Light Microscopy

Bright Field

Fluorescence

Phase-Contrast

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

Electron Microscopy (EM)

Scanning EM

Transmission EM

Chemical Composition of Cells

Pg. 58

Pg. 79

Chemical Bond Energies

Gene Expression

Monomer/Polymer

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA and RNA

Pg. 76

Pg. 175

3’

3’

5’

5’

0.34 nm

Pg. 171

Major Groove

Minor Groove

SupercoiledDNA

Non-supercoiledDNA (relaxed)

Werner Syndrome

15 yrs. 48 yrs.

Mutation in gene encoding RecQ helicase

Pg. 175

3’

3’

5’

5’

Human Karyotype

Pg. 179

RNA Molecules

5’ 5’

3’3’

Pg. 74

(Pgs. 74-75)

Amino Acid Side Chains

Extra carbon atom!

ß-Sheet

alpha-helix

Hydrophobic Interactions in Tertiary Structure

Representations of Protein Tertiary Structure

Backbone

Ribbon

Wire Frame

Space Filling

Pg. 132

Quaternary Structure

Pg. 141

Chloride Ion Channel Protein

Comparison of Protein Primary Structure

Cyclin-dependent Kinase Proteins

Gene Expression

Pg. 230

Pg. 202

RNASynthesis

OH

OH

OH

Pg. 233

1 µm

Pg. 233

Fig. 7-20

Exon/Intron Organization of Eukaryotic Genes

Pg. 238

Sequence Structure of Introns

Pg. 239

Pg. 241

Alternative Splicing

Pg. 237

5’ Guanine Cap Structure

CytosolNucleusMitochondria

SecretedERGolgiEndosomeLysosomeTransmembrane

Reading Frames in RNA

tRNA Synthetase

tRNA Amino Acid

Synthetase(blue)

EditingDomain

“Editing” by tRNA Synthetase

Large Subunit RNA Secondary Structure

Small Ribosomal Subunit

Pg. 253

3’

mRNA Structure

Pg. 253

Initiation of Translation

Pg. 252

tRNA

Release Factor (RF)

Co-translational Protein Folding

Protein Folding by “Chaperones”

TranscriptionalActivator

TranscriptionalRepressor

Pg. 257

Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation

Proteasome

Amino acids + Ub

Protein Ub-Ub-Ub

Protein + Ub

Ubiquitin Ligase

Coding and catalysis

Coding

Coding intermediate

Superficial Infections Systemic Infections

Fungal Disease

Onochomycosis

AN2690 Structure

Figure 1A

Figure 1B

Figure 3AN2690