Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteries for a Lebanese Hybrid Wind_PV System

8/12/2019 Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteries for a Lebanese Hybrid Wind_PV System

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Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteriesfor a Lebanese Hybrid Wind/PV System

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their gardens [8-11]. As the produced energy depends

on the meteorological parameters (temperature, wind

speed, etc.), energy storage systems are connected to

the power sources in order to store the produced energy

[12, 13].

This paper is composed of eight sections. The

system under consideration is presented in Section 2.

Sizing the proposed renewable hybrid system is

discussed in Section 3. A brief review on the energy

storage systems is given in Section 4. The

electrochemical and potential energy storage systems

are developed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively.

Economical study and comparison between these two

types of energy storage systems are analyzed in Section7. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 8.

2. System under Consideration

Three different load systems are suggested to be

studied:

Load system 1: traditional Lebanese house of onefloor with a rated consumption power of 3 kVA;

Load system 2: traditional Lebanese house ofthree floors with a rated consumption power of 6 kVA;

Load system 3: traditional Lebanese building offive floors with a rated consumption power of 10 kVA.

These three load systems are supplied by the EOL

and by private companies providing electricity from

diesel generators when the public electricity is cut off.

The shortage periods are estimated to 10 h.

Due to the fossil fuel crisis and the increase of

greenhouse gases emissions (especially CO2), there

are many researches done to focus on the new

alternative clean and green renewable sources ofenergy such as solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, etc.

[14, 15]. Power division strategy, applied on the

converters-machines sets [16-18], can also be applied

on power generation to form hybrid power sources [19,

20]. Solar panels and wind turbines are increasingly

introduced in the Lebanese market [21, 22]. In addition,

the generated power from renewable sources depends

on the metrological parameters as temperature and

wind speed, etc.. To cancel the subscriptions to the

private companies and replace the non renewable

sources by renewable and non pollutant sources, it is

suggested to install a hybrid wind/PV system for each

of the studied load systems. Fig. 1 illustrates the power

generation strategy for these load systems. The DC bus

is of 48 V.

3. Sizing the Renewable Energy Hybrid

System

3.1 Wind Turbine System

The energy that can be extracted from wind and

transformed into electricity constitutes an interesting

supplement to the basis energy provided by the thermal

power stations. Because of the mass and of speed of air

in movement, wind possesses kinetic energy. This

energy in the wind can be harnessed by slowing down

the mass of air with the help of any device. It is exactly

the role of a wind turbine to capture this mechanical

energy and transform it into electrical one by a

generator coupled to the turbine axis. The choice of a

wind turbine depends on its power, then on the required

size for its implementation and the zone where itshould be installed. The efficiency of a wind turbine is

function of the regularity and the power of the wind

speed. Practically, the power of a wind turbine (PWT) is

calculated from the following equation [23]:

PWT= Pd/ Nhw (1)

Fig. 1 System under consideration.


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where Pd is the daily needed power for the shortage

periods (10 h), andNhwdesigns the average of the daily

number of hours for which the wind turbine is

functioning.

According to an annual survey of the wind speed

variation where the wind turbine will be installed in

Akkar, it was estimated thatNhwis closed to 6 h [24].

Table 1 gives the power calculations of the required

wind turbine for each of the three load systems. It

should be noted that the output voltage of each wind

turbine is 48 V. It is necessary to use a rectifier, AC-DC

converter, in order to connect the wind turbine to the 48

V DC bus (Fig. 1).

3.2 PV Solar System

The phenomenon named photovoltaic effect consists

mainly in transforming the solar light in electric energy

by means of the semiconductor devices named

photovoltaic cells.

The solar panel, or photovoltaic generator, is itself

constituted of an association of series and parallel of

the necessary number of modules to reply to the

requisite energy. The power of the required solar

panels (PSP) is calculated by using the following

formula [25]:

PSP= Pd/ Nhs (2)

withNhsis the average of the daily number of hours for

which the solar panels are functioning.

During one year, the variations of the temperature

and the luminosity in the proposed region are studied

[26]. Therefore,Nhsis estimated equal to 9 h [27]. The

selected solar panels are of power equal to 200 W, 24 V

each. For each load system, the number of solar panelsand their connection types (series and parallel) are

given in Table 2. In addition, the proposed panels are

connected to DC-DC converters with a maximum

power point tracking algorithm. These converters are

connected directly to the 48 V DC bus (Fig. 1).

3.3 Sizing of the Inverter

The choice of the most suitable inverter, which

converts the storage energy from the DC state to the

Table 1 Wind turbine power for each load system.

Loadsystem

ConsumptionpowerPc(kW)

Daily powerPd(kWh)

Wind turbinepowerPWT(kW)

1 3 30 5

2 6 60 10

3 10 100 20

Table 2 Number of solar panel for each load system.

Loadsystem

Daily powerPd(kWh)

Solar panelspowerPSP(kW)

NSP_Pparallel

NSP_Sseries

NSP

1 30 3,400 9 2 18

2 60 6,800 17 2 34

3 100 11,200 28 2 56

AC one and supplies the load demand, has a primary

criterion depending on the load consumption (Fig. 1).

Therefore, it is essential to have some notions on thepower consumption and its calculation [28]. The

inverter is characterized by its instantaneous power,

Pinv(t), its maximum power,Pmax-inv, and its efficiency,

inv. The calculation of Pmax-inv is based on the

maximum power absorbed by the load.

Based on the proposed strategy in supplying the

three load systems, the power of the required inverter

for each load system, which is connected to the 48 V

DC bus is calculated and given in Table 3.

These calculations are taking into account the

efficiency of the used inverters which is equal to 0.8.

4. Brief Review on Energy Storage Systems

The fundamental idea of the energy storage is to

transfer the power produced by the power plant during

the weak load periods to the peak periods. Initially,

electricity must be transformed into another form of

storable energy (chemical, mechanical, electrical or

potential energy) and to be transformed back whenneeded [29-33]. The stored energy should be quickly

converted on demand and used in a wide variety of

electric applications and load sizes. There exist

different ESS (energy storage system) technologies.

Some of them are well studied and developed, while

others are just emerging [34].

Electrical energy can be stored in different ways.

The major electric storage technologies are:

batteries;


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Table 3 Inverter power for each load system.

Loadsystem

Consumption powerPc(kW)

Inverter powerPinv(kVA)

1 3 4

2 6 8

3 10 14

pump hydro power; CAES (compress air energy storage); flywheels; SMES (super conducting magnetic energy storage); super capacitors; hydrogen storage.The first two energy storage devices and

technologies are treated and developed separately in

Sections 5 and 6.

In fact, it is considered that the load systems can be

supplied from energy stored in batteries or as potential

energy when the EOL is cut off.

4.1 CAES (Compress Air Energy Storage)

The CAES can store compressed air inside a tank in

order to use it during low wind speed or to smooth up

power fluctuation. CAES is an electromechanical

storage system which is designed to store high pressureair during off peak and used during on peak. The stored

energy can then be converted back to electricity by

withdrawing the compressed air and using it in a

turbine coupled to an alternator [35].

4.2 Flywheels

A rotating mass, rotor, spinning at a very high

velocity and an integrated motor-generator are the two

main components of the flywheel storage device. The

motor-generator operates as motor to turn the flywheel

and store energy or as a generator to produce power. The

discharge rate of flywheel make it not suitable to be used

for long periods but its long life time, high energy

density, large maximum power output, short access time,

high efficiency and small environmental impacts make it

to be considered as an applicable device for improving

the range, performance and efficiency of electric

vehicles and other applications [36].

4.3 SMES (Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage)

A SMES device is a super conducting coil that

energy could be stored in its magnetic field. The coil

must be kept at a very low temperature to maintain itssuper conducting capabilities. SMES energy devices

are able to provide high power, very fast (few seconds).

These technologies are only used for power quality

applications [37].

4.4 Super Capacitors

Super capacitors store energy by physically

separating negative and positive charges like

traditional electric capacitors. They can charge and

discharge a large amount of power in a very short time.

Self-discharge rate of super capacitors (10% per day) is

the main reason for being less suitable for long term

storage [38].

4.5 Hydrogen Storage

In a hydrogen storage device, hydrogen is being

gained and is stored in a gas tank. The fuel cell can use

the stored hydrogen to produce electricity when

required. During the process of electricity generation,

just pure water is produced. This technology is among

the most pure types and the device is able to store large

amount of power. Its efficiency is low that is about

25% [39].

Fig. 2 resumes the fields of application of the

different storage techniques according to energy needs.

5. Electrical Energy Storage as Chemical

Energy

5.1 Principle

The chemical energy is the most common form for

storing electrical energy. In fact, the batteries are

subjected to chemical reactions taking place to store

electrical energy as chemical one. To reproduce the

electricity, there are reversed chemical reactions. The

most common in the market are the lead acid batteries

which, due to several improvements, are the most

competitive [40]. An advantage of batteries is that they


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Fig. 2 Fiels of application of the different storage

techniques according to energy needs [12].

are available for a wide range of power ratings from

few watts up to several MW, when grouped, and can be

used in wide variety of applications

5.2 Sizing of the Accumulators

Despite their limited number of cycles, the

electrochemical accumulators represent the solution

which seems offering the best compromise between

cost and performance for this application.

In fact, an electrochemical accumulator is

characterized by its maximum storage capacity, its

efficiency, its peak power that can be provided or

received and its availability. As the DC bus voltage is

fixed to 48 V, the required Ah for the power

consumption is:

IBat=Pd/ VDC (3)

Thus, for a 200 Ah accumulator of 12 V output

voltage with four batteries connected in series to obtain

a 48 V DC voltage, the number of the needed parallel

lines and the total number of batteries are given in

Table 4. It is assumed that the efficiency of these

batteries is about 80%.

Table 4 Number of batteries for each load system.

Load systemBattery currentIBat(Ah)

Lines inparallel

Number ofbatteries

1 781.25 4 16

2 1,562.5 8 32

3 2,604 13 52

6. Electrical Energy Storage as Hydraulic

Energy

6.1 Principle

It consists in using dual basins of water. The water of

the upper basin, which is located on an elevated zone

near the workshop, is converted into electricity by

using a generator connected to a turbine in order to be

consumed during peak hours. Then, it is collected by

the lower basin.

Water is therefore pumped during times of low

consumption to the upper basin forming a closed loop

and to be used by the turbine another time. In the case

of a pump-wind/PV connection, water is rising with theexcess of the intermittent energy [25].

6.2 Sizing the Hydraulic Energy Storage System

To find the limiting case that separate the use of the

potential energy storage system from the use of

batteries, the different components of the first system

should be calculated.

In fact, when the EOL is on, the produced energy

from the hybrid wind/PV system is used to pump the

water from the lower basin to the upper one. Thus, the

pump power, the daily consumed energy and the size of

the upper and the lower basins should be calculated.

Pump power: Based on the existed wind/PVhybrid system and the consumed power, the pump

power (Pp) is supposed equal to 1/4 of the consumption

power (Pc) given in Table 1. If the efficiency of this

pump is about 80%, thus, its reel power should be:

PPump,reel= Pc/[4(0.8)] (4)

Daily consumed energy: This energy (Ed) is

calculated from the daily consumed power (Pd) given in

Table 1 by using the conversion base, 1 Wh = 3,600 J.

Upper and lower basins sizes: The dailyconsumed energy (Ed) should be delivered by the

hybrid wind/PV system. In order to obtain continuity

in supplying the different load systems, we suppose

that, for one day, an absence of wind speed and

important sun temperature and luminosity occurred.

Thus, daily consumed energy is stored in the upper


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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7 (2013) 2227-2236

Table 6 Consumption power, flow rate, valve section and

turbine/generator power.

Loadsystem

ConsumptionpowerPc(kW)

Waterflow Qmax(L/s)

ValvesectionS(inch)

Turbine/generatorpower PT,reel ;PG,reel(kW)

1 3 16 5 32 6 31 10 5

3 10 51 15 8

Table 7 Cost of storage systems using batteries for a

period of 20 years.

Loadsystem

Batteriescost ($)

Invertercost ($)

Installationcost ($)

Maintenancecost ($)

Totalcost ($)

1 20,000 8,000 1,000 1,000 30,000

2 40,000 16,000 2,000 3,000 61,000

3 65,000 28,000 3,000 5,000 101,000

For the turbine-generator system, its installation and

maintenance costs are respectively 500$ and 2,000$.

The length of the used pipes or hoses is about 50 m

with an installation cost of 1,200$ and their

maintenance cost is 300$. Table 8 resumes the cost of

each element composing the hydraulic system, their

installation and maintenance costs, and in particularly

the total cost.

Therefore, the economical comparison between the

two energy storage techniques is dressed in Table 9 and

illustrated in Fig. 3.Based on Table 4, these batteries are supposed to be

changed five times in 20 years. The cost of the

proposed inverters in Table 3 is 1$/VA [25]. These

inverters will be changed after 10 years of use.

Concerning the potential energy storage system,

this one contains several components. First, the upper

and the lower basins are made of sheet metal of steel.

In fact, the size of one standard 3.8 mm steel sheet

metal is 2 m of length and 1 m of width. The cost of

each sheet is 70$ [25]. Based on the basins

dimensions given in Table 5, the number of used

sheets for each load system is calculated. Table 10

resumes the number of sheets, their backing cost, their

soldering cost and the total cost for the upper and the

lower basins. The used pump is placed near the sea (or

a river), thus, only the cost of the upper basin will be

taken into consideration in the comparative study.

For the different load systems, and regarding the

used pumps, their installation cost is 300$ and their

maintenance cost is 700$ supposing that one replaces

each one every 5 years.

From the first point of view, this comparison

illustrates that the electrochemical energy storage

system is more economical regarding its attractive cost,

its occupied place and its volume. Thus, the batteries

play an important role for low energy storage

applications. Their inconvenient reside in their

recycling which is very pollutant. Contrarily, for high

energy storage applications, the used number of

batteries is very important in a way that the potential

energy becomes more economical, efficient and non

pollutant. Therefore, the limiting value for the use of

batteries is 6 kW of consumption power as analyzed in

this paper. In addition, it should be noted that, this limit

can becomes lower than 6 kW if the potential altitude

has an important value, which implies a decrease in the

water flow, the valve size, the turbine and the generator

powers, and especially, in the basin dimensions.

Following are some other advantages of the potential

energy storage technique: This technique is mature and reliable, simple and

of relatively long life span. After using, it is easy to

destroy the materials, make a recycling of the

components and rehabilitate the site;

The storage in the enclosed basins and in a closedcircuit can be installed everywhere, even distant from

the rivers;

The realization of this technique coupled torenewable energy sources permits the introduction of

these technologies and increase the electricity rate

produced by renewable energy.

The environmental inconveniences of such system

are mainly due to the visual and auditory impacts of

the hydromechanics and basins installations. It should

be noted that the noise due to the working of the

pumps and turbines can be decreased while using an

insulator.


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Table 8 Costs of the hydraulic system and its components for a period of 20 years.

Loadsystem

Pump cost($)

Turbine &generator cost ($)

Pipes cost($)

Installationcost ($)

Manitenancecost ($)

Basin cost($)

Total cost($)

1 650 5,000 700 2,000 3,000 24,000 35,350

2 1,000 10,000 1,300 2,000 3,000 44,000 61,300

3 1,800 15,000 2,200 2,000 3,000 64,000 88,000

Table 9 Costs of the two energy storage techniques for a period of 20 years.

Load systemConsumption powerPc(kW)

Cost of the electrochemical storage system($)

Cost of the potential energy storage system($)

1 3 30,000 35,350

2 6 61,000 61,300

3 10 101,000 88,000

Table 10 Number and cost of sheets, backing and soldering costs, upper and lower basins costs.

Load systemNumber ofsteel sheets

Steel sheets costs($)

Backing cost($)

Soldering cost($)

Upper basin cost($)

Upper & lower basinscost ($)

1 220 16,000 4,000 4,000 24,000 48,0002 440 32,000 6,000 6,000 44,000 88,000

3 660 48,000 8,000 8,000 64,000 128,000

Fig. 3 Costs of the two storage techniques function of the

consumption power for the three load systems.

8. Conclusions

In this paper, the authors are interested in studying

two techniques of storing the produced electrical

energy: the electrochemical energy and the potential

energy. These techniques concern the decentralized

systems of electricity production which can be coupled

or not to the grid. These systems are formed by a hybrid

wind/PV source. However, the safety that offers this

unit of production, thanks to the presence of the devices

of energy storage, returns the hybrid systems

economically viable. Three different load systems

connected to the grid and a hybrid wind/PV sources are

conceived and treated. First, the choice of such sources

is studied. Secondly, two electrical energy storage

techniques are calculated. Finally, an economical

comparative survey between the electrochemical and

the hydraulic storage techniques are presented. For the

load system 1, the hydraulic energy storage is more

expensive than using batteries, and for the load system

3, the hydraulic energy storage is less expensive than

using batteries. The limiting power for the use of the

potential energy storage system compared to the

electrochemical one is about 6 kW of consumption

power. Thus, it is recommended to use batteries to store

the produced energy in low power applications (less

than 6 kW), else, the potential energy storage system

becomes more required for use in high power

applications.

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Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteries for a Lebanese Hybrid Wind_PV System

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