Limnology Lecture 4 - University of...
Transcript of Limnology Lecture 4 - University of...
![Page 1: Limnology Lecture 4 - University of Connecticuthydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/images/b/bb/Lecture_4_Hydrology_and_water.pdfLecture 4 . Hydrological cycle . Lake water balance Mass](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040812/5e573e45e706a856e804de0a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hydrology and water properties
Limnology
Lecture 4
![Page 2: Limnology Lecture 4 - University of Connecticuthydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/images/b/bb/Lecture_4_Hydrology_and_water.pdfLecture 4 . Hydrological cycle . Lake water balance Mass](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040812/5e573e45e706a856e804de0a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Limnology Lecture 4 - University of Connecticuthydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/images/b/bb/Lecture_4_Hydrology_and_water.pdfLecture 4 . Hydrological cycle . Lake water balance Mass](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040812/5e573e45e706a856e804de0a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Hydrological cycle
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Lake water balance
Mass balance Input Direct precipitation to lake surface Watershed run-off surface and subsurface flows Groundwater infiltration Output Drainage (stream) Evaporation and evapotranspiration Seepage into groundwater
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Lake water balance
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Lake water balance
Open vs. closed lakes Closed = evaporation only escape of water Open = stream outlet or seepage Depends on landscape location and local topography e.g., closed lakes often in between mountain ranges affects chemistry and biology salinity high in closed lakes
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Hydrology
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Hydrology
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Hydrology
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Hydrology
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Hydrology
Vadose zone – non-saturated top surface water kept here by adhesion and capillary action Saturation zone Base flow – relatively constant groundwater input to streams Groundwater Recharge – flow to surface waters Groundwater Discharge – flow to groundwater
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20
Dep
th (
cm)
Weeks with visible water
Drying times for study ponds
Does depth predict drying in temporary ponds?
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Human effects Depleting groundwater leads to lowered water tables subsidence saltwater intrusion along coasts (LI) Depleting surface water
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Human effects Depleting surface water E.g., Mono Lake, CA Since 1941 water diverted ~ 250 miles to LA 1976 - water dropped 39 feet Undergrad study galvanizes interest Current target – 6392 feet
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Human effects Increase in evaporation irrigation, canals and reservoirs account for ~10% of continental evaporation 50%
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Wonderful water
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Properties of water
Bipolar – positive and negative sides of molecule associate with one another dissolve many substances
O
H H
O
H H
O
H H
-
-
-
+ +
+ +
+ +
105 degree angle
Hydrogen bond
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Forms lattice when solid (ice). Leads to decrease in density (8.5% difference) ??
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Viscosity
• Resistance to flow
• Internal friction
• Depends on – Temperature
– Solutes
• Measurement unit = Pascal Second (PaS)
= 1 kg m-1 s-1
= force needed to move 1 kg liquid 1 m in 1 s
Temp.
Vis
cosi
ty
Solutes
Vis
cosi
ty
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Viscosity Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
Laminar
- Particle move in parallel tracks
Turbulent – individual particles follow irregular paths
Velocity
Tur
bule
nce
Viscosity
Tur
bule
nce
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Viscosity Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
Laminar
Turbulent
Reynolds number < ~1
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Reynolds Number
inertial forces
viscous forces = Re =
hUl
た
U = m/s = relative speed
l = length in direction of flow
h = density of water (depends on temp)
た = viscosity
= Ul
ち
た
h ち = kinematic viscosity =
Key variables for living organisms
dUl : u
(water = 1 x 10-6 m2/s @ 20 C)
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Reynolds N
umbers
Density (h)
Viscosity (た)
Size (l)
Speed (U)
Re
hUl
た
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Reynolds Numbers
Whale
Mike Phelps
Trout
Daphnia
Protist
Filtering setae 0.001
150,000,000
5,000,000
400,000
25
0.1 Re is small, laminar flow
Re is large, turbulence prevails
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Small organisms surrounded by boundary layer diffusion needed to transport slow, limiting process Turbulence effective transporter
Biotic importance: Reynolds Numbers
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Today: Hydrology of lakes Human effects on hydrology Water has many properties conducive to aquatic living Reynold’s numbers NO CLASS TUESDAY Thursday: Physical and chemical limnology Lab – Room 179, zooplankton ID Bring laptops with wireless