Olivier De Clerck

about Diversification ... Diversity and Ecophylogenetics

the part of biology concerned with explaining the diversity, distribution, amount, biomass, and number of organisms.

Ecology

Ecology : the difficulty of explaining everything.

[Ricklefs, Nature 1987]

[Hillebrand, American Naturalist 2004] [Willig et al., AREES 2003]

Ecology + Evolution = Explanation

[Mittelbach et al., Ecol. Let. 2007]

Ecology Speciation Time-for-speciation

historical factors

ecological factors

Diversification

Diversity pattern

neutral speciation

ecological lim

its

adaptative speciation

dispersal in geographic space

trait evolutiongeography

[Hernandez et al., Meth Ecol Evol. 2013]

[Stadler, PNAS 2011]

• global warming• ocean acidification• eutrophication• invasive species• …

Ocean acidification

[Hönisch et al., Science 2012]

[Peña, Hall-Spencer & De Clerck, ongoing]

Phylogenetic signatures of past ocean acidif-

ication in calcified red algae

• do we observe signatures of potential ocean acidification events in a phylogeny?

• Are signatures trait dependent?

I. morphological traits ?II. type of calcification ?

• Biogeographical signatures ?

D

[Garcia et al. , Science 2013][Araujo et al. Ecol. Let. , 2013]

modeled

empirical

geographical

Global warming

Dictyotales

Dictyota & co

data114 ESU'sTotal: 3008 specimens

DNA confirmed : 1216Lab ID by expert: 163Field ID: 1331Literature: 298

Unique localities: 941Countries: 82

[Tyberghein et al. , in prep]

DictyotaRugu

lopt

eryx

Dilo

phus

Cani

stro

carp

us

Ceno

zoic

Pale

ocen

eEo

cene

Olig

ocen

eM

ioce

neQ

Plio

6050

4030

2010

Age

(Ma)

~20-24°C

when?

[Tyberghein et al. , in prep]

how?

Pulsed evolution:-diversity is pumped into temperate waters

[Tyberghein et al. , in prep]

how?

dive

rsifi

catio

n ra

te

disparitylinea

ges

times before present (Ma) rate of evolution of thermal niche

[Tyberghein et al. , in prep]

Global temperature evolution

Zachos et al. (2008) Nature 451: 279-283

Drivers of speciation

Jablonski et al. (2006) Science

Court Jester Model• changes in the abiotic

enviroment function as speciation pumps

Red Queen Model ?• interactions among

species are a main driver for speciation

How representative is Dictyota?

[Jetz et al. , Nature 2012]

[Payo et al. , ProcB 2013][De Clerck et al. 2013]

[De Clerck et al. 2013]

[Costello & Wilson., GEB 2011]

Are seaweed different?

A framework consists of ...

Taxonomy

Distributions

Trees Traits

Trees make sense

“which calcareous algae larger than 5 cm are associated with Mediterranean volcanic carbon dioxide vents”

“are all groups of calcareous algae equally likely to be affected by decreased pH in marine environments”

A Marine Tree of Life?

Stephen Smith phyloseminar.org

[Mouquet et al., Biol. Rev. 2012]

42

Heroen Verbruggen

Frederique Steen

Sofie D’Hondt

Chris Drake

Lennert Tyberghein

Ana Tronholm

Sofie Vranken

Samuel Bosch

Christophe VieiraFrederik Leliaert