Limits and Potentials of High Resolution Terrestrial Laser...
Transcript of Limits and Potentials of High Resolution Terrestrial Laser...
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Limits and Potentials of High Resolution Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Monitoring Estuarine Geomorphologic Variability
Charlie Endris
January 20, 2010
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From Van Dyke and Wasson, 2005.
Salt Marsh Vegetation Cover
Mean X-section width of tidal creeks
Evolution of salt marsh to mudflat
1980
2001
Elkhorn Slough: Erosion and Habitat Loss
~10 – 25 cm/yr
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Wetland monitoring
How do we identify change on a shorter time-scale and at high resolutions??
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• Direct observations and measurements– SET’s and Marker Horizons– PVC pipe markers along bank edges (Malzone, 1999)– Tidal creek flora and fauna indicate morphologic and hydrologic change (Lindquist, 1998;
Lowe, 1999)
• Observations using Remote sensing/survey techniques
Wetland monitoring
*Attempted in Elkhorn Slough
Current methods of monitoring geomorphologic change in a wetland environment?
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GPS
Theodolite
Aerial Photos
Airborne LiDAR
PhotogrammetryTerrestrial LiDAR (TLS)
Spatial Scale
Modified from Heritage and Heatherington, 2007
Spatial and Temporal Limits
TSC2 Controller
Reflectiveprism
Trimble VX Spatial Station
Time Scale1 day 1 month 1 year 1000 years
1mm
1m
1km
1000km
Survey Techniques: Remote Sensing
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“Time of fl ight” principle
2
Time of beam travel to a target and backX Speed of Light = Distance
TLS Operation: Calculating Distance
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“Time of fl ight” principle
TLS Operation: Calculating Distance
2
Time of beam travel to a target and backX Speed of Light = Distance
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TLS Operation: Calculating Angles
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TLS Operation
Trimble VX Technical Specifications
• Single point measurements
• Direct surface scanning (point cloud)
• Robotic magnetic drive
• Range: 2500 m (prism), 150 m (direct)
• Speed: up to 15 pts/sec
• Measures reflectivity (intensity)
• 3 mm point precision
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Data collection
Top-down view
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Post-processing
Point Cloud
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation
Sun-illuminated topography
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1. Potential: Can we use TLS to monitor geomorphologic change in wetlands at high resolution and at multiple spatial and temporal scales?
a) “Long-term” monitoring of different marsh environments
b) “Short-term” effects of single tidal cycles on tidal creek margin stability
2. Limitations: Investigate sources of measurement error with respect to laser beam characteristics
Objectives/Goals
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1. Potential: Can we use TLS to monitor geomorphologic change in wetlands at high resolution and at multiple spatial and temporal scales?
a) “Long-term” monitoring of different marsh environments
b) “Short-term” effects of single tidal cycles on tidal creek margin stability
2. Limitations: Investigate sources of measurement error with respect to laser beam characteristics
Objectives/Goals
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Case Studies
Spatial and temporal scales…
a) “Long-term” monitoring of marsh environments including:
- pickleweed edge
- mudbanks
- Mudflats
- mudflat creeks
Elkhorn Slough
Site #4: North Azavedo Pond
Site #3: Bird Observatory
Site #2: Sandholdt Bridge
Site #1: Potrero Rd
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Case StudiesElkhorn Slough
Site #4: North Azavedo Pond
Site #3: Bird Observatory
Site #2: Sandholdt Bridge
Site #1: Potrero Rd
Spatial and temporal scales…
a) “Long-term” monitoring of marsh environments including:
- pickleweed edge
- mudbanks
- Mudflats
- mudflat creeks
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Case StudiesElkhorn Slough
Site #4: North Azavedo Pond
Site #3: Bird Observatory
Site #2: Sandholdt Bridge
Site #1: Potrero Rd
Spatial and temporal scales…
a) “Long-term” monitoring of marsh environments including:
- pickleweed edge
- mudbanks
- Mudflats
- mudflat creeks
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Case StudiesElkhorn Slough
Site #4: North Azavedo Pond
Site #3: Bird Observatory
Site #2: Sandholdt Bridge
Site #1: Potrero Rd
Spatial and temporal scales…
a) “Long-term” monitoring of marsh environments including:
- pickleweed edge
- mudbanks
- Mudflats
- mudflat creeks
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Case StudiesElkhorn Slough
Site #4: North Azavedo Pond
Site #3: Bird Observatory
Site #2: Sandholdt Bridge
Site #1: Potrero Rd
Spatial and temporal scales…
a) “Long-term” monitoring of marsh environments including:
- pickleweed edge
- mudbanks
- Mudflats
- mudflat creeks
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Case Studies
Spatial and temporal scales…
a) “Long-term” monitoring of marsh environments including:
- pickleweed edge
- mudbanks
- Mudflats
- mudflat creeks
b) “Short-term” effects of single tidal cycles on tidal creek margin stability
Elkhorn Slough
Site #4: North Azavedo Pond
Site #3: Bird Observatory
Site #2: Sandholdt Bridge
Site #1: Potrero Rd
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1993 2004 2005 2008
Potrero Rd. (Site 1): Historic change
1160 m2 increase in mudflat area~ 21 cm/yr of marsh loss (horizontal)
Aerial imagery courtesy of GoogleEarth
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Potrero Rd. (Site 1): Mudflat change- “Long-term”
Dec 19, 2007
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Feb 10, 2009
Potrero Rd. (Site 1): Mudflat change- “Long-term”
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Potrero Rd. (Site 1): Mudflat DEM’s
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Potrero Rd. (Site 1): Mudflat DEM’s
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Potrero Rd. (Site 1): Mudflat DEM’s
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Mar-6-2009
Elevation
-1.0
-2.3
Measured 118 x-sectionand thalweg widths and depths
Potrero Rd. (Site 1): Measuring mudflat creeks
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Mudflat creek: X-section width / Thalweg width ratioDec. 2007 - Mar. 2009
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Rat
io
Dec 2007 Oct 2008 Mar 2009
Mudflat creek comparisonsDec. 2007 - Mar. 2009
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Dis
tanc
e (m
)
X-section widthThalweg widthThalweg depth
Dec 2007 Oct 2008 Mar 2009
Potrero Rd. (Site 1): Mudflat Creek Comparison Results- “Long-term”
Thalweg width
Depth
X-section width
‘V’-shape ‘U’-shape
‘V’-shape to ‘U’-shape
35 cm increase in mean creek width
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Bird Observatory (Site 3)
Looking north
Looking east
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Bird Observatory (Site 3)
Pickleweed MarshPickleweed Edge
Mudflat
Typical Edge Profile: Marsh to Mudflat
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Dec. 9-11, 2008
Bird Observatory (Site 3): Comparison results of mudflat and mudbank, 48 hrs.
N
N
Raster resolution: 3 cm
2 cm of elevation change !
< -4.0
-4.0 - -2.0
-2.0 - -0.5
No change
0.5 – 2.0
2.0 – 4.0
4.0 – 10
>10
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Pickleweed MarshPickleweed Edge
Mudflat
Typical Edge Profile: Marsh to Mudflat
Bird Observatory (Site 3): Pickleweed edge, VERTICAL PLANE
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Dec. 11- Jan. 9
Bird Observatory (Site 3): Pickleweed edge variability over 1 month (LONG-TERM)
BEFOREDec. 11, 2008
AFTERJan. 9, 2009
Vertical Plane
Sloped Plane
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0.30
-0.30
0
(m)
0.10
0.20
-0.10
-0.20
BEFOREDec. 11, 2008
AFTERJan. 9, 2009
Dec. 11- Jan. 9
Pickleweed edge
Mudbank
Comparison Results
Vertical Plane
Sloped Plane
Bird Observatory (Site 3): Pickleweed edge variability over 1 month (LONG-TERM)
Change
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1. Potential: Can we use TLS to monitor geomorphologic change in wetlands at high resolution and at multiple spatial and temporal scales?
a) “Long-term” monitoring of different marsh environments
b) “Short-term” effects of single tidal cycles on tidal creek margin stability
2. Limitations: Investigate sources of measurement error with respect to laser beam characteristics
Objectives/Goals
Question: How do distance, angle of incidence, and grain size affect the accuracy of TLS measurements?
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Distance = 100 m
48
Footprint (cm) created by laser at angle 0o
114
Footprint elongated by 45o target angle
Beam Divergence and Angle of Incidence
Trimble VX beam divergence: 8 cm vertical and 4 cm horizontal at 100 m
Distance = 100 m
0o Angle
45o Angle
Beam Diameter
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Trimble VX Spatial Station: IR Laser Footprint Vertical Diameter
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from station (m)
Footprint Diameter (cm)
858070605045403020100
Angle of Incidence (deg O)
* Footprint diameter calculations based on factory technical specifications of beam divergence of 8 cm vertical and 4 cm horizontal at 100 m
Beam Footprint
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Surface Properties
SAND45o
70o
80o
MUD
45o
70o
80o
**Experiment reveals less accurate results when measuring mud at high angles of incidence**
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• Measurements with high angle of incidence and distance produce large footprint diameters- reducing resolution and accuracy
• At high angles and distance, fine-grained (mud) surfaces produce less accurate results than coarse-grained (sand) surfaces
Accuracy Experiment: Summary
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Take-home message
• Important to be aware of the limitations of TLS surveys
• TLS is a rapid and efficient method used to monitor geomorphologic change in a wetland at high resolution and at multiple spatial scales
• Ability to identify and interpret change is critical to understanding the fine-scale variability of wetland environments
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Take-home message
• Important to be aware of the limitations of TLS surveys
• TLS is a rapid and efficient method used to monitor geomorphologic change in a wetland at high resolution and at multiple spatial scales
• Ability to identify and interpret change is critical to understanding the fine-scale variability of wetland environments
- Applications: salt panne development in salt marsh habitats
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Take-home message
• Important to be aware of the limitations of TLS surveys
• TLS is a rapid and efficient method used to monitor geomorphologic change in a wetland at high resolution and at multiple spatial scales
• Ability to identify and interpret change is critical to understanding the fine-scale variability of wetland environments
- Applications: large-scale engineering projects
Parsons Slough proposed sill structure
www.elkhornslough.org
Recently constructed dike at N. Azavedo Pond
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Funding Support• California Sea Grant• David and Lucile Packard Foundation
(Friends of MLML)
Committee Members• Ivano Aiello, MLML• John Oliver, MLML• Ellen Hines, SFSU
Acknowledgements