monster.co.uk.which have helpful articles bnchanging career. Once you have made a decision, Riehard says thebest approachis usually to startwith smallsteps.v'Perhapsdoücourse in the evenings OI weekends," he says.

"Also, ll1any people aretaking ádvantage of ílexible working-hours tótry something new without giving up theirold j9hYoucould cutdown your hours, to sáy four daysa week;'and thensomething else on theotherday." .

HowY\fer, if,)ikeTom advises, you ary'foll¿wingyo~rI.changing career for reason~ of personal fulfilment,adrop'¿maybesQmething yo~, simply havetoaccept But.~opefully,you'll

be happienand that's usUally the whole idea.,,;;,./ .. ...•..Adapted frorn the Guardián 25/04/07

1:1)Read the article again. Putthe advice in arder.

al Read information about newcareers.

b) Do n't be afraid of change.e) Work part-time in the job

you have so you can try anew job.

d) Don't change everything veryquíckly - do it gradually

e) Do the job you really wantto do. 7

f) Thi.nk carefully about yourbehaviour in the job youalready have.

g) Do some kind of study ortraining in your free time.

h) Get advice on a career changefrom someone who is not afriendo

a) Work in two groups. Followthese instructions,

Student As: Imagine your friend(student B) owns a shop thatsells ice cream. He/She wantsyou to help by working at theweekend for a few rnonths. Youwant to find out about the job.Think of questions you can askabout the hours, conditions,pay, etc.

Student Es: Imagi.ne you own ashop that seUs ice cream. Youhave deóded to ask you1' Iriend(student A) lo help at theweekend for a few months. Youha ve to explain the job to yourfriendo Think about what you cansay about the job, for example,hours, conditions, pay.

b] Work with your partner,Role-play the conversation.

® We use intonation to sound polite.Sounding poli te is not just what wesay, its how we say it.If our intonation is too flat, we maysound rude.At the end of the sentence your voiceshould go up and then clown in pitch- you'Il sound more polite!

Listen to these sentences. Notice the way the speakers voicegoes up and then down.

~~Excuse me, please.

~~2 Can 1 speak to Terry Stevens, please?

~~3 Can you tell me where the meeting is, please?

Listen to these sentences said twice. Which sounds more polite,a) or b)?

1 Can 1 take a message?2 Do you mea n Philíp Wright?3 Can you say that again, please?4 Could you give me your address, please?

o b)a) b)a) b)a) b)

a) Read these sentences. Where does the speaker's voice go up and down?Draw arrows.

Can 1call you after lunch 7 3 Can you come to a meeting later?

2 Shall 1 book a table for four?.·1

':4 Could you spell that, please?

b) fq~:iIJj?f~lListen and check your answers._».'_ .. ~.o<."~_""'''''../

e) f~iJListen again and practise.",

a) Work in pairs. Read the conversation.Can yon use intonation patterns to giveit meaning?

Dad!Yes7

Lunch'Lunch?YesoNow?Yes!OK. Soup?

No.Salad?No.Pasta 7

Yes!Fine.Thanks, Dad.OK.

b) Listen to the conversation.Does the girl sound polite at the startof the conversation? And at the end?

e) Listen again and practise.

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