Light-Seeking Brick

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NV JS ON MN ZH FGD JD YB RA Light-Seeking Brick Kinetic Cladding with Variable Porosity Maggie Nelson Sentient Architectures: at Home Rodolphe el-Khoury with Nashid Nabian Documentation: Assignment I a+b

Transcript of Light-Seeking Brick

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Light-Seeking BrickKinetic Cladding with Variable Porosity

Maggie NelsonSentient Architectures: at Home

Rodolphe el-Khoury with Nashid NabianDocumentation: Assignment I a+b

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Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

Brick + Arduino = Light-Seeking Bricks

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Static, standard Brick Wall

Breaking Down the Barrierhtt

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Concept: Breaking Down the Barrier

Though bricks remain a fundamental building component worldwide, in current practice, a brick wall is viewed as a fundamentally static object. The notion of brickwork, especially in the United States, often goes hand in hand with historical or classically-style construction, but is rarely seen as a progressive or modern materal. In fact, the brick wall is more often associated with a barrier or hurdle to be surpassed.

This prevailing point of view does not have to be the norm. I propose that, with reference to a couple of important architectural precents, and with the help of Arduino, the perception of a brick wall can be radically changed. By redesigning the brick unit and enabling it with technology, the notion of the brick wall as a barrier can be disproved and deconstructed.

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Casa la Roca: Block detail

Precedent: Office dA | Casa La Roca; Tongxian Art Center

In the context of expanding the potential of basic architectural building blocks, there are several precedents for the unusual implementation of brickwork. The firm Office dA began to explore this field in their use of terra cotta blocks, bricks, and tiles in their design for the Casa la Roca. In this instance, the standard spacing between bricks was modified to develop patterns and a techtonic of folding within the structural wall; square terra cotta blocks were implemented in varied degrees of rotation in order to establish a gradient of transparency in a structural block wall. While this project was never constructed, the multiple different reinterpretations of standard building blocks is a powerful reference. More recent work related to inventive use of bricks is evidenced in their project for the Tongxian Art Center in China (see oppposite page). Casa La Roca

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Casa La Roca: Brick Wall

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Downspout detail, Tongxian Art Center

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Entrance, Tongxian Art Center

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Gantenbein Winery: Brick detail

Precedent: Gramazio + Kohler | Gantenbein Winery

More recently, the Swiss architects Gramazio and Kohler have established themselves as leaders in the innovative use of brickwork in structural walls and facade design. Their work is facilitate by a robot which constructs specifc brick patterns based on the codes produced by the architects; this is a necessary part of the process as their wall designs would be virtually impossible to construct otherwise. Working in research at the ETH Zurich as well as in an architectural practice, this pair has notably constructed a winery in Switzerland where brick spacing and rotations convey an image of grapevines three-dimensionally. Gramazio and Kohler also explore designs related to sliding/translating bricks, such as for the Jahrhunderthalle Parking Garage in Bochum, Germany (see opposite page). Gantenbein Winery

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Gantenbein Winery: Interior

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Jahrhunderthalle Parking Garage, Bochum, Germany

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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SAHRDC Interior light detail

Precedent: Anagram Architects | South Asian Human Rights Documentation Center

For their design of the South Asian Human Rights Documentation center, Anagram Architects chose to work with a brick facade. A six brick module is laid in staggered courses that create twirling vertical stacks and an undulating surface. There were several objectives that this brick screen wall was attempting to achieve, such as a high level of porosity in the central portion of the wall, reducing solar/thermal gain, and the use of a method of construction that could to optimize the space available on site and a modest budget. Through computer modeling, the architects found a simple rotating module of bricks to create the visual and textural complexity need to achieve all of these design objectives.

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SAHRDC Facade Exterior

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Institut du Monde Arab: Interior Aperture detail

L’Institut du Monde Arab, Paris

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Institut du monde Arab: Facade Exterior

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

Precedent: Jean Nouvel | L’institut du Monde Arab

L’Institut du Monde Arabe (Institute of the Arab World) was established in Paris in 1980 to disseminate information about the Arab world as well as to promote cooperation and cultural exchanges between France and the Arab world. Jean Nouvel won the 1981 design competition with his innovative yet risky solutions. In particular, Nouvel uses a responsive facade to mediate environmental conditions with a system of dilating metallic irises that recall the geometric motifs often found in Islamic architecture. These irises are actually 240 motor-controlled apertures, which open and close to act as brise soleil to control the light entering the building. The mechanism illuminates interior spaces with filtered light — an effect often used in Islamic architecture with its climate-oriented strategies.

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Double-Skin Facade Diagram

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Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

Technical Research:Rain Screens and Double-Skin Façades

While historically, bricks have been used structurally and for thermal mass, current practice has moved to lighter, more efficient structural systems of steel or timber framing. Thus the common brick used in residential construction has taken the form of a rainscreen. These are common facade systems that encompass a wide number of applications and materials, proven to deter rainwater intrusion into walls. Rain screens shed most of the rain and manage the rest while providing the aesthetic face of a building; they include the following elements:

- Vented or porous exterior cladding - Air cavity (a few inches of depth is sufficient) - Drainage layer on support wall - Rigid, water-resistant, airtight, support wall

Beyond the re-purposing of the brick, another interesting development in contemporary construction is the rise of the double-skin façade, resulting from the shift of various functions related to the interior functions of the building immediately behind the façade. For example, instead of installing ventilation systems in the building, the ventilation can be provided by thermal insulation between the two layers of the façade.

By combining these two concepts, this project seeks to develop the brick acting as a rainscreen and exterior layer of a double-skin facade, to mediate both light and heat gain. In placing moving bricks in front of a glass facade, the system responds to environmental factors to create adaptive interior conditions.

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Initial Study

While precedents in research towards expanding the implementation of the brick unit have a dynamic feel, they are of course static systems. In this project, I propose to animate a standard brick wall to create a truly dynamic, interactive system. By capturing video input from the space adjacent to the wall and mapping brightness values to brick rotations, it is possible to create a three dimensional interpretation of the image. Furthermore, as bricks rotate, they will allow for various levels of light to penetrate the wall and into the space, adding another dimension to the translation of video.

To further develop this concept of brick rotations in three-dimensions and the corresponding transparency they allow, two factors were altered from standard brick dimensions. First, the brick was imagined as a hollow, tubular block, to allow more light to penetrate this building element. Secondly, form of the brick unit was also adjusted to allow for a close spacing without the risk of the bricks hitting each other. This involved a parallelogram shape rather than a typical rectangular one, thus giving the ability to rotate freely up to 90º (see diagram at right).

The data flow to realize this idea involved first using Processing to capture video input, then conditioning the data to average and divide the image relative to the number of brick units. Then, this data was sent to Arduino, where a brightness value for each portion of the image is converted to integers and mapped to brick rotations (see following page for logic flow chart). The following pages contain logic diagrams, the codes, and images of the completed and working initial system.

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

Initial Logic Flow Chart: Video input sent to Computer, interpreted by Processing, sent to Arduino where pixel brightness is mapped to a rotation value; data is then sent to servo motors to rotate bricks

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Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

Initial Prototype: Arduino Circuit Diagram

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Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

Processing Code:

int number=4;

int maxAngle=90;

import JMyron.*;

JMyron m;

import processing.serial.*;

Serial myPort;

int n=int(640/number);

void setup(){

size(640,480);

frameRate(10);

m = new JMyron();

m.start(width,height);

m.findGlobs(0);

myPort = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[1], 9600);

rectMode(CORNER);

noStroke();

}

void draw(){

String st=””;

m.update();

int[] img = m.image();

for(int x=0;x<number;x+=1){

float grayness=brightness(img[240*width-x*n]);

int graymapped=int(map(grayness,0,255,0,maxAngle));

fill(grayness);

rect(x*n,0,n,480);

st=st+nf(graymapped,3)+”0”;

}

println(st);

st=”<”+st+”>”;

myPort.write(st);

}

void mousePressed(){

m.settings();

}

public void stop(){

m.stop();

super.stop();

}

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Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

Arduino Code:

#include <Servo.h>

Servo MyServo[4];

char temp[4];

String text;

int n=4;

String inString;

char inData[17];

int index;

boolean started = false;

boolean ended = false;

void setup(){

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(4,OUTPUT);

pinMode(5,OUTPUT);

MyServo[0].attach(2);

MyServo[1].attach(3);

MyServo[2].attach(4);

MyServo[3].attach(5);

}

void loop(){

inString=getString();

for(int i=0;i<4;i++){

text=inString.substring(i*4,((i*4)+4));

text.toCharArray(temp,4);

int x = atoi(temp);

MyServo[i].write(x);

delay(200);

}

}

String getString(){

String inString;

while(Serial.available() > 0)

{

char aChar = Serial.read();

if(aChar == ‘<’)

{

started = true;

index = 0;

inData[index] = ‘\0’;

}

else if(aChar == ‘>’)

{

ended = true;

}

else if(started)

{

inData[index] = aChar;

inString.concat(aChar);

index++;

inData[index] = ‘\0’;

}

}

if(started && ended)

{

started = false;

ended = false;

index = 0;

inData[index] = ‘\0’;

}

return inString;

}

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Initial Prototype Fabrication

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Initial Prototype, with video input mapping to brick rotation

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Rotating Bricks in alternate courses

Light Modulation Through Brick Facade

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration NVJSONMNZHFGDJDYBRA

Product Development:Environmental Conditions

Once the basic oncept of rotating bricks was confirmed wit the initial prototype, the input conditions were reexamined. While mapping video input to rotation is an interesting experiment, its architectural implications are limited. If this same idea could be applied to the adjustment of a façade in response to environmental conditions, however, the system has a much greater potential to organize space and create a variety of experiental conditions within the home.

In following the lead set by buildings such as the Institut du Monde Arab, the next iteration of the product is light-seeking bricks, whose degree of rotation is conditioned based on temperature and exterior lighting conditions. By following an environmental logic, the brick system attempts to modulate heat and light gain through the facade for control of the interior space. Thus the Light-Seeking Bricks act as a kinetic cladding system, with variable porosity to create variatbe aesthetic conditions within the home based on environmental readings.

To create the prototype system and physically stack moving bricks, the kinetic bricks occur in alternating courses, sitting atop static bricks, within which are embedded the light and temperature sensors to direct the brick rotation. Each section of static bricks is supported from the rear by a lightweight structure, which could be suspended cables or another minimal system, though is modeled in the prototype with plexiglass for maximum transparency. The entire system acts as the rainscreen portion of a double-skin façade, in front of a glass façade that acts as an air and water barrier and drainage plane.

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Topic EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY PATENT [14]

LIGHT-SEEKING BRICKS (2010)Patent Number: 1,234,567

(54) Patent for “Light Seeking Brick Wall”

(54) METHOD OF AVOIDING THE TYPICAL STATIC WALL CREATING ADAPTIVE LIGHT CONDITIONS BY PROGRAMMING INTELLIGENT ROTATION IN ALTERNATING COURSES OF BRICKS

(76) Inventors: Maggie Nelson, with Rodolphe el-Khoury and Nashid Nabian

Correspondence Address:MIT, 77 Massachusetts AveCAMBRIDGE, MA 02139TEL: + 1(360) 481 2682

(21) Initial Application: STUDIO - SENTIENT ARCHITECTURES AT HOME

By adjusting the standard brick shape to a parallelogram form (fig. 1) the traditional brick wall configuration (fig. 2) can be freed of its static nature. By embedding light and temperature sensors in each unit of bricks(fig. 3), and controlling each brick with its own motor, the standard building block can become the basis for an intelligent wall system. Reacting to two inputs to control light transmission and heat gain, bricks can independently rotate to various angles to close (fig. 3) or open (fig. 4), as well as to animate, the wall. The system creates adaptive interior lighting conditions based on environmental input.

[23] ABSTRACT

(22) Filed..............2010

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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A Three-Dimensional Cellular Automaton system

Basic Cellular Automaton; the Sierpinski Triangle

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Prototype Behavior: Cellular Automata

By embedding light and temperature sensors in each set of bricks, as described in the patent on the previous page, the individual brick can begin to function autonomously from the wall. In addition to creating a dynamic pattern on the building façade, the movement of each bricks creates ever-changing spatial qualities within the home. This type of independent behavior is commonly seen in cellular automata, where cells on a grid act according to certain rules based on the conditions of their neighboring cells.

A cellular automaton is a collection of “colored” cells on a grid of specified shape that evolves through a number of discrete time steps according to a set of rules based on the states of neighboring cells. The rules are then applied iteratively for as many time steps as desired. One of the simplest examples of these would be a 1-dimensional cellular automaton in which each cell has two states, ON and OFF, which are represented by black and white, and where each cell turns on if at least one of its neighbors are in the ON state. When started from 1 cell, this simply creates a widening black line or a pyramidal shape.

More complicated figures can be generated from different rules, such as a cellular automaton in which a cell changes to ON if either the cell to it’s top left or top-right is ON, but not if both are on. This creates a pattern known as a Sierpinski Triangle when starting from a single cell, a fractal geometry. Hundreds of commonly-agreed rules exist to create variations on the initial pattern, including the potential to create three-dimensional figures.

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Final Prototype Logic Flow Chart, first sensing temperature then light to determine rotation of bricks

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Final Prototype: Arduino Circuit diagram

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Arduino Code:

int CriticalLowTemperature=5; // hardcoded low temperature thresholdint CriticalHighTemperature=30; // hardcoded high temperature thresholdint CriticalHighLight=850; // hardcoded maximum light thresholdint LightSensorRead[4]; // array to store light readings from 4 photocellsint TempSensorRead; // variable for the exterior temperature readingint OutsideTemp; // converted actual temperature values in ºCint servoAngle; // rotation angle of servo //float damper=.1; // setup to create slower, damped movement (not used)int average[4]; // array of average photocell data for calibrationint maxAngle; // maximum angle bricks may rotate in given conditions

#include <Servo.h> // include Servo LibraryServo myServo[8]; // create array of servos called myServo

void setup(){ Serial.begin(9600); //Beginning Serial Connection pinMode(2,OUTPUT); // setup pin output to control servo motors pinMode(3,OUTPUT); pinMode(4,OUTPUT); pinMode(5,OUTPUT); pinMode(6,OUTPUT); pinMode(7,OUTPUT); pinMode(8,OUTPUT); pinMode(9,OUTPUT); myServo[0].attach(2); // attach each servo to corresponding pin myServo[1].attach(3); myServo[2].attach(4); myServo[3].attach(5); myServo[4].attach(6); myServo[5].attach(7); myServo[6].attach(8); myServo[7].attach(9);

// calibrating the photocells for (int i=0; i<20; i++){ average[0]=average[0]+analogRead(0); // photocell 0 is connected to analog pin 0 } for (int i=0; i<20; i++){ average[1]=average[1]+analogRead(1); // photocell 1 is connected to analog pin 1 } for (int i=0; i<20; i++){ average[2]=average[2]+analogRead(2); // photocell 2 is connected to analog pin 2 } for (int i=0; i<20; i++){ average[3]=average[3]+analogRead(3); // photocell 3 is connected to analog pin 3 }// averaging each photocell’s readings for calibration average[0]=average[0]/20; average[1]=average[1]/20; average[2]=average[2]/20; average[3]=average[3]/20;}

void loop(){ for(int i=0; i<4; i++){ LightSensorRead[i]=analogRead(i); // Read all Light Intensities from photocells }

TempSensorRead=analogRead(5); // Read external temperature data OutsideTemp = map(TempSensorRead,0,1023,-20,40); // convert the tempera-ture data readings to ºCelsius ranging from -20C to 40C based on extreme tem-perature for Boston

if(OutsideTemp>CriticalHighTemperature) { Serial.println(“Temp Too High, Close All”); CloseAllServos(); } else if(OutsideTemp<CriticalLowTemperature) { Serial.println(“Temp Too LOW, Open All”); OpenAllServos(); } else if(OutsideTemp>CriticalLowTemperature && OutsideTemp<CriticalHighTemperature){ for(int i=0; i<4; i++){ if( LightSensorRead[i]>CriticalHighLight){ Serial.println(“Temp Normal but Too Much Light”); servoAngle=0; ControlServoAngle(i, servoAngle); } else if ( LightSensorRead[i]<=CriticalHighLight){ Serial.println(“Temp Normal Light Normal”); maxAngle=map(OutsideTemp,CriticalLowTemperature,CriticalHighTemperature,90,0); servoAngle=map( LightSensorRead[i],average[i],CriticalHighLight,maxAngle,0); servoAngle=constrain(servoAngle,0,maxAngle); Serial.println(servoAngle); ControlServoAngle(i,servoAngle); } } } delay(100); Serial.print(“tempSensorRead: “); Serial.println(TempSensorRead); Serial.print(“maxAngle: “); Serial.println(maxAngle);}void CloseAllServos(){ for(int i=0; i<4; i++){ myServo[i].write(0); } for(int i=4; i<8; i++){ myServo[i].write(180-0); }}void OpenAllServos(){ for(int i=0; i<4; i++){ myServo[i].write(90); } for(int i=4; i<8; i++){ myServo[i].write(180-90); }}void ControlServoAngle(int i, int servoAngle){ myServo[i].write(servoAngle); myServo[i+4].write(180-servoAngle);}

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Final Prototype, with mild temperature and indirect light

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Final Prototype, with Light-sensing bricks working autonomously

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

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Initial Condition for further experimentation with brick translations

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration

Further Exploration:Brick Translations

Beyond simple rotations, translating (sliding) bricks also hvae the potential to create adaptive porosity in a building façade. This possibility was explored in 3d models with the help of Grasshopper, a parametric program used to control Rhino models with scripts and sets of rules (see opposite page for the Grasshopper parameters used in this case).

The scenario for the brick translations considers a mortarless brick wall with some amount of space between each brick in a given course. Once an occupant within the building approaches the façade, a window opening is created by adjusting the spacing between each brick, closing the gap between some units to allow a large space to form between others. The user’s movements could then be tracked as they walk along the façade, with the system adjusting the

positioning of the opening to follow the user as long as he or she remains within a certain threshold distance from the façade.

Though there are some structural issues to be resolved with such a system, the underlying concept could be acheived with keyed and slotted bricks, so that each brick creates a sort of track for the one above it. An example rendering of this principle is shown on the following page. One could then image that small sets of wheels and motors are embedded in this track to guide each brick to its proper position.

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Grasshopper Parameters used to create brick translations model

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Adjusted spacing forms window opening

Window Opening adjusting its position through Brick Translations

Keyed Bricks provide track for each course

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Brick TRanslations create Window Aperture as well as variable porosity in the façade

Concept | Context | Initial Study | Product | Prototype | Further Exploration