Lighting Process Overview · 2015. 3. 12. · Line Voltage lamps operate on standard household...
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Transcript of Lighting Process Overview · 2015. 3. 12. · Line Voltage lamps operate on standard household...
Lighting Process Overview 1. Determine Customer Needs, Objectives, & Budget 2. Establish the Baseline: Audit Existing Installation
a. Document Space Type, Use, Occupancy, and Light Levels b. Document Existing Lighting and Control Systems
3. Evaluate Available Solutions and filter by: a. Available Utility Incentives b. IES Recommended Light Levels & Codes c. Ability to Control & Compatibility d. Payback & Budget e. Meet Customer’s Goals
4. Propose the Solution to Get Customer Order 5. Implementation: Measure & Verify the Results 6. Make Sure the Solution Satisfied the Customer
Why do Lighting Upgrades? Equipment upgrades ! Reduce maintenance costs ! Rebates for Lower initial cost
Save energy ! Corporate goals ! Lower electric bills ! Energy Codes
Improve Environment: ! Meet Customer Demand for
Sustainable Design ! Improve Image ! Employee Productivity ! USGBC LEED-EB Certification
! This car dealership replaced old 1000W and 400W metal halide luminaires with high efficiency ceramic metal halide to reduce annual energy usage by 70%. Light levels were maintained and the CRI increased from 62 to 90 to improve the curb appeal of the automobiles.
1. Determine Customers Needs, Objectives & Budget
Ask the Right Questions to find the Pain: ! Are there any complaints about lighting? ! Are there any lighting maintenance issues? ! Any complaints about areas too dim or too
bright? ! What type of tasks are being performed? ! Should we include exterior lighting? ! What are your energy costs & operating
hours? ! What kind of lighting control systems do
you have? ! Are there high-use/low-use areas? ! Are there any specialized areas, processes,
or systems? ! What budget have you allocated for
lighting improvements? ! What are the goals of this lighting upgrade?
2. Establish the Baseline: Preparing for the Audit
• Need to know IES Recommended Illuminance Levels • IES Handbook 10th Edition • No longer a single value • Values by age/lux values (10 lx ~1fc) • Common Applications in Chapter 22
• Local Utility Incentives: • What equipment qualifies?
• Requirements of the Codes: • ASHRAE Std. 90.1 2010 for retrofit > 10%
of connected lighting load • Understand Lighting Technology
and Applications
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
LED
Effi
cacy
(Lum
ens/
Wat
t)
White Light Efficacy Projections US DOE MYP 4/10
PS Metal Halide T-5 Lamp T-8 lamp
T-12 ES T-12 fluorescent
LED - Cool White
LED - Warm White
OLEDs
The LED Has Increased Efficacy Faster Than Any Other Light Source
The LED Has Increased Efficacy Faster Than Any Other Light Source
Source: http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/why-ssl
2000: 20 lm/W red 2004: 40 lm/W white 2008: 60 lm/W white 2010: 80 lm/W white 2012: 100 lm/W white 2014: 140 lm/W à200 lm/W & 300lm/W PR DOE Goal: 250 lm/W at LED Level à 200 lm/W Luminaire Level (Source: Lumileds, DOE 2014 SSL R&D Workshop)
2. Establish the Baseline: Preparing for the Audit
Know Basic Lighting Metrics: ! Lumen – unit of measure for the FLOW of light
! Most use to classify the TOTAL LIGHT produced by a lamp or luminaire ! Mean Lumens is calculated for the depreciated light levels at 40% of rated life.
! Footcandle – unit of measure for the DENSITY of light ON A SURFACE (Illuminance) ! Most used to classify the quantity of light needed for a given task ! Light is redirected and concentrated through the luminaire or lamp’s optical control ! Footcandle is a measure of lumens/square foot. ! Lux is a measure of lumens/square meter. ! 1 footcandle is approximately 10 lux.
! Candela (candlepower) – unit of measure for the INTENSITY of light in a given DIRECTION ! Most used to classify the directionality of light from a source or luminaire: ! Max Beam Candle Power (MBCP) or Center Beam Candle Power (CBCP)
! Efficacy – (luminous efficacy) – an expression of efficiency with 2 different units of measure: light source converts power in watts into light in lumens: (Lumens/watt).
2. Establish the Baseline: Tools for the Audit ! Light Meter
! Tablet for pictures and data entry
! Tally Counter
! Multimeter
! Ballast Discriminator (to detect old T12 fluorescent)
! Lighting Layout Software
! Data Logger for Advanced Lighting Control Systems
! Scope: Criteria List/Existing Situation/Goals of the End-user
! Comfortable Shoes (Safety Shoes & Hard Hat for Industrial)
2.a. Document Space Type Use, Occupancy, & Light Levels ! What are the current light levels in the space? ! Are the users satisfied with the existing lighting levels? ! What tasks are being performed?
! Office workstation, detailed reading, assembly, building entry
! Users of the space: age, stationary, moving about, always in space, rarely in space, traffic in space, occupancy patterns
! Is there daylight available in the space?
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2.b. Document Existing Lighting & Control Systems
! Get accurate luminaire count ! Luminaire types (Are they still in good condition?) ! System Ballast – mfg & part # (need to open fixtures and look inside) ! System Lamp – mfg & part # and quantity /luminaire ! Can any luminaires be moved? ! How difficult is the access to the luminaires? ! Take images if you are permitted by the owner. ! Note Ceiling/Mounting heights ! Take inventory of lamps and ballasts customer stocks for replacement ! Control System – dual switching, emergency ballasts, dimming systems ! Area Burn Time—Hours/Day-Days/Week ! Know the Customer’s Blended Energy Rate kWh ! Allow a half hour operating time before taking electrical measurements
2.b. Document Existing Lighting & Control System: Interior Spaces Look for the Common Energy Hogs: ! T12 Fluorescent ! HID High Bays in
Warehouses & Gymnasiums
! Lensed Troffers ! Parabolic Troffers ! 8’ T12/T8 luminaires ! Incandescent/halogen in
track and downlights
ACTION REQUIRED
32W ! 28W or 25W
Efficient System
2.b. Document Existing Lighting & Control System: Exterior Spaces: Opportunities Exist Wherever
because installed base is HID. Parking garages may have HID or Fluorescent
3. Evaluate Available Solutions: a. Available Utility Incentives
Prescriptive Scenarios Wattage Tables Provided
Courtesy of ComEd Smart Ideas Used with Permission
3. Evaluate Available Solutions b. IES Recommended Light Levels & Codes ! Exterior Applications: Replacement
LED Luminaires must generate acceptable illuminance values with existing pole spacing.
! New luminaire must be able to mount to existing pole (hardware kits)
! Exterior Luminaires must meet outdoor lighting trespass codes
Source: Manufacturer’s product bulletin
3. Evaluate Available Solutions c. Ability to Contol & Compatibility
Lighting Upgrade Moving from Lamp & Ballast Upgrades to Controllable LED Replacements
Replace Halogen/Incandescent with LED Lamps Always test with dimmers for compatibility
PAR MR16 T60
Standard A lamp
Standard Decorative
Standard BR
Standard MR16
Standard PAR
Functionally Obsolete Technology
LED Replacement Lamps
LED Decorative
LED BR LED LED
MR16 LED PAR
Most Utilities will only allow incentives to apply to Energy Star Qualified LED lamps http://www.energystar.gov/productfinder/product/certified-light-bulbs/results
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Line Voltage lamps operate on standard household Alternating Current (AC) power. Dimmers reduce light output by chopping out part of the AC waveform. The removed portion can be either on the leading edge or the trailing edge of each AC “hump”. Dimmers are designated by these two types. They are also sometimes classified by the type of load they are designed to dim: All dimmer types are suited to R type loads, but specific dimmers are required for Low Voltage applications.
How Phase-Cut Dimmers Work: Trick is to Make LED Electronic Driver Read AC Signal
Leading Edge! (Forward Edge)
"Trailing Edge (Reverse Edge)
Load Type ‘R’ Load Type ‘C’ Load Type ‘L’
Eg. Line Voltage Halogen or GLS
Lamps
Low Voltage with Electronic
Transformer
Low Voltage with Magnetic Transformer
Leading Edge Dimmer
R (resistive)
Triac X
RL (resistive / inductive)
Magnetic Low Voltage
X X
Trailing Edge Dimmer
RC (resistive / capacitance)
Electronic Low Voltage
X X
Either Trailing or Leading Edge
RLC (universal dimmer)
Universal X X X
Increasing Cost $$$ Decreasing # of Installations
Check Manufacturer for Dimmer Compatibility List: MOCK UP FIRST or Replace Dimmers with known compatible dimmer
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Time Scheduling
Daylight Harvesting
Occupancy Control
Task Tuning
Load Shedding
Personal Control
Types of Controls Various Lighting Control Strategies
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• Unoccupied lit spaces in office buildings account for up to 48% of daily operating hours1
• Turning lights off automatically in unused spaces can save energy and money
• Average annual energy cost savings with occupancy sensors can exceed 50%2
• Break Room 19% • Classroom 54% • Conference Room 42% • Private Office 31% • Restroom 50%
1. IES Paper #43 2000, Authors: Bill VonNeida, Maniccia, Tweed - “An analysis of the energy and cost savings potential of occupancy sensors for commercial lighting systems” Reference Table 2 / Pg14 (Unoccupied with lights on)
2. IES Paper#42 2000. Authors: Maniccia, Tweed, Neida, Bierman - "The effects of changing occupancy sensor timeout setting on energy savings, lamp cycling, and
maintenance costs” – Reference Table 3 / Pg 17 (15 min timeout setting)
Types of Controls Potential Savings with Occupancy Sensors
Occupancy Sensors/Vacancy Sensors
! AUTOmatically ON when entering a room and AUTOmatically OFF when room is vacant.
! AUTO ON/AUTO OFF
• Requires Manual ON when entering a room and AUTOmatic OFF when room is vacant.
• MANUAL ON/AUTO OFF
Passive Infrared (PIR) vs. Ultrasonic Passive Infrared (PIR) Senosrs Ultrasonic ! Detect occupants’ presence
by sensing the difference between heat emitted by moving people and background heat.
! Require direct line of sight. ! Enclosed spaces, wall
switch replacements. ! Private offices, warehouse
aisles, lobbies, hallways
! Detect the presence of people by sending out ultrasonic sound waves into a space and measuring the speed at which they return.
! Detect frequency changes caused by a moving person.
! Cover entire space and do not need line of sight.
! Open plan offices with partitions, restrooms
Bi-Level Stairwell/Hall/Garage Fixtures ! Bi-Level Control per ASHRAE
90.1-2010 Sect 9.4.1.6 ! 50% lighting power reduction
within 30 minutes of vacancy ! CLTC Research: 1-29%
occupancy, 20-60% energy savings (http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/)
! Can be integrated into a luminaire
Photocell Sensors for Daylight Harvesting Typical Operating Rules: ! Measured light level =
Maintained Level, output to lights remains constant
! Measured light level < Maintained Level, light levels are increased
! Mesured light level > Maintained Level, lights are dimmed.
3.c. Use LED Retrofit Kits Or New Luminaires to Improve Comfort & Save Energy
! Retrofit Kits Install in existing troffer ! New luminaires
Add controls wherever & whenever possible to take advantage of digital lighting technology
Most Utilities require LED luminaires and retrofit kits to be on the Design Lights Consortium Qualified Products List http://www.designlights.org/QPL
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3. Evaluate Alternative Solutions d. Payback & Budget Key Formulas
! Energy savings: Watts saved /1000 = (KW) X annual hours X energy cost ($/KWH) = annual $ energy savings
! Simple payback: $ project investment= Payback years $ annual savings
! Most private sector owners are looking for 2 year payback or better
! ROI: $ annual savings
$ project investment
3. Evaluate Available Alternatives d. Payback & Budget : 3-Lamp T8 Parabolic
• The low material costs for fluorescent lamp-and-ballast retrofits allows for quick payback. • Even adding sensors to lamp-ballast retrofit would extend payback period > 2 years. • The higher material costs for the better LED solutions do not save enough energy to payback < 2 years. • Most Utilities require fluorescent lighting systems to be on the Consortium for Energy Efficiency’s QPL
http://library.cee1.org/content/commercial-lighting-qualifying-products-lists
Existing 3L-‐32WT8-‐IS-‐N Retro 3L-‐RW25-‐PS-‐LW LED Retrofit Kit New LED LuminaireMean Lumens: 6772 5145 4280 5392System Wattage: 89 55 39 61System Efficacy (LPW) 76 94 110 88Typical CU Office 0.64 0.64 0.74 0.79Delivered Lumens: 4334 3293 3167 4260
Controls None NoneOccupancy Sensors
(30%)Daylight Harvesting
(50%)Annual Energy Cost (4000 hrs @ 0.10 kWh) $35.60 $22.00 $10.92 $12.20Maintenance Life 20,000 25,000 60,000 75,000Material Cost: 0 $35 $170 $250Labor Cost: 0 $10 $15 $30Material Incentives: 0 $4 0 0Wattage Saved Incentive: 0 $12 $25 $14Controls Incentive: 0 $7 $5 $11Maintenance Savings: 0 0 $5 $5Project Cost/Luminaire: 0 $22 $155 $261Annual Energy Savings: 0 $13.60 $24.68 $23.40Simple Payback Period: 0 1.6 6.3 11.2
• Open area • 10 ft ceiling – flat • Cubicles as shown • Side lighting - daylighting
Application
OS
OS
OS
OS
LPD 0.98 W/SF
Automatic Shut-off Luminaire-integrated occupancy sensing
Manual Control Not required for retrofit
Multi-level lighting control Not required for retrofit
Daylighting control Not required. A "beyond code" offering (rebate!)
Scenario • 1 for 1 replacement of those old 80s
luminaires with LED Luminaires • Replace >10% connected lighting
load • New LPD of 0.55 W/SF
ASHRAE Code Compliant Solution
Open Office Example – Retrofit ASHRAE Compliance
Lower Ambient Office Lighting Levels with Task Lighting Require Less Energy
3. Evaluate Alternatives e. Does it Meet Customer Goals?
• Choose Solutions
! For the right technology ! For the right application ! For the right reasons
• Lighting requirements
• Coordination of lighting with activities
• Price vs. Cost
• Light Quality
Please do not sacrifice quantity & quality of light to maximize energy savings & incentives
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4. Propose the Solution to Get Customer Order Develop an effective proposal:
! Main numbers that need to be shown ! Annual $ Energy Savings ! Annual Operations & Maintenance Savings ! Investment ! Rebate or Incentives ! Payback ! ROI
! Provide Renderings if applicable to enhance the presentation ! Proposal will depend upon your audience and authority. ! Sometimes it is just all about the money.
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6. Make Sure The Solution Satisfies the Customer
! “The sale isn’t complete until the product is installed and functioning properly”
! Make sure applications for incentives are completed.
! Lighting quality is acceptable and customer satisfied
! Provide customer with O & M documents.
Bibliography
• John Delany, BILD Program Manager, ComEd • Frank Barcy, Light Source Unlimited • Randy Guard, Operations Auditor, Retro-Tech Systems • EPRI Road Mapping, Dr. Michael Siminovitch, CLTC, UC Davis
