LIGHT POLLUTION: THE GLOBAL VIEW

ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY

VOLUME284

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chairman

W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. (btirton@starband.net); University of Leiden, The Netherlands (burton@strw.leidenuniv.nl)

Executive Committee

J. M. E. KUIJPERS, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam,

The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht,

The Netherlands

MEMBERS

I. APPENZELLER, Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, Germany J. N. BAH CALL, The Institute for Advanced Stud_\; Princeton, U.S.A.

F. BERTOLA, Universiui di Padova, Italy J.P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A.

C. J. CESARSKY, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Ceclex, France 0. ENGVOLD, Institute ofTheoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway

R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, liLA, Boulder. U.S.A. P. G. MURDIN, Institute ofAstronomy, Cambridge, U.K.

F. PACINI, /stituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India

K. SATO, School of Science, The University r~fTokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, University r~f California, Berkeley, U.S.A.

B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia

Y. TANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan S. TREMAINE, CITA. Princeton University, U.S.A.

N. 0. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K.

LIGHT POLLUTION: THE GLOBAL VIEW

Proceedings of the International Conference on Light Pollution, La Serena, Chile,

held 5-7 March 2002

Edited by

HUGO E. SCHWARZ

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NOAO, La Serena, Chile

~a...•

'' SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-6242-0 ISBN 978-94-017-0125-9 ( eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0125-9

Printed on acid~fi·ee paper

All Rights Reserved

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

in any form or by any means. electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception

of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system. for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Dedicated to Guillermo

This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Guillermo Delgado Gunckel who passed away after a long and valiant fight with illness on the 26th of July 2002 in Santiago, Chile. Guillermo worked in radio astronomy for many years, starting his career in the Maipo Radio Observatory, and then via Chalmers University in Sweden, he went back to Chile where -from 1987-he dedicated himself to the SEST project as electronic engineer, making himself an indispensable part of the La Silla team. During the planning phases of the ALMA project, Guillermo worked with many people, both astronomers and Chilean government professionals of the Subsecretario de Telecomunicaciones (SubTel) to prepare for the protection of the ALMA site from radio interference. During all this work he obtained his PhD in 1995 and taught at the University of Chile, where he stimulated students to choose a career in astronomy. He left his hospital bed for a day just to give his presentation at this conference -once again showing his great strength of purpose, professionalism, and enormous personal courage-and explained to the meeting how he planned to implement the plans for protection of the ALMA and other radio observatory sites in Chile.

WE ALL MISS HIM.

Guillermo Delgado Gunckel 1961 -2002

v

Contents

Dedication to Guillermo Delgado G. RIP v

Contents Vll

List of Participants XI

Photo of Participants XV

Poema al Universo by Urbano lara (en Espafiol) XVI

Preface & Acknowledgements xvii

I Optical Light Pollution

Discurso/Speech by Representante CONAMA Daud, P (en Espafiol & in English) 3

Global Monitoring of the Night Sky Brightness by Satellites and the State of the Night Sky in Chile. Cinzano, P., Falchi, F., Elvidge, C. D. 15

Modelling Night Sky Brightness at Sites from DSMP Satellite Data. Cinzano, P., Elvidge, C. D.

The Growth of the Artificial Night Sky Brightness over North America in the Period 1947-2000: A Preliminary Picture.

29

Cinzano, P. 39

Preserving our Nighttime Environment: A Global Approach. Alvarez del Castillo, L., Crawford, D. L., Davis, D R. 49

Protecting the Skies of Northern Chile. Sanhueza, P, Santander, M. 69

The Photometry Laboratory at the U CV and the Light Pollution Regulations in Chile. Piraino, E. 85

Vll

vw Light Pollution

The Law of the Heavens of the Canaries. Dfaz, F. J., de laPaz, F. 95

Protection of Mauna Kea and Haleakala Observatories from Light Pollution. Wainscoat, R. J. (with color plate) 111

The IAU's Effort to Control Light Pollution. Smith, M. G. 123

Lighting in the Countryside. Pollard, N. 135

International Schools Education Networks for Light Pollution Control. Metaxa, M. 145

Precise Evaluation of Upward Flux from Outdoor Lighting Installations Applied to the Case of Roadway Lighting. Gillet, M., Rombauts, P. 155

Lighting for a Secure and Safe Night-Time Environment Kaplan, H. 169

Preserving the Night Sky at McDonald Observatory. Adams, M. T., Wren, W. 175

Sky Background at ESO - La Silla in the Visible and Near IR. Vanzi, L., Hainaut, 0. R. 181

The Tololo All-Sky CAmera - TASCA. Schwarz, H. E., Smith, R., Walker, D. 187

Increasing the Chilean Awareness of Dark-Sky Preservation. Leiton, R. 195

Research of the Impact of Lighting on Environment and Humans. Kirschbaum, C. 201

Light Pollution

Sports Lighting that Protects the Dark Sky. Glaspey, J.

II Radio Frequency Pollution

Radio Quiet Zones. Cohen, J., Delgado, G., Hardy, E., Hasegawa, T., Nyman, L-A.

III Related Topics

Aircraft Contrail Pollution.

215

225

Pedersen, H., Schwarz, H.E. 263

Advertising from Space: A Real Danger? Heck, A. 269

Obtrusive space advertising and astronomical research. UN Commission on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 277

How many Stars do we still See. Pikall, H., Hron, J., Netopil, M., Posch T., Wuchterl, G.,Zeitlinger, N. 287

Light Pollution as a Policy Tool. Petrakis, M., Lianou, M., Psiloglou, B., Chalkias, C., Cartalis, C. 293

Index 297

ix

List of Participants

Abbott, Tim Adams, Mark T. Aguilera, Manuel Aliste, Adolfo Alvarez del Castillo, Elizabeth Amador, Eric Arancibia, Ricardo Araya, Eduardo Araya, Juan Pablo Arostica, Sixto Astargo, Patricia Atencio, Vicente

Baca, Pamela Barraza, Gary Barrios, Juan Carlos Binkert, Bill Bliek, Nicole vd Brucato, Robert

Cabello, Alberto Cabeza, Marta Carlin, Jeffrey Carmona, Elena Castelletto, Victor Cavada, Manuel Cepeda, William Cinzano, Pierantonio Cohen, James Contreras, Juan Luis Cortes, Marcelina

Davis, Donald R. Delgado, Guillermo Diaz, Francisco J. Diaz, Rodrigo

Echeverria Marlene

E-MAIL ADDRESS

tabbott@ ctio. noao.edu mta@ astro.as.utexas.edu municoquimbo@entelchile.net aaliste@ abmatic.cl liz@darksky.org eric_amador@ placerdome.com ricardo_arancibia@ placerdome.com info@ mejillones.cl maranata@ ctcreuna.cl secplancaldera@ munitel.cl astargo@ hotmail.com vicente.atencio@ moptt.gov.cl

astrofizkid@ yahoo.com desaovalle@ entelchile. net sec_copiapo@ sec.cl binkert@ noao.edu nvdbliek@ctio.noao.edu rjb@ astro.caltech.edu

albertojcabello@ hotmail.com mcabeza@ sec.cl jcthepuma@ hotmail.com andacoll@ munitel.cl vcastelletto@cmp.cl nbiaggini@ goreantof.cl wcepeda @ciencias.unal.edu.co cinzano@ istil. it rjc@ jb.man.ac.uk elec@ entelchile.net andacoll@ munitel.cl

drd@psi.edu gdelgado@ eso.org fdc@ll.iac.es la.serena@ munitel.cl

andacoll@munitel.cl

xi

xii

Espejo, Sergio

Falchi, Favia Flores, Kadur Freismuth, Thomas Fuentes, Walter

Gaete, Cristian Garcia, Maria Antonieta Garcia, Ricardo Gatica, Ivan Gillet, Marc Gomez, Julio Gonzalez, Macarena Hardy, Eduardo Hasegawa, Tetsuo Heck, Andre Henriquez, Esteban Hidalgo, Guillermo Hofstadt Daniel

lllanes, Esteban Isbell, Doug

Jadoul, Patrick Julio, Hernan

Kaplan, Hyman M. Krisciunas, Kevin

Larrondo, Luciano Leiton, Roger Lidman, Chris Lucero, Rodrigo

Mac-Auliffe, Elaine Mellado, Marco Melnick, Jorge Mendez, Rene A. Metaxa, Margarita Michaud, Peter Mora, Marcelo

List of Participants

sespejo@ sec.cl

falchi@ lightpollution.it kflores@ctio.noao.edu Tfreis@ aol.com schreder_anf@entelchile.net

elec@ entelchile. net agarcia@ gemini.edu rhgarcia@ entelchile.net dilampsa@ entelchile.net mg@rtech.be nbiaggini@ goreantof .cl magonzalez@ sqm .cl ehardy@ nrao.edu tetsuo. hasegawa@ nao.ac.jp heck@ astro.u-strsbg.fr ehenriquez@ abmatic.cl taltal@ munitel.cl dhofstadt@ eso.org

eillanes@ eso.org disbell@ noao.edu

p.jadoul@ cschreder.cl hjulio@ hotmail.com

hylite@ earthlink.net kevin@ctio.noao.edu

juanyanez41 @ hotmail.com leiton@ ctio.noao.edu clidman@eso.org rlucero@ conama.cl

emacauliffe@ctio.noao.edu marcolizandro@ entelchile.net jmelnick@ eso.org rmendez@ eso.org mmetaxa@compulink.gr pmichaud@gemini.edu mmorage@puc.cl

List of Participants

Morales, Eduardo Munoz, Gabriela

Norman, Dara Nyman, Lars Ake

Ochoa, Hugo Orellana, Arnalda

Pacheco, Andres Palacios, Alberto Panozo, Carlos Paredes, Susana Peiiafiel, Gerardo Phillips, Mark Piraino, Enrique Pizarro, Sergio Pollard, Nigel Puxley, Phil

Ratkevicius, Yurgis Rojas, Pablo Andres Rojas, Sixto

Saenz, Veronica Salyk, Colette Sanhueza, Pedro Santander, Jorge Santander, Marianela Schmidt, Ricardo Schwarz, Hugo E. Sepulveda, Edgardo Seymour, Jorge Smith, Malcolm G. Soto, Jaime Suntzeff, Nicholas B.

Tabilo, Elier Trujillo, Enrique

ce2tpa@msn.com gm unozhaag@ entelchile.net

dnorman@ ctio. noao.edu lnyman@ eso.org

hochoa@ ctio.noao.edu sec_copiapo@ sec.cl

apacheco@ sqm .cl inelap@ entelchile.net panozo@ mi-mail.cl secplancaldera@ hotmail.com desaovalle@ entelchile.net mmp@lco.cl epiraino@ucv.cl spizarro@ ctio. noao.edu NEP _Lighting@Compuserve.com ppuxley@ gem ini.edu

faelec@ faelec.cl cristina.cap@entelchile.net secplancaldera@ hotmail.com

vsaenz@vsl.cl csalyk@ MIT.EDU psanhueza@opcc.cl municoquimbo@entelchile.net msantander@ opcc.cl rschmidt@ noao.edu hschwarz@ctio.noao.edu dming@ entelchile.net aladdin@ entelchile.net msmith @ctio.noao.edu jsoto@emec.cl nsuntzeff@ctio.noao.edu

etabilo.4@ conama.cl faelec@ faelec.cl

xiii

xiv

Urrutia, Mario

Valdebenito, Igor Vanzi, Leonardo Vargas, Martin Vera, Sergio Verdugo, Miguel Vergara, Hugo Vila, Francisco Villalobos, Rodrigo Villouta, Julio Vojkovic, Alex

Wainscoat, Richard J. Whiting, Alan B.

Yanez, Fabian Yanez, Juan Young, Amber

Zeitlinger, Norbert

List of Participants

murrutia@ctio.noao.edu

ivaldebenito@ conama.cl lvanzi@ eso.org elec@ entelchile.net savera@ puc.cl mverduol@ puc.cl faelec@faelec.cl dilampsa@entelchile.net elec@entelchile.net dr_serena@sec.cl alex. vojkovic@ moptt.gov .cl

rjw@ ifa.hawaii.edu awhiting@ctio.noao.edu

fayamu @chilesat.net juanyanez41 @ hotmail.com alyoung@ jaguar.middlebury.edu

nzeitlinger@ bogner.co.at

XV Photo of Participants

Photo of participants taken at the main entrance of the Intendencia.

XVI

POEMAAL UNIVERSO

Oh! Universo hermoso, jque exuberante eres!

Tu tienes sol, agua, mares y estrellas Tu tienes un canto y una poesfa

Tu todo lo conoces y yo lo ignoro todo.

i,Porque tu no me dices como te formaste? Z,Porque tu no me dices cual es rni destino?

Mas solo se que en el dfa y la penumbra Tu carninas, corres y te escondes

Dejame llamarte aquf desde mis libros jEl primer vagabundo que piso este mundo!

Light Pollution

Laser (Juan Carlos Acuna)

Este poema lo confecciono un companero de curso de Ingenierfa Electrica, don Juan Carlos Acuna, cuando el Sr. Jara era Presidente del Centro Astronomico Juvenil Orion de la ex Universidad Tecnica del Estado sede Temuco, ano 1972. En ese entonces, Juan Carlos Acuna vivfa una etapa muy romantica y escribfa demasiados poemas de amor. Por lo tanto, yo lo desafie a que escribiese algo diferente, sobre las estrellas por ejemplo, y salio ese poema que esta escrito sobre Ia tapa interior de uno de mis cuademos de ese tiempo. Es decir, me lo escribio a mf y dudo mucho que alguna vez lo haya publicado, por lo tanto me atreverfa a decir que esta inedito.

Urbano Jara Lagos

Preface & Acknowledgements.

This wonderful, multi-lingual, multidisciplinary conference has proved an enormous stimulus to the activities of all of us in Chile and around the world. I am certain that, as a result, anyone reading this book will learn something interesting and relevant that they were not aware of.

In Spanish and in English, we have seen how the theme of light pollution covers so many areas of study and application: these include the environment, conservation of energy, local, regional, national and international government, architecture, legislative process, public relations, geography, astronomy, illumination engineering, computational modeling, physics, biology, medicine, optics, citizen safety and road safety. Local schools in the La Serena area have added art, languages, photography, poetry, writing, music and even dance to the above. The subject lends itself especially well to multidisciplinary education at a variety of levels. The basic concepts involved are simple to grasp but the path to obtaining results where everyone gains from the use of quality, designed lighting is quite sophisticated in its sheer breadth and detail.

We are indeed fortunate to have had the opportunity to hold this Conference in such a beautiful place and at such a critical time in Chile's development. For this I am particularly grateful for the direct financial support we have received from the Chilean Comision Nacional del Medio Ambiente, the International Observatories in Chile, the International Astronomical Union, the International Dark-Sky Association, and the United States National Science Foundation, and from those many contributors (including invited speakers) who found their own source of funding in order to come here. We are particularly grateful for the hospitality of the Intendente of the 4th Region of Chile, Sr. Felipe del Rio.

Malcolm G. Smith, Director CTIO.

There is little I can add to Malcolm's words except to say that I enjoyed the conference very much, and thank all those people that contributed and attended. We were pleasantly surprised by the large numbers of registered participants ( 119 although more than 130 people attended) and I hope that our effort will help the worldwide campaign to increase awareness of light pollution as a serious threat to the "liveability" of our one and only Earth, and help us and many others to do something positive about it all.

XVll

xviii Preface and Acknowledgements

Especially in Chile, which is rapidly becoming the world's largest and most important astronomical observatory, the issue of light pollution is of great importance. This has been recognized by the Chilean government and Chile is now a member of the exclusive club of countries that have national laws regulating lighting installations of all types. The law -DS686- governs the three regions of Chile in which the major observatories are located; the 2nd, 3rd, & 4th region and regulates all outdoor lighting installations in this area of the country, and it's implementation is supported by the OPCC or the Office for the Protection of the Skies in Northern Chile, and by the SEC, the "Superintendente de Electricidad y Combustibles". Financial support for the OPCC comes from the International Observatories in Chile and CONAMA, Chile's national environmental protection agency. The effects of light pollution on flora and fauna are also becoming better known and with everyone involved in one way or another in the campaign to curb and control global light pollution working together we may reach an even larger audience and be more effective in reaching our goals.

The two articles by Dfaz & de la Paz and Daud were translated by the Editor and any mistakes are his responsibility, not the authors' as are mistakes in some other heavily edited articles.

Thanks to all involved, especially Ximena and Elaine of the Director's office in CTIO but above all Mario Urrutia who worked way beyond the call of duty as Conference Secretary and helped the Editor enormously with the complicated task of getting all the contributions into the right format -without you the workshop simply would not have happened!

Hugo E. Schwarz, Editor.