My occupational identity- Olivia Simmons Component one- task 2
Lim Sei Kee @ cK. Characteristics 1.Skill variety 2.Task identity 3.Task significance 4.Autonomy...
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Transcript of Lim Sei Kee @ cK. Characteristics 1.Skill variety 2.Task identity 3.Task significance 4.Autonomy...
HND – 5. Motivation
ApplicationsLim Sei Kee @ cK
Job Design Theory
Characteristics
1. Skill variety
2. Task identity
3. Task significance
4. Autonomy
5. Feedback
Characteristics
1. Skill variety
2. Task identity
3. Task significance
4. Autonomy
5. Feedback
Job Characteristics Model
Identifies five job characteristics and their relationship to personal and work outcomes
Motivation by Job Design: The JCM
Job Characteristics Model (JCM)◦ Hackman and Oldham’s concept that any job can be
described through five core job dimensions:
Skill variety – Requirements for different tasks in the job. Task identity – Completion of a whole piece of work. Task significance – The job’s impact on others. Autonomy – Level of discretion in decision making. Feedback – Amount of direct and clear information on
performance.
◦ The way elements in a job are organized (job design) impacts motivation, satisfaction and performance.
The Job Characteristics Model
Source: J.R. Hackman and G.R. Oldham, Work Design (excerpted from pp. 78–80). © 1980 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission of Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc.
A participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organization’s success
Employee involvement program
Forms of Employee Involvement
Participative Management
Representative Participation
Quality Circles
Employee Stock Ownership Plans
A process in which subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors.
Participative Management
Workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees.
Work Councils – groups of nominated or elected
employees who must ne consulted when
management makes decisions involving personnel
Board Representatives – a form of representative
participation; employees sit on a company’s board
of directors and represent the interests of the
firm’s employees
Representative Participation
A work group of employees who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems, investigate causes, recommend solutions and take corrective actions.
Quality Circles
Company-established benefit plans in which employees acquire stock as part of their benefits
Employee Stock Ownership Plans
Job Rotation
Job Enlargement
Job Enrichment
Job redesign
Job Rotation - The periodic shifting of an
employee from one task to another
Job Enlargement - Increasing the
number and variety of tasks that an
individual performs results in jobs with
more diversity
Job Enrichment - The vertical expansion
of jobs, increasing the degree to which the
worker controls the planning, execution,
and evaluation of his or her work.
Strengths of Job Rotation
Reduces boredom
Increases understanding of work
contribution
Increased skills
Helps managers
in scheduling
Job Enrichment – Possible Actions
Combine Tasks
Form Natural Work Units
Establish Client Relations
Expand Jobs Vertically
Open Feedback Channels
Flextime Job Sharing Telecommuting
Job Scheduling
Alternative Work Arrangements Flextime
◦ Flextime allows employees to choose the hours they work within a defined period of time.
Job Sharing◦ Job Sharing allows two or more individuals to split
a traditional 40-hour-a-week job. Telecommuting
◦ Telecommuting allows workers to work from home at least 2 days a week on a computer linked to the employer’s office.
Using Rewards to Motivate Employees
Although pay is not the primary factor driving job satisfaction, it is a motivator. ◦ Establish a pay structure◦ Variable-pay programs
Types of Variable-Pay Programs
Piece-Rate Pay◦ Pays a fixed sum of money for each unit of production
completed.
Merit-Based Pay◦ Pays for individual performance based on performance
appraisal results. If appraisals are designed correctly, workers performing at a high level will get more pay.
Bonuses◦ Pay a lump sum at the end of a designated period of
time based on individual and/or organizational performance.
More Types of Variable-Pay Programs Skill-Based Pay
◦ Pays based on the number of skills employees have or the number of jobs they can do.
Profit-Sharing Plans◦ Pays out a portion of the organization’s
profitability. It is an organization-wide program and is based on a predetermined formula.
Gainsharing◦ Pays for improvements in group productivity from
one period to another. It is a group incentive plan.
Skill-based Pay Plans
Benefits of Skill-based Pay Plans:
1. Provides staffing flexibility
2. Facilitates communication across the organization
3. Lessens “protection of territory” behaviors
4. Meets the needs of employees for advancement (without promotion)
5. Leads to performance improvements
Benefits of Skill-based Pay Plans:
1. Provides staffing flexibility
2. Facilitates communication across the organization
3. Lessens “protection of territory” behaviors
4. Meets the needs of employees for advancement (without promotion)
5. Leads to performance improvements
Pay levels are based on how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do.
Skill-based Pay Plans (cont’d)
Drawbacks of Skill-based Pay Plans:
1. Lack of additional learning opportunities that will increase employee pay
2. Continuing to pay employees for skills that have become obsolete
3. Paying for skills that are of no immediate use to the organization
4. Paying for a skill, not for the level of employee performance for the particular skill
Drawbacks of Skill-based Pay Plans:
1. Lack of additional learning opportunities that will increase employee pay
2. Continuing to pay employees for skills that have become obsolete
3. Paying for skills that are of no immediate use to the organization
4. Paying for a skill, not for the level of employee performance for the particular skill
Flexible Benefits Flexible benefits give individual rewards
by allowing each employee to choose the compensation package that best satisfies his or her current needs and situations.
Flexible Benefits
Flexible Spending Plans Allow employees to use their tax-free benefit dollars to purchase benefits and pay service premiums
Flexible Spending Plans Allow employees to use their tax-free benefit dollars to purchase benefits and pay service premiums
Modular Plans Predesigned benefits packages for specific groups of employees
Modular Plans Predesigned benefits packages for specific groups of employees
Core-Plus PlansA core of essential benefits and a menu-like selection of other benefit options
Core-Plus PlansA core of essential benefits and a menu-like selection of other benefit options
Employees tailor their benefit program to meet their personal need by picking and choosing from a menu of benefit options.
1. Discuss job characteristics model. 2. What is employee involvement program?
Describe how can a manager use them to effectively motivate others.
3. Explain how to enhance motivation through job enrichment, job enlargement and job rotation.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of implementing skill-based pay plans?
Presentation Q