Limnology Lecture 2hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/.../f0/...and_evolution.pdf · Evolution by natural...
Transcript of Limnology Lecture 2hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/.../f0/...and_evolution.pdf · Evolution by natural...
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Ecology and evolution
Limnology
Lecture 2
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Outline
• Lab notebooks
• Quick and dirty ecology and evolution review
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The Scientific Method
1. Develop hypothesis (general models) – Null hypothesis
– Alternative hypothesis
2. Develop prediction (specific)
3. Perform test
4. Evaluate test results, update hypothesis
5. Rinse and repeat
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The Scientific Method
1. Develop hypothesis (general models) – Null hypothesis
– Alternative hypothesis
2. Develop prediction (specific)
3. Perform test
4. Evaluate test results, update hypothesis
5. Rinse and repeat
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Ecology • “Ecology is the scientific study of the
interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms”
Charles Krebs (1972)
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Ecology
Description of natural history
Explanation of mechanisms
~1900
~2000
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Ecology
• Abundance and diversity of species over space and time
• Predict how many species of x occur at location y at time z
- Often using trait variation, environmental variation, movement
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Abiotic frame
• Physical and chemical characteristics of an environment
• Varies in space and time
• Species differ in their abilities to live & reproduce in different abiotic environments
“niche”
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Landscape filters
Poff, N. L. 1997. Landscape filters and species traits: towards mechanistic understanding and prediction in stream ecology. JNABS. 16(2): 391-409.
A B C DE
A B C DE
A B C DE
A B C DE
Traits
Dispersal
Abiotic
Biotic interactions
Regional species pool
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Evolution “Nothing in biology makes
sense except in the light of evolution”-Theodosius Dobzhansky
The Ecological Theater
and the Evolutionary Play - G.E. Hutchinson (1965)
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Evolution
Change in genetic frequencies across generations
1. Neutral (drift, random mutation)
2. Fitness (natural selection) Individual fitness – an individual’s contribution
of offspring to future generations
~ lifetime reproduction
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Evolution by natural selection
1. Phenotypic Variation Phenotype – outward appearance of an organism
2. Variation linked to Fitness differences (Natural selection)
3. Variation Inherited (genetic basis)
Evolution is Very FIne!
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Phenotypic Variation
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Phenotypic Variation
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Heritability – degree to which offspring resemble parents in a trait
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Evolution by natural selection
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Phenotypic plasticity
Environment-dependent response of individuals - non-genetic
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Nature vs. nurture Nature = genetics Nurture = environment Common garden experiment – raise individuals under same conditions
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Each population has same response
Each population responds to environment
Mixture (evolved plasticity)
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Trade-offs in ecology and evolution
1. Tradeoff – organism/ species can’t be good at everything 2. Environments differ 3. Tradeoffs determine distribution of species and phenotypes
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Trade-offs in ecology and evolution
E.g., Growth/predation risk tradeoff
Foraging
Survival
Growth +
-
Predator present
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Trade-offs in ecology and evolution
E.g., Egg number/size tradeoff
Limited reproductive energy output
Few large eggs
Many small eggs
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Specialist vs. Generalist
Jack of all trades, master of none Tradeoffs mean that no species can be best at everything Specialist – really good at one thing, crappy at all others Generalist – okay at everything
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Today: Scientific method Ecology Evolution Plasticity Abiotic frame and landscape filters Trade-offs Specialist-Generalist Next Week: Lake origins Lab – Dunham Pond physical chemical properties