LIGHTNING PROTECTION SOLUTIONS

LIGHTNING PROTECTION SOLUTIONS

By

Robert Irwin, Alpha Process Sales, Inc. Louisiana Gas Association; 2017 Pipeline Safety Conference

www.L igh tn ingPro tec t ion .com

6/26/2017

The Lightning Discharge

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What Creates Lightning?

Water Drops Inside the Cloud

Wind

Frozen Water Drops

Hail

Gravity

Collision

Electron Collection

Charge Separation


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Electrostatic Shadow

Electrostatic Field 5 to 30 kV/m

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Electrostatic Field

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ELECTROSTATIC FIELD

5 to 30 kV/m

ELECTROSTATIC SHADOW

Copyright ©2013, Lightning Eliminators & Consultants, Inc.

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Lightning Leader – Air Breaks Down


10⁸ V ± 10%


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Rising Streamers


RISING

STREAMERS

HIGH-DENSITY CHARGE


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Striking Distance


STRIKING DISTANCE

R=10-260m

POINT OF

DISCRIMINATION


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Storm Generated Upward Streamers

Streamers


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Slow Motion Lightning Strike


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LIGHTNING DISCHARGE PROCESS

Leaders - Streamers

Return Stroke

Current Flows from earth surface through return stroke to equalize charge separation

Lightning Discharge Process


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Lightning Secondary Effects

Earth Current Transients

Atmospheric Transients

Ground Potential Rise

EMP

From an electronic integrity standpoint – Secondary Effects are a greater problem than the direct lightning strike.


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Nearby Strike

Buried Data & Phone Lines

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Field Strength: 5 to 30 kV/m

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Nearby Strike

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Overhead Power & Communications Circuits,

Cable Trays, etc.

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A 5 ohm ground develops 150 kV during a 50 percentile strike

R2 R1

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Stroke Channel EMP

EMP Field

di dt

= 100 kA

s

Electronic systems in close proximity to grounding conductors, building steel , etc. are vulnerable

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Summary of Secondary Effects



Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)



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Lightning Stroke Data

Peak Current 2 – 510 kA

99% 200 kA

50% 30 kA

Negative Polarity > 90%

Time Between > 10 Seconds

Duration (99%) 30 to 200 s

RFI Range (95%) 200 kHz – 20 MHz


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Lightning Protection Solution

Address the direct lightning threat

Lightning Collection System (option 1)

Charge Transfer System (option 2)

Low Impedance Earth Grounding

Address Secondary Effects

Surge Protection (SPD/TVSS)

Low Impedance Earth Grounding


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History

Ben Franklin • Sharp point

dissipates charge • Linked lightning to

charge • Lightning rods were

attempt to dissipate the charge in the cloudstdissipatoverhea

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Industry Standards

Over 250 years with no significant changes

Based on “historical precedent”

Intended to collect strikes!


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Lightning Rod – Franklin’s Findings

• Didn’t sufficiently dissipate storm energy

• Could protect structures from fire and structural damage

• Is a termination point for lightning strike

• “Design” evolved and is based on experience


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Strike Collectors


??? Lightning Rod

Dissipater

Early Streamer Emitter (ESE) ???

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Petroleum Tank Fire - Engulfed


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Petroleum Tank Fire - Aftermath


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Aftermath of Strike to Gas Distribution Center


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1. Direct Strike

2. Atmospheric Transients

3. EMP

4. Earth Transients

5. GPR

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● Lightning is an uncontrolled discharge

● Discharge transfers charge very rapidly (Ampere-Seconds)

● A properly designed Charge Transfer System (CTS) provides a controlled discharge

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Use points to transfer charge slowly and continuously, lowering the static field of the structure

Use the storm’s electric field as the motivating

force (Passive system)

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Maximum ionization is achieved by optimizing design parameters:

Point Spacing

Point Length

Number and geometry of points

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Defines Ionization Capability

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Point Discharge Current in a Strong Electric Field

Visible Corona

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Captured by Exxon Mobil security camera Mobile Bay, Alabama

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Isolating the Site

Grounding System

Protected Area

Ionizer


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Isolating the Site


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Leader Approaches Space Charge

Space Charge Intensifies

Upward Streamers Form

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Winning the Collection

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Proving Reduction of the Atmospheric Electric Field


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Petroleum Processing Site

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Oil Storage Facility Floating Roof Tanks

Lagoven - Venezuela

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Gas Processing

Facility

Exxon-Mobil, Mobile Bay, Alabama

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Off-Shore Platform

Papua, New Guinea

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DISCUSSION & QUESTIONS

Robert Irwin

[email protected]

225.756.0976 or 800.864.9066

www.LightningProtection.com

The End

LIGHTNING PROTECTION SOLUTIONS

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