Effect of Grazing by Limpets on the Mid-shore Species Assemblages in Northern Spain
LiMPETS Rocky Intertidal Field Guidefitzgeraldreserve.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/... · (Codium...
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Farallones Marine Sanctuary Association • 1 • Large, more than 2 inches (5 cm). • Green to whitish in color; solitary. • Has strong, clearly visible radiating lines on oral disk. • Chocolate-brown to olive-green in color; up to 10 meters long. • Long, flat stipe (stem) like a shoulder strap of a bag; fringed with small blades and floats for buoyancy. • Young individuals have wide, textured axes (as above). • Large, more than 2 inches (5 cm). • Olive-green to blue-green; solitary. • Radiating lines on oral disk are absent or faintly visible. Feather Boa Kelp (Egregia menziesii) Giant Green Anemone (Anthopleura xanthogrammica) Sunburst Anemone (Anthopleura sola) LiMPETS Rocky Intertidal Field Guide
Transcript of LiMPETS Rocky Intertidal Field Guidefitzgeraldreserve.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/... · (Codium...
Farallones Marine Sanctuary Association • 1
• Large,morethan2inches(5cm). • Greentowhitishincolor;solitary. • Hasstrong,clearlyvisibleradiatinglinesonoraldisk.
• Chocolate-browntoolive-greenincolor;upto10meterslong.
• Long,flatstipe(stem)likeashoulderstrapofabag;fringedwithsmallbladesandfloatsforbuoyancy.
• Youngindividualshavewide,texturedaxes(asabove).
• Large,morethan2inches(5cm). • Olive-greentoblue-green;solitary. • Radiatinglinesonoraldiskareabsentorfaintlyvisible.
Feather Boa Kelp (Egregia menziesii)
Giant Green Anemone (Anthopleura xanthogrammica)
Sunburst Anemone (Anthopleura sola)
LiMPETS Rocky Intertidal Field Guide
2 • LiMPETS Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Program
• Chitonsaremolluscs,ovalinshape,with8overlappingshellplates.
• Mostaresmall,upto2inches(5cm)wide.
• Oftenwellcamouflagedwithsurroundings.
• Whelksarepredatorysnails;shellaperture(opening)istypicallyoval.
• Shelliscoiledorinaspiral;sizeandcolorvary.
• Bothendsofshellarepointed.
Unidentified large, solitary anemone
Whelks (Acanthinucella spp./Nucella spp. /others)
Chitons (Mopalia spp. /Nuttallina spp. / Tonicella spp./others)
• Large,morethan2inches(5cm);solitary.Closedenoughsothatoraldiskisnotvisible.
• Bodyisgreenishtowhiteincolor;oftencoveredwithshelldebris.
• Do NOT count small (< 5 cm), closed anemones, as shown above.
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Farallones Marine Sanctuary Association • 3
• Upto1inch(2.5cm)long.Colordeeppurple,black,orbrown.
• Alwayschecktomakesureitisasnailandnotahermitcrab.
• Shellissmooth,aroundedconeshape(nopointattipofshell).
• Upto4inches(10cm)inlength;reddishtopurpleincolor.
• Juvenilesarepalegreen.Individualaboveapproximatelythesizeofanickel.
• Sphericalbodycoveredwithspines.Oftenrocksandshellsattached.
Turban Snails (Chlorostoma brunnea / funebralis)
Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
Hermit Crabs (Pagurus spp.)
• Allhermitcrabsusesnailshellsasportablehomes.Theoneabovehaswhitebandsonit’swalkinglegs.
• Some(asabove)havewalkinglegswithlightblue/whiteflecks;solidredantennae.
• Some(asabove)havewalkinglegswithbluebandsatthetips;solidredantennae.
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• Brightgreenandspongy. • Consistsofbranchedfilamentsthatformdenselymattedtufts.
• Resemblesclumpsofmoss.
• Ovalshapedblades,upto16inches(40cm);brightgreenoryellow-green.
• Usuallygrowassheets,butonespeciesexistsinacylindricalform(asabove).
• Thin,almosttransparentsheets,only2celllayersthick;oftenlooklikewiltedlettuce.
Green Pin-cushion Alga (Cladophora columbiana)
Dead Man’s Fingers (Codium fragile)
Sea Lettuces (Ulva spp.)
• Canbefairlylarge,upto16inches(40cm)inlength.
• Darkgreentoblackish-greenincolor.
• The“fingers”areforked,spongyandareaboutasthickasapencilorpen.
Farallones Marine Sanctuary Association • 5
• Upto0.5cmwideand6.5feet(2m)inlength;flowersaresmall,inconspicuous.
• Leavesarebrightgreen,narrow,longandwiry.
• Photoaboveshowsaclose-upofthefemaleflowerstalkwithseeds.
• Canbeolive-greentotanincolor;upto10inches(25cm)tall.
• Reproductivetipscanoftenbeswollen.
• Flattenedbody,widebladeswithdistinctmidrib,dichotomousbranching.
• Canbeolive-greentotanincolor;2-35inches(5-90cm)tall.
• Canbedarker,shriveledandtoughwhendriedout.
• Flattenedbody,thinbladeswithNOmidrib,dichotomousbranching.
Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix scouleri / torreyi)
Flattened Rockweeds (Fucus gardneri/ Hesperophycus californicus)
Slender Rockweeds (Pelvetiopsis limitata / Silvetia compressa)
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• Blackcrustonrock,looksliketar.
• Somefeelrough.Othersfeelthicker,morespongy.
• Cangrowinsmallorlargepatches(asabove).
• Lightorbrightpinkcrustonrock.
• Crustsmoothorcoveredinbumps.
• Cangrowinsmallorlargepatches.
• Lightwhitish-pinktobrightpinkincolor.
• Calciumcarbonateincellwallscanmakethemfeelrelativelystiff.
• Manyspeciesarebranchedandhavetiny,jointedsegments.
Tar Spot Algae (Mastocarpus spp./Ralfsia spp. /others)
Encrusting Coralline Algae (manyspecies)
Upright Coralline Algae (Bossiella spp./ Calliarthron spp./ Corallina spp.)
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Farallones Marine Sanctuary Association • 7
• Short,bushyclumps;1-3inches(3-8cm)tall.
• Darkreddish-brownincolor. • Branchescoveredwithshortspines(feelsrough,notslimyorsmooth).
• Speciesaboveisred,browntoblackish;upto4inches(10cm)tall.Bladesarenarrowandhavebumps.
• Speciesaboveislightredtopurplish-black.Bladesarewider,splitatthetips,oftenhavebumps.
• Speciesaboveisolivetoreddish-brown;upto6inchestall(15cm).Bladessmooth.
• Lowandbushywithflatbutsharp,pointedtips;upto6inches(15cm).
• Yellow-greeninwarmwaterstoolive-purpleincolderwaters.
• Formsmat-likeclumpsofentangledbranches(feelssmooth,notrough).Canbemixedinwithotheralgae.
Scouring Pad Alga (Endocladia muricata)
Stunted Turkish Towel (Mastocarpus spp./ Mazzaella affinis)
Lawn Alga (Chondracanthus canaliculatus)
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• Colorvariesfrombrown,yellow-greentopurple.CanresemblesealettucebutnoriisNOTbrightgreen.
Bladesareoftenruffledattheedges;only1-2celllayersthick.Sizevaries.
• Canresemblecrumpledcellophanewhendry.
• Upto6inches(15cm)tall.
• Yellowish-brown,hollowsacsusuallyfilledwithseawater.
• Asthealgagetsolder,thetipsofthesacscanerodeandleavethealgaflatorfilledwithsand.
• Large,ovalorheartshapedblades;upto12inches(30cm)tall.
• Canappeariridescent;darkpurple,brownorgreenincolor.
• Canalsoappearasabove;yellowish-greenbladewithpurpleorbrownnearbaseofblade,
Nori (Porphyraspp.)
Sea Sacs (Halosaccion glandiforme)
Iridescent Algae (Mazzaella flaccida / splendens)
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Farallones Marine Sanctuary Association • 9
• Small,lessthan2inches(5cm);oftenwithpink-tippedtentacles.
• Greenishbody.
• Canformdenseaggregations:oftencoveredinsandandshells.
• Alsocalledsandcastleworms;liveintubesofcementedsandgrains,eachwithaflaredrim.
• Ofteninlargemassesupto6.5feet(2m)inlength.
• Tubesregularlyplacedinahoneycombarrangement.
• Snail-likemolluscwithoneshell.Mostare<1inch(2.5cm).
• Shellisconeshapedorflat;smoothorribbedintexture.
• Owllimpetabovecangrowto4inches(10cm).
Aggregating Anemones (Anthopleura elegantissima)
Honeycomb Tube Worm (Phragmatopoma californica)
Limpets (Lottiaspp.)
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10 • LiMPETS Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Program
• Alsocalledgooseneckbarnacles;upto3inches(8cm)inlength.
• Strong,darkbrown,rubberystalk;toppedwith5ormorewhiteplates.
• Usuallyfoundintightclusters;oftenmixedwithseamussels.
• Smallinsize;shellupto¾inch(2cm)wide.
• Shellwhiteorbrownish.
• Ribbedorsmoothouterplates.
• Shellupto8inches(20cm);bluish-blackincolor;radialribbing.
• Bivalvemolluscwithtwoshells;usebyssalthreadstoattachtorock.
• Canformextensivebedsthatcreatehabitatformanyspecies.
Sea Mussel (Mytilus californianus)
Leaf Barnacle (Pollicipes polymerus)
Common Acorn Barnacles (Balanus glandula / Chthamalus dalli / fissus)
Farallones Marine Sanctuary Association • 11
• Largebarnacle,upto2inches(5cm)wide.
• Shellisreddish-pink,appearingthatched.
• Do NOT count the above barnacle; similar in size but whitish-brown in color.
Pink Acorn Barnacle (Tetraclita rubescens)
Bare Rock
Loose Sand
• Bare,rockysubstrateslargerthansandorgravel.
• Containsnoobviouslivingorganisms(asincircleabove).
• Evensmallpatchesofbarerockwithinsquare(s)shouldbecounted.
• Granular(finesandtogravel)substrate.
• Sandmustbeloose,unattachedtoanemonesorotherorganisms.
• Evensmallpatchesofsandwithinsquare(s)shouldbecounted.
• Avoidsteppingoninvertebratesandalgaewheneverpossible.
• Returnanimalswhereyoufoundthem.
• Replacerockswhereyoufoundthem.
• Donottakeanythingexceptpictures.
• Donotleaveanytrashatthesite.
• Avoidwadingintidepools.
• Alwayskeepaneyeonthewateranddon’tturnyourbackontheocean,evenforamoment.
• Beawareofyoursurroundings,includingthewater,slipperyrocksoralgae,andtidepoolcreatures.
Tidepool and Monitoring Etiquette
Funder:FriendsofFitzgeraldMarineReserve,http://fitzgeraldreserve.org
Design, Development and Editing:
StuartChan,IsonDesign,www.isondesign.com AbbyNickels&AmyDean:FarallonesMarineSanctuaryAssociation&LiMPETS,http://limpetsmonitoring.org
LiMPETSScienceAdvisoryPanel:StevenLee(UCSB),SteveLonhart(SIMoN/MBNMS),JohnPearse(UCSC/PGMNH)
Photo Credits: We gained permission from the following photographers, scientists, and educators to use their photos in this field guide.
Many thanks for their generosity. Photos may not be used, altered or duplicated without their permission.
Folini,Franco:Photographer,www.fllickr.com/photos/78425154@N00/5789895873 Janiak,Courtnay:Photographer,www.flickr.com/photos/seaweedlady King,Chad:SIMoN/MBNMS,www.sanctuarysimon.org/photos/index.php Kirkhart,Jerry:Photographer,www.flickr.com/people/jkirkhart35 Lee,Steven:ResearchCoordinator,AquaticBiologist,UCLA LiMPETSstaff:Altstatt,J.,Dean,A.F.,Emanuelson,L.,Fisher,A.,Nickels,A.,Wasser,A.andA.Young Lonhart,Steve:SIMoN/MBNMS,www.sanctuarysimon.org/photos/index.php McDonald,Gary:LongMarineLab,UCSC,http://calphotos.berkeley.edu Mosquin,Daniel:UBCBotanicalGarden,www.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca OregonStateParks:http://www.flickr.com/photos/orstateparks/5229773010/in/photostream PacificCoastRockyIntertidalProgram:www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/index.html Pearse,John:UCSC/PacificGroveMuseumofNaturalHistory(LiMPETS) Pederson,Josh:SIMoN/MBNMS,www.sanctuarysimon.org/photos/index.php Ueda,Ken-Ichi:iNaturalist.org,www.flickr.com/people/ken-ichi Watanabe,James:HopkinsMarineStation,StanfordUniv.,http://seanet.stanford.edu Wood,Wendell:algaeBASE,www.algaebase.org Young,Alison:CaliforniaAcademyofSciences,www.calacademy.org
Acknowledgements
