LIGHTING DESIGN.ppt

8/21/2019 LIGHTING DESIGN.ppt

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LIGHTING DESIGN


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INTRODUCTION

Lighting design is an art and a science. As a science, the amounts of illumination

needed and certain aspects of the quality of light have been quantified.

As an art however, to attach numbers is meaningless because light is an experienceof the SENSES. It is not an INTELLECTUAL experience.

Lighting in a space is a positive force that can motivate people to be active,

relaxed, productive, lively, depressed, fearful or overactive.

Lighting should make people important. It should create an atmosphere pleasing to

the occupants whether in an office, store, showroom or home. Lighting should provide visibility, character and mood as well as relate

harmoniously to the space in which it is used.

The complex and temporal nature of lighting is one of the least understood of its

many variables.

Because of this complexity, lighting design can be one of the most creative areas of

all of architecture.

We will look at the various elements of design with which architects work and design.


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EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURE

Light is as much a "building material" as steel or concrete.

Although such structural components are needed to enclose a space, it has no real

existence for an individual until it is seen and it registers in his consciousness. Light defines space;

reveals texture;

shows form;

indicates scale;

separates functions.

Creates mood;

Good lighting makes a building look and work the way the architect intended at all

hours of day and night. It contributes to the character, to the desired attitude

toward form and space, and to the effective functioning of that space. Lighting is dynamic. Change the lighting and the world around us changes.

Light can make or break a space both functionally and aesthetically.


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EFFECT OF LIGHTING

INTERIOR OF A MALL RESTAURANT WITH BAR


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PLANES OF BRIGHTNESS

Where brightness occurs in a space

establishes the character or mood

of that space. A ceiling left in shadow creates a

secure, intimate, relaxing

environment suitable for lounges,

leisurely dining and board rooms.

High brightness on the ceiling

creates a bright and cheerful or

efficient and work-like atmosphere

good in coffee shops, classrooms

and kitchens.


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PLANES OF BRIGHTNESS

With the ceiling in shadow,

brightness on the vertical

planes of a space drawsattention to the walls,

expanding space visually;

good for galleries,

merchandising, lobbies.

A pattern of varying levels

of brightness can indicate

direction and lead people

through a space.


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GLITTER AND SPARKLE Pinpoints of brightness from small exposed filaments or multiple reflection from

crystal, chrome or other shiny surfaces create a scintillating effect that heightens

awareness. Glitter and sparkle add gaiety, sophistication, elegance and festivity to

a space. Whether used for dining, dancing or merchandising, glitter can becomeglare without sufficient background lighting to soften the contrast. There is only a

fine line between stimulating points of brightness and discomfort glare.


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LIGHT AND SHADOW

An evenly illuminated space is

similar to an overcast day--dull,

monotonous and boring.

Variations in brightness and the

interplay of light and shadow add

variety to a space; provide visual

relief and a sense of excitement.

Scallops of light on a wall from

nearby down lights, shadows onthe ceiling of varying sizes and

shapes from an up light under a

plant or a narrow beam of light

highlighting a small sculpture,

create areas of visual interestthat give character and

individuality to a space.


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LIGHT AND SHADOW Highlight provided by accent light

creates focal points that can

direct attention or communicate

an idea.

A lighting scheme should not be

so exciting as to overwhelm or

destroy the interior design, nor

so placid as to make a room dull

and uninteresting.


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MODELLING Shadows are essential for

perceiving dimensionality.

Three dimensional objects lighted

from directly in front appear flat,

but when lighted from the side,

assume depth and roundness.

The deep shadows created by

strong source from one side only

cause more distortion butbecause of the high contrast add

to its dramatic impact.

Free standing objects, such as

sculpture, lighted from two

directions with differentintensities or tints of color will

appear fully three dimensional.


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LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The most important factor in a space is the people who will occupy it, use it, live init.People are not automatons; therefore, the psychological and emotional effectsof an environment are of equal importance with the physiological. Not only should

good quality light be provided to "see by" but also to "feel by." The process the designer uses and the elements that the designer considers while

making and realizing a design should be based on the entire environmental andpsycho-physical system that interacts with the observer to create a lightinginstallation. The design process itself should reflect the attitudes and elements ofdesign that are essential. A good designer always touches base with the entirescope of the environmental design and never leaves it to chance.

The factors that should be considered in lighting any space are:

1. The SITUATION; is it a working, viewing, circulation or living space?

2. The FUNCTION; what will people do in the space? Type, study, eat, sew, or buyand sell?

3. The QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF LIGHT needed to perform tasks.

4. The ARCHITECTURE and DECOR. 5. The ATMOSPHERE or psychology of the space.

6. The RELATIONSHIP to adjacent areas.


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Day Lighting: Day lighting is the complete process of designing buildings to

utilize natural light to its fullest. It includes all of the following

activities. Sitting the buildingthat is, orienting it for optimum solar

exposure

Massing the buildingthat is, presenting the optimum building

surfaces toward the sun. Choosing fenestration to permit the proper amount of light into

the building,

Taking into account seasons, weather, and daily solar cycles

Shading the faade and fenestration from unwanted solarradiation

Adding appropriate operable shading devices, such as blindsand curtains, to permit occupant control over daylight

admission

i h i


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Day Lighting:Always a better source of light

with good colour rendering

property

Saves electricity

Disadvantages

Along with light, heat is alsoto be entertained

Not dependable on cloudy

days

Depends on location, time,and design of windows.

Generally the day light can

extend to 2.5 times the

height of window.


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KINDS OF LIGHTING TASK LIGHTINGis illumination from

nearby sources that allows theperformance of visual tasks. It islocalized light to work by.

Task lighting is one of the mostimportant elements of commerciallighting design. Its point is to provide thenecessary illumination for the worker toperform his/her task.

ACCENT LIGHTING is directional lightintended to emphasize a particularobject or draw attention to a pan of thefield of view.

Accent lighting is an important lightingelement for the architect for it allows theright emphasis of a design element or

detail that can enhance or underscore atheme or essence of his/her design. It isalso a way to focus attention onsignage/art in an environment.

KINDS OF LIGHTING


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KINDS OF LIGHTING GENERAL or AMBIENT LIGHTING is

background or fill light in a space that

reduces harsh contrast between pools

of localized tasks or accent or that

supplies a substantially even level of

illumination throughout an area.

Just as the background paper in a book

plays an important role in our ability to

read the words printed on it, the

ambient light of an architectural space

provides a ground upon which the

architect and lighting designer can

practice his/her art. This is an oftenunderdeveloped element of designs and

must be given its appropriate due.


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Key Factors For Good Lighting Design1. Illuminance: is the brightness of an object, or the strength of the

light reflected from it. The greater the luminance, the stronger the

visual stimulation, and the easier the object is to see. The values set out in the standard, however, are minimum

requirements. Most people find a higher level of illuminance more

agreeable and more motivating. In winter especially, when the levels

of daylight entering a room are lower, more light is needed to avoid

fatigue and loss of concentration.

Iluminance requirement is based on many factors:

Task to be performed (for minute & detailed task more light needed)

Age of the person Daylight factor

Volume

d i h i i


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Key Factors For Good Lighting Design2. Brightness distribution:

When we are in a room, our gaze incessantly switches from near

(desktop) to far (walls). Where there are marked differences inbrightness between these two zones, our eyes face the constant

need to re-adapt and thus get tired more quickly. Visual

performance and sense of wellbeing diminish.

Where the differences in brightness are not marked enough,however, the room makes a monotonous impression. It is

recommended here that desktop luminance should not be less than

1/3 of the luminance in the immediate surroundings.For more

remote parts of the room, the difference in luminance should be 1/5,

max. 1/10.

Bright walls: Good wall and entrance lighting helps people get their

bearings in a room, makes for better contrasts and emphasizes room

zones. It also makes the room look a livelier.

K F F G d Li h i D i


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3. Glare

Glare is one of the most disturbing side-effects of lighting.

Direct glare caused by marked contrast differences betweenvery bright and very dark surfaces or due to unshielded lampsin our line of vision place a strain on our eyes and lead tofatigue and mistakes through loss of concentration. To avoiddirect glare from lamps, care should be taken to select onlyluminaries which are suitable for workplace lighting.

Glare limitation

Glare is one of the most unpleasant visual problems of all.Being dazzled by a general-diffuse lamp or the reflection of awindow on a computer screen affects our visual acuity andimpedes our performance. Direct and reflected glare can belargely avoided by good room and lighting design.

Key Factors For Good Lighting Design

K F t F G d Li hti D i


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4. Shadowing

Where there is light, there is also shadow. To ensure that

shadows do not impede our view when writing, the light shouldfall - for a right-handed person - from the left . If the lightcomes from the right, we write in the shadow of our own hand.

5. Light and color

The way we perceive colors under artificial light depends on thecolor rendering properties of the lamps. Lamps with good colorrendering properties produce natural colors ,lamps with poorcolor rendering properties cause color distortion

6. Direct/indirect lighting Luminaries with direct and indirect lighting components permit

free arrangements of desks, reduce the risk of reflected glareand create a more agreeable lighting atmosphere

Key Factors For Good Lighting Design

TECHNIQUES OVERVIEW


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TECHNIQUES - OVERVIEW

Lighting design techniques are essentially design elements or

solutions that can be utilized in many design contexts. These

elements have to be customized for your specific application. The aim is to utilize techniques to get the design concept realized.

Don't substitute technique for substance in your design. If you don't

start with a well worked out design concept all the technical

knowledge in the world will not help you.

Surfaces- both vertical as well as well horizontal

Texture rendition lighting

Continuous fluorescent strip systems

Accent lighting Framing projectors

Designing the workspace

Task visibility

LIGHTING IN GENERAL


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LIGHTING IN GENERAL

Accent lighting + ambient lighting

Accent lighting

with floor

highlighted

Uplighters

used to

highlight

voluminous

church space.


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Accent lights downlight focus Indirect or diffused light

Accent lights uplighters Direct lights used as highlighters these


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Use of monochromatic colour lights suchas high intensity sodium vapour lamps

generally for roads, security, compound

areas, warehouses etc.

LED lights used for display boards


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General lighting

with task lighting .

Task L. helps to useless energy and is

easily controllable.

Use of dimmers

further helps.

Movable lights on

track used to

highlight art in

galleries

Lights used for decoration as

well to show direction. A must

for security in case of fires or

emergency.

Task lights + accent

lighting

Lights as highlighters.

Li ht l d t t


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Light color and temperature

Color temperature:

By convention, yellow-red colors (like the flames of a fire) are

considered warm, and blue-green colors (like light from an overcast sky) are

considered cool.

Color temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) temperature.

Confusingly, higher Kelvin temperatures (3600

5500 K) arewhat we consider cool and

lower color temperatures (27003000 K) are considered warm.

Cool light is preferred for visual tasks because it produces

higher contrast than warm light. Warm light is preferred for living spaces because it is more

flattering to skin tones and clothing. A color temperature of27003600 K is generally recommended for most indoor

Li ht l d t t


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2500 - Bulk industrial and security High Pressure Sodium (HPS)

lighting.

2700

3000 - Low light levels in most spaces [10 foot candles(FC)]. General residential lighting. Hotels, fine dining and familyrestaurants, theme parks.

29503500 - Display lighting in retail and galleries; feature

lighting. 35004100 - General lighting in offices, schools, stores,

industry, medicine; display lighting; sports lighting.

41005000 - Special-application lighting where color

discrimination is very important; uncommon for generallighting.

50007500 - Special-application lighting where colordiscrimination is critical; uncommon for general lighting

Light color and temperature

Colo ende ing inde


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Colour rendering index

Colour rendering index - which describes the quality of thelight on a scale of 0 to 100.

Higher the CRI, better is the quality. All white light sources canbe evaluated by color temperature and CRI.

Natural light is generally defined as having a CRI of 100(perfect).

Color temperature, however, varies a great deal due toweather, season, air pollution, and viewing angle. For instance,the combination of sun and blue skylight on a summer day atnoon is about 5500K, but if the sun is shielded, the color of theblue skylight is over 10,000K. The rising and setting sunlight inclear weather can be as low as 1800K (very reddish). Cloudyday skylight is around 6500K.

CRI for various application


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CRI for various application Minimum Lamp CRI Applications

50 Noncritical industrial, storage, and security lighting.

50

70 Industrial and general illumination where color is notimportant.

7079 Most office, retail, school, medical, and other work andrecreational spaces.

80

89 Retail, work, and residential spaces where color qualityis important.

90100 Retail and work spaces where color rendering iscritical.

Setting illumination levels


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Setting illumination levels In recent years, the field of lighting has been struggling with two prominent

forces, energy efficiency and lighting quality

Setting Criterion Illumination LevelsChoose an acceptable illuminance according to categories (standards are given

in NBC or any building standards) Adjust the actual design level according to tasks and human factors. It is

strongly encouraged to make informed adjustments to the criterion lightlevel. For eg for designing a school/study place it depends whether it is fortoddlers, children, college students or even seniors.

The determination of lighting level is critical. Choose levels too lowand the success of the project may be at stake; choose too high,and too much money is spent and energy is used needlessly.

Ultimately, the designer chooses an appropriate static light level that doesaddress the potential for varying the light level based on user preference,time of day, weather conditions and other factors. If electric light levels can

be varied, there is a significant potential for energy savings as well as otherbeneficial effects. As an advanced guideline, design lighting systems that arebased on a dynamic, rather than static, model of vision and natural light.With the ability to modulate light levels, appropriate electric light energy isused at all times, maintaining a minimum necessary light level andtherefore, a minimum necessary lighting energy consumption.

Unit Of Measurement:


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Unit Of Measurement: Lumen

A measurement of light emitted by a lamp. As reference, a 100-

watt incandescent lamp emits about 1750 lumens. Foot-candle

A measurement of the intensity of illumination. A foot candle isthe illumination produced by one lumen distributed over a 1-

square-foot area. For most home and office work, 30

50 footcandles of illumination are sufficient. For detailed work, 200foot candles of illumination or more allows more accuracy andless eyestrain. For simply finding one's way around at night, 520 foot candles may be sufficient.

Electrical formulas


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Energy Consumption (kWh) = Wattage (kW) x Hours ofOperation/Year

Hours of Operation/Year = Operating Hours/Day xOperating Days/Week x Operating Weeks/Year

for eg 6hrs per day x 5days x 24 weeks

Lighting System Efficacy (Lumens per Watt or LPW) =

System Lumen Output Input Wattage Unit Power Density (W/sq.ft.) = Total System Input

Wattage (W) Total Area (Square Feet)

Watts (W)= Volts (V) x Current in Amperes (A) x PowerFactor (PF)

Voltage (V)= Current in Amperes (A) x Impedance (Ohms)[Ohm's Law]

Footcandles (fc) = Total Lumens (lm) Area in Square Feet

1 Lux (lx) = 1 Footcandle (fc) x 10.76

Lux = Total Lumens Area in Square Meters

Electrical formulas


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The number of lampsis given by the formula: where,

N = number of lamps required. E = illuminance level required (lux) A = area at working plane height (m2) F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF= utilisation factor, an allowance for the light

distribution of the luminaire and the roomsurfaces.

MF= maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced

light output because of deterioration and dirt.

Save energy and money by switching to LED holiday lights LEDs use


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Save energy and money by switching to LED holiday lights. LEDs use

90% less energy than traditional, incandescent light strands and

last up to ten times longer. In addition, LED holiday lights are durable

and safer to use. Theyre shatterproof and shock-resistant and, since

they produce very little heat, are much less of a fire hazard thantraditional holiday lighting.

in order to achieve a faade lighting scheme whose design can be


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in order to achieve a faade lighting scheme whose design can be

changed at the tap of a computer keyboard, over 20,000 diodes

have been installed on the famous structural Ts of Council House.

Using such equipment, makes it possible to light a building using a

fraction of the energy previously required for the same purpose.

LIGHTING DESIGN.ppt

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